Radiologically isolated syndrome

Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is a clinical situation in which a person has white matter lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), as shown on an MRI scan that was done for reasons unrelated to MS symptoms. The nerve lesions in these people show dissemination in space with an otherwise normal neurological examination and without historical accounts of typical MS symptoms.[1]

MRI findings that are consistent with multiple sclerosis have been observed in healthy people who underwent MRI scanning, and 50% go on to develop symptomatic MS, sometimes with a primary progressive course.[2][3] This condition was first characterized in 2009.[4]

Diagnosis

The criteria for an RIS diagnosis are as follows:[5][4][6]

  1. The presence of incidental MRI findings in the CNS white matter:
    1. Ovoid and well-circumscribed homogeneous foci, with or without involvement of the corpus callosum
    2. T2 hyperintensities larger than 3 mm in diameter, which fulfill at least 3 of the 4 Barkhof MRI criteria[7] for DIS
    3. The CNS abnormalities are not consistent with a vascular condition
  2. No historical accounts of clinical symptoms consistent with neurological dysfunction.
  3. MRI anomalies do not account for apparent impairment in social, occupational, or generalized areas of functioning.
  4. MRI anomalies are not due to substance abuse, such as recreational drug use, toxic exposure, or a prior known medical condition.
  5. Exclusion of a differential diagnosis of leukoaraiosis, or extensive white matter pathology excluding the corpus callosum.
  6. MRI anomalies of the CNS are not accounted for by another disease.

Discovery

RIS is discovered when an MRI scan is performed for other reasons. The most common symptom that led to the incidental discovery of RIS is headache.[5] Other common reasons are trauma, psychiatric disorders, and endocrinological disorders.[5]

Management

Currently, routine clinical follow-up and MRI neuroimaging surveillance is the standard by which patients are observed.[4] While treatment of MS disease modifying therapies have been given to some individuals with RIS, the majority opt for active surveillance and the appearance of clinical symptoms before commencing treatment,[5] as treatment is considered controversial.[8]

Prognosis

In a 5 year study, clinical events, which refers to the first symptoms of exacerbations, clinical attacks, flare ups, or severe symptoms, indicative of MS, appeared in 34% of individuals.[9] Of those who developed symptoms, 9.6% fulfilled criteria for primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS).[9]

Epidemiology

Due to the incidental nature of RIS, exact figures on prevalence is unknown, though it has been suggested that RIS is the most common type of asymptomatic MS.[10] The prevalence may be higher in relatives of patients with MS.[11] One study, at a university hospital that is located in a high region of MS disease incidence, put the disease prevalence at approximately 1 in 2000.[12] An earlier study in 1961 of 15,644 autopsies found 12 cases (0.08%) of unexpected MS findings without a previous history of MS symptoms.[5][13] The mean age of first indication of RIS from 451 patients is 37.2 years.[9]

RIS in children

Though rare, some children that have had MRI scans for reasons unrelated to MS have shown signs of RIS. The most common reason for an initial MRI in these children was a headache. The first occurrence of a clinical event characteristic of MS in nearly half of the children examined was 2 years, though in a majority of cases, 'radiologic evolution', i.e. the increase in the number of size of lesions as detected in subsequent MRI, developed after one year. The presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF and spinal cord lesions were associated with an increased risk of a first clinical event characteristic of MS. It was found that children with RIS had a substantial risk of subsequent clinical symptoms and/or radiologic evolution.[6]

Research directions

Calls have been made for longer prospective studies, tracking the development of potential disease progression over a longer period of time are warranted. This would ensure criteria in RIS is satisfactory and whether consideration should be given to treating individuals with RIS on current MS medication.[5][7]

RIS has been linked to prodromal multiple sclerosis.[14]

Etymology

The acronym RIS was coined in 2009 by Okuda and colleagues.[4] Siva and colleagues suggested an alternate name, radiologically uncovered asymptomatic possible inflammatory-demyelinating disease (RAPIDD).[5][15]

References

  1. ↑ Labiano-Fontcuberta, Andrés; Benito-León, Julián (October 2016). "Radiologically isolated syndrome: An update on a rare entity". Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 22 (12): 1514–1521. doi:10.1177/1352458516653666. ISSN 1477-0970. PMID 27288053. S2CID 31847038.
  2. ↑ Reich, Daniel S; Lucchinetti, Claudia F.; Calabresi, Peter A (January 2018). "Multiple Sclerosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1401483. PMC 6942519. PMID 29320652.
  3. ↑ Kantarci, Orhun H.; Lebrun, Christine; Siva, Aksel; Keegan, Mark B.; Azevedo, Christina J.; Inglese, Matilde; Tintoré, Mar; Newton, Braeden D.; Durand-Dubief, Francoise (February 2016). "Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Evolving From Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Annals of Neurology. 79 (2): 288–294. doi:10.1002/ana.24564. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 26599831. S2CID 19868714.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Okuda, D. T.; Mowry, E. M.; Beheshtian, A.; Waubant, E.; Baranzini, S. E.; Goodin, D. S.; Hauser, S. L.; Pelletier, D. (2009-03-03). "Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the radiologically isolated syndrome". Neurology. 72 (9): 800–805. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000335764.14513.1a. ISSN 1526-632X. PMID 19073949. S2CID 9981947.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Granberg, Tobias; Martola, Juha; Kristoffersen-Wiberg, Maria; Aspelin, Peter; Fredrikson, Sten (March 2013). "Radiologically isolated syndrome--incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis, a systematic review". Multiple Sclerosis. 19 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1177/1352458512451943. ISSN 1477-0970. PMID 22760099. S2CID 24307387.
  6. 1 2 Makhani, Naila; Lebrun, Christine; Siva, Aksel; Brassat, David; Dallière, Clarisse Carra; Seze, Jérôme de; Du, Wei; Dubief, Françoise Durand; Kantarci, Orhun (2017-11-01). "Radiologically isolated syndrome in children: Clinical and radiologic outcomes". Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation. 4 (6): e395. doi:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000395. ISSN 2332-7812. PMC 5614726. PMID 28959703.
  7. 1 2 Leahy, Hannah; Center, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical; Garg, Neeta (2013). "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: An Overview". Neurological Bulletin. 5 (1): 22–26. doi:10.7191/neurol_bull.2013.1044.
  8. ↑ Yamout, B.; Khawajah, M. Al (2017-10-01). "Radiologically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 17: 234–237. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.08.016. ISSN 2211-0348. PMID 29055465.
  9. 1 2 3 Okuda, Darin T.; Siva, Aksel; Kantarci, Orhun; Inglese, Matilde; Katz, Ilana; Tutuncu, Melih; Keegan, B. Mark; Donlon, Stacy; Hua, Le H. (2014-03-05). "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: 5-Year Risk for an Initial Clinical Event". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90509. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990509O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090509. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3943959. PMID 24598783.
  10. ↑ Siva, Aksel (2013-12-01). "Asymptomatic MS". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 115: S1–S5. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.012. ISSN 0303-8467. PMID 24321147. S2CID 29282376.
  11. ↑ Gabelic, T.; Ramasamy, D. P.; Weinstock-Guttman, B.; Hagemeier, J.; Kennedy, C.; Melia, R.; Hojnacki, D.; Ramanathan, M.; Zivadinov, R. (2014-01-01). "Prevalence of Radiologically Isolated Syndrome and White Matter Signal Abnormalities in Healthy Relatives of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis". American Journal of Neuroradiology. 35 (1): 106–112. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3653. ISSN 0195-6108. PMC 7966501. PMID 23886745.
  12. ↑ Granberg, Tobias; Martola, Juha; Aspelin, Peter; Kristoffersen-Wiberg, Maria; Fredrikson, Sten (2013-11-01). "Radiologically isolated syndrome: an uncommon finding at a university clinic in a high-prevalence region for multiple sclerosis". BMJ Open. 3 (11): e003531. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003531. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 3822304. PMID 24189079.
  13. ↑ Georgi W. Multiple sclerosis. Anatomopathological findings of multiple sclerosis in diseases not clinically diagnosed. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1961; 91: 605–607. (German)
  14. ↑ Tremlett, Helen; Okuda, Darin T.; Lebrun-Frenay, Christine (2021). "The multiple sclerosis prodrome is just unspecific symptoms in radiologically isolated syndrome patients – No". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 27 (12): 1824–1826. doi:10.1177/13524585211035951. PMC 8521363. PMID 34494923.
  15. ↑ Siva, A.; Saip, S.; Altintas, A.; Jacob, A.; Keegan, B.M.; Kantarci, O.H. (2009). "Multiple sclerosis risk in radiologically uncovered asymptomatic possible inflammatory-demyelinating disease". Multiple Sclerosis Journal. 15 (8): 918–927. doi:10.1177/1352458509106214. PMID 19667020. S2CID 20746782.
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