14th Street–Union Square station

Views of the 14th Street IRT station in 1904

Under construction

Just prior to opening

Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864.[5]^: 21 However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act.[5]^{: 139–140} The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.[6]^: 3 A plan was formally adopted in 1897,[5]^: 148 and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.[5]^: 161 The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900,[7] in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line.[5]^: 165 In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations.[6]^: 4 Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.[5]^: 182

The 14th Street station was constructed as part of the route segment from Great Jones Street to 41st Street. Construction on this section of the line began on September 12, 1900. The section from Great Jones Street to a point 100 feet (30 m) north of 33rd Street was awarded to Holbrook, Cabot & Daly Contracting Company.[7] Two streetcar tracks on Union Square East were temporarily relocated to one side of the street while contractors excavated through solid rock on the site.[8] During the line's construction, the contractors installed a temporary compressed-air plant in Union Square, prompting a lawsuit from the operator of a nearby hotel.[9] The New York Court of Appeals ruled in 1902 that the contractors had to disassemble the compressed-air plant and to stop storing materials in Union Square Park.[9][10] By late 1903, the subway was nearly complete, but the IRT Powerhouse and the system's electrical substations were still under construction, delaying the system's opening.[5]^: 186[11] The 14th Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.[12][5]^: 186

The opening of the 14th Street station turned Union Square into a major transportation hub.[13][14] With the northward relocation of the city's theater district, Union Square became a major wholesaling district with several loft buildings, as well as numerous office buildings.[15][16][4]^: 11 Initially, the IRT station was served by local and express trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). West Side local trains had their southern terminus at City Hall during rush hours and South Ferry at other times, and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street. East Side local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 242nd Street, Lenox Avenue (145th Street), or West Farms (180th Street).[17] Express trains to 145th Street were later eliminated, and West Farms express trains and rush-hour Broadway express trains operated through to Brooklyn.[18] As part of an experiment to improve the subway line's ventilation, the Rapid Transit Commission installed large fans at the 14th Street station in July 1905.[19][20]

A view of the now-closed side platform at 14th Street in 1905

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway.[21]^: 168 As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $47.1 million in 2022) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $15.7 million in 2022) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.[22]^: 15 At the 14th Street station, the northbound island platform was extended 55 feet (17 m) north and 100 feet (30 m) south, while the southbound island platform was extended 128 feet (39 m) north, necessitating the replacement of some structural steel north of the intersection of Fourth Avenue and 13th Street.[22]^{: 107–108} Gap fillers were added to the southbound island platform at this time.[23] Six-car local trains began operating in October 1910.[21]^: 168 On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the Lenox Avenue Line, and the following day, ten-car express trains were inaugurated on the West Side Line.[21]^: 168[24] In 1918, the Lexington Avenue Line opened north of Grand Central–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an "H"-shaped system. All trains at the 14th Street–Union Square station were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line.[25]

After the original IRT opened, the city began planning new lines. The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route (later the Broadway Line) on December 31, 1907.[5]^: 212 A proposed Tri-borough system was adopted in early 1908, incorporating the Broadway Line. Operation of the line was assigned to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; after 1923, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT[26]) in the Dual Contracts, adopted on March 4, 1913. The Dual Contracts also entailed a subway route under 14th Street, to run to Canarsie in Brooklyn; this became the BMT's Canarsie Line.[5]^{: 203–219}[27]

In May 1913, the Public Service Commission began receiving bids for Section 4 of the Broadway Line, between Houston Street and Union Square. This was the first construction contract to be placed for bidding after the Dual Contracts had been signed.[28] The next month, the Dock Contractor Company submitted a low bid of $2.578 million.[29][30] This section was to include a station at Union Square between 14th and 16th Streets.[31][32] Local civic group Broadway Association and various property owners objected to the fact that Dock Contractor was to receive the contract, citing the firm's lack of experience.[33][34] The Public Service Commission approved Dock Contractor's bid despite these objections,[35] and the contract was awarded later that month.[36] The section between 16th and 26th Streets was awarded to the E. E. Smith Construction Company in September 1913[31] for $2.057 million (equivalent to $60.907 million in 2022).[37]

From the outset, the 14th Street–Union Square station was intended as an express station on the Broadway Line.[38] To save money, the station was built using an open cut method. A 120-foot-wide (37 m) strip of land, running diagonally through Union Square Park, was closed and excavated.[39] By late 1913, large portions of Union Square Park had been demolished for the construction of the Broadway Line's Union Square station.[31][40] New York City's parks commissioner promised members of the public that the park would be remodeled after the station was finished.[31][39] Because the Dual Contracts specified that the street surfaces needed to remain intact during the system's construction, a temporary web of timber supports was erected to support the streets overhead while the BMT platforms were being constructed.[4]^: 3

The Broadway Line south of 14th Street was near completion by February 1916,[41][42] and workers began restoring the section of Union Square Park above the 14th Street station.[43] The same month, the Public Service Commission began accepting bids for the installation of finishes at seven stations on the Broadway Line from Rector Street to 14th Street.[41][42] D. C. Gerber submitted a $346,000 low bid for the finishes.[44] The section of the line north of 14th Street, by contrast, was still incomplete.[41][45] Although it was technically possible for the BRT to terminate trains at Union Square, the line would not be profitable until it was extended at least to 34th Street.[45] The Broadway Line's 14th Street–Union Square station opened on September 4, 1917, as the northern terminus of the first section of the line between 14th Street and Canal Street. Initially, it only served local trains.[46][47] Within three months of the Broadway Line station's opening, the 14th Street–Union Square station recorded more daily passengers than either the Grand Central–42nd Street station or the Brooklyn Bridge–Chambers Street station, leading Women's Wear to describe the Union Square complex as "probably the world's greatest underground traffic point".[48]

On January 5, 1918, the Broadway Line was extended north to Times Square–42nd Street and south to Rector Street, and express service started on the line.[49] For about three weeks, a shuttle service ran between Union Square and Times Square. Local trains from Brooklyn began running through to Times Square on January 27.[50] While local trains terminated at the Times Square station, express trains from Brooklyn continued to terminate at Union Square until a northward extension to 57th Street opened in July 1919, allowing express trains to operate to Times Square.[51][52] To aid navigation, in 1920, the BRT installed illuminated signs on the southbound platforms of Union Square and two other Broadway Line stations.[53]

Staircase connecting one of the Broadway Line platforms to the Canarsie Line platform

At Union Square, the BRT's Canarsie Line was to pass under both the Broadway and Lexington Avenue lines.[54] Booth and Flinn was awarded the first contract for the line, namely a tunnel under the East River, in January 1916.[55] At the time, the Public Service Commission was completing plans for the rest of the line;[56] the commission began accepting bids for two parts of the line within Manhattan, sections 1 and 2. in April 1916.[57] The next month, Booth and Flinn won the contract for section 1, which was to cost $2.528 million (equivalent to $67.985 million in 2022).[58] By early 1919, the section of the line under 14th Street was about 20 percent completed.[59]

In 1922, the Charles H. Brown & Son Corporation was contracted to build out the Canarsie Line's stations in Manhattan, including the Sixth Avenue station.[60] Track-laying in the tunnels between Sixth and Montrose Avenues started in the last week of October 1922.[61][62] A passageway between the Broadway and Canarsie Line stations at Union Square was completed in late 1923.[63] The Canarsie Line station at Union Square opened on June 30, 1924, as the second-westernmost stop on the 14th Street–Eastern Line, which ran from Sixth Avenue under the East River and through Williamsburg to Montrose and Bushwick Avenues.[64][65] Service was extended east to Canarsie on July 14, 1928, stopping at Union Square.[66][67] The extension of service to Canarsie and Sixth Avenue reduced overcrowding at the Canal Street station in Lower Manhattan.[68]

In 1922, the Rapid Transit Commission awarded a contract to the Wagner Engineering Company for the installation of navigational signs at the Union Square station and several other major subway stations. The IRT platforms received blue-and-white signs, while the BMT platforms received red-white-and-green navigational signs.[69][70] The Broadway Line station's platforms originally could only fit six 67-foot-long (20 m) cars. In 1926, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) received bids for the lengthening of platforms at nine stations on the Broadway Line, including the 14th Street station, to accommodate eight-car trains. Edwards & Flood submitted a low bid of $101,750 for the project.[71] The platform-lengthening project was completed in 1927, bringing the length of the Broadway Line platforms to 535 feet (163 m).[72][73]

In May 1928, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to award a $607,223 contract to improve transfers between the Canarsie and Broadway lines at Union Square,[74] which was expected to help relieve crowding at Canal Street.[75] The low bidder was the Hart & Early Co. Work on the transfer between the Broadway and Canarsie lines began that August.[76] The project involved constructing a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) mezzanine[76] and raising and re-landscaping the adjacent portion of Union Square Park to provide enough headroom.[77] Existing statues in the park were relocated as part of improvements to the park.[75] In addition, the contractor added twelve stairs from the mezzanine to the Broadway Line platforms and twelve stairs from the mezzanine to the Canarsie Line platform.[76][77][78] The mezzanine and stairs were intended to accommodate 2,000 passengers per minute in either direction,[77] and the rebuilt station would be capable of accommodating 50 million passengers per year.[76][78] At the time, the Union Square station was one of the city's busiest, with 52 million annual passengers.[79] The renovation was nearly completed by mid-1931.[80][81]

The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940,[82][83] and the IRT's operations on June 12.[84][85] In September 1945, the New York City Club presented a proposal for improving service on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. The 14th Street–Union Square station on the IRT line would have been relocated about 500 feet (150 m) northward, requiring the closure of the 18th Street station. Since the plan entailed having local trains terminate at 14th Street instead of at City Hall, the local platforms would be rebuilt at a lower level, with a crossover next to the station. In addition, all local trains would be lengthened from six to ten cars. This plan was not implemented.[86] The transfer between the IRT and BMT platforms was placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948.[2] As part of a pilot program, the BOT installed three-dimensional advertisements at the Union Square station in late 1948.[87][88] The BOT studied the feasibility of building an underpass from the station to the eastern side of Union Square East at 15th Street in January 1949,[89][90] and Loft Inc. opened a candy store in the BMT mezzanine that April.[91][92]

During 1956, the Central Savings Bank and Union Square Savings Bank both opened branches on the Union Square station's mezzanine.[93] The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) lengthened both of the Lexington Avenue Line platforms by 150 feet (46 m) as part of a $1.3 million project that was completed at the beginning of 1958. After the extensions were completed, the NYCTA began requiring that, during PM rush hours, alighting Lexington Avenue Line riders use only one of the staircases on the northbound platform to reduce congestion.[94] In the 1960s, the NYCTA started a project to lengthen station platforms on the Broadway Line to 615 feet (187 m) to accommodate 10-car trains.[95] As part of the project, the Broadway Line platforms at Union Square were extended 85 feet (26 m) to the north.[96] Additionally, the NYCTA installed a closed-circuit television system on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms in 1965 as part of a pilot program to deter crime there.[97]

Efforts were made to renovate the Union Square station during the late 1970s as part of an effort to redevelop the area around Union Square.[98] During this time, $1.2 million was raised for a renovation of the Union Square station.[99][100] This included $120,000 raised by the 14th Street–Union Square Area Project and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), as well as $900,000 from the federal government.[101] The renovation, which was limited to the complex's mezzanine level, coincided with the original IRT line's 75th anniversary.[102] Local civic groups, the MTA, and the New York City Transit Authority began soliciting bids for the station's renovation in December 1978.[100][103] The project included relocating turnstiles away from hallways, closing or straightening some passageways, removing most concession stands,[104] and relocating a district headquarters for the New York City Transit Police to the station.[105] The renovation, which had been completed by 1980,[105] was one of the first such projects conducted through the MTA's Adopt-a-Station program.[106]

The MTA evicted 25 businesses, who occupied a combined 8,000 square feet (740 m²), from the station's mezzanine in 1981 to free up space.[107] That year, the MTA listed the Union Square station on the Lexington Avenue Line among the 69 most deteriorated stations in the subway system.[108] The MTA provided funding for a further renovation of the Union Square station in its 1985–1989 capital plan.[109] By 1982, the entrances in the southern portion of Union Square were to be renovated as part of a refurbishment of Union Square Park.[110] The entrances had been renovated by 1985.[111][112][113] The MTA also renovated 10,600 square feet (980 m²) of storefronts at the station in 1984.[114] Seven storefronts received glass enclosures.[115]

The subway entrance in the Zeckendorf Towers

During the mid-1980s, the New York City Department of City Planning prepared zoning guidelines for the Union Square area, which would allow a greater maximum floor area ratio in exchange for subway improvements.[116] William Zeckendorf, who was developing the adjacent Zeckendorf Towers, agreed in 1984 to build and maintain subway entrances within Zeckendorf Towers as "a public benefit", in exchange for being allowed to increase the towers' floor area by 20 percent.[117][118] This was because of zoning rules that required many developers in Lower Manhattan, Midtown Manhattan, and Downtown Brooklyn to relocate and maintain subway entrances that were formerly on the street.[119] In exchange for adding and maintaining an entrance with escalators and elevators at the building's base, Zeckendorf was allowed to add 153,006 square feet (14,214.7 m²) to his building.[118] The Zeckendorf plan received some opposition from members of the public[120] but was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate in early 1985.[121] As part of the construction of Zeckendorf Towers the 14th Street–Union Square station was partially renovated in the late 1980s.[4]^: 4 The modifications included a modification of the mezzanine, a new station entrance with escalators under Zeckendorf Towers, and a new station entrance at 15th Street.[121] In addition, to speed up passenger flow, dozens of platform conductors were assigned to direct crowds on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms during the late 1980s.[122]

On August 28, 1991, an accident just north of the IRT station killed five passengers and injured 215 others in one of the deadliest incidents in New York City Subway history.[123] The derailment occurred at the entry to a former pocket track on the Lexington Avenue Line station, which was removed after the accident.[124][125] The operator of a southbound 4 train was supposed to switch to the local track because the express track was being repaired. The train was traveling 40 mph (64 km/h) in a 10 mph (16 km/h) zone, and the train derailed after the first car traveled through the switch. Five cars were damaged heavily, being scrapped on site, and the track infrastructure suffered heavy structural damage as a result.[123] The entire infrastructure, including signals, switches, track, roadbed, cabling, and 23 support columns were replaced.[126]

An elevator from the mezzanine to the southbound Broadway Line platform, one of several installed in the station's renovation during the 1990s and 2000s

In April 1993, the New York State Legislature agreed to give the MTA $9.6 billion for capital improvements. Some of the funds would be used to renovate nearly one hundred New York City Subway stations,[127][128] including all three stations at 14th Street–Union Square.[129] On July 9, 1993, the contract for the project's design was awarded for $2.993 million. As part of the contract, the consultant investigated whether the MTA could reconfigure the IRT passageway, reframe the exit structure on the Lexington Avenue platforms to accommodate the relocation and widening of stairs, build a new fan room, remove stairs on the Broadway Line platforms, reframe the existing structure, and rebuild a new staircase between the intermediate and IRT mezzanines. After the consultant deemed that all of these modifications were feasible, in May 1994, the MTA and the consultant reached a supplemental agreement worth $984,998 to allow the consultant to prepare designs.[130]^: C-57 Lee Harris Pomeroy prepared plans for the project, which was to cost $38.5 million and start in December 1994, with a new entrance pavilion and elevator on the southeast corner of Union Square Park.[131] The same year, a New York City Transit Police station opened in the Broadway Line mezzanine.[4]^: 4

A construction contract was ultimately signed in March 1995,[132] and NAB Construction Corp. was hired to renovate the station.[133] As part of the project, power infrastructure was upgraded to allow the construction of MetroCard vending machine equipment.[134] The station was also to receive color-coded signs (corresponding to the trunk colors of the services that stopped there), and six pieces of the station's original wall were to be displayed.[132] The Union Square Greenmarket, directly above the station, was relocated during the renovation.[135] By 1996, the renovation project was running behind schedule.[134][136] The MTA had planned to install a forced-ventilation system in the station as part of a pilot program, but this was delayed. In addition, at least one staircase to the Canarsie Line platform was canceled, even though it would have relieved congestion.[136] The MTA also canceled plans for a new subway entrance in Union Square Park because the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) refused to remove trees to make way for the entrance. Pomeroy claimed that NYC Parks would have had to remove one tree, while NYC Parks commissioner Henry Stern said the entrance would be expensive, inconveniently located, and require the removal of three trees.[137]

During the late 1990s, the MTA had received $1.6 million from The Related Companies, which had developed a building on the site of two subway entrances at Broadway and 14th Street. Local residents requested that the MTA spend the money to improve pedestrian access around Union Square.[138] Subsequently, mayor Rudy Giuliani announced plans in early 1998 to spend $2.6 million on an expansion of the park; the MTA agreed to contribute $400,000 toward the project.[139][140] The expansion consisted of a pocket park in a traffic island at the southeast corner of Union Square, which was completed in 2000.[141]

The MTA announced in 1999 that it would begin installing a forced-ventilation system above the IRT platforms at Union Square.[142] The forced-ventilation system, consisting of 32 ceiling fans, was completed by July 2000 at a cost of $1 million.[143][144] In addition, as part of a program to increase accessibility in the New York City Subway, the MTA had planned to install elevators to the Broadway Line and Canarsie Line platforms by 1998.[145] These elevators were not completed until 2000. Furthermore, it was infeasible to install elevators to the Lexington Avenue Line platforms, due to them being too narrow where they are beneath the mezzanine.[137] The project, which was finished in 2001, cost $40 million and increased the station's public space by 30 percent.[133]

Escalator from the Canarsie Line platform to the IRT

The station's token booths were shuttered in May 2005, after fare tokens were replaced with MetroCards; station agents were deployed elsewhere in the station to answer passengers' queries. This was part of a pilot program that was tested at seven other stations.[146]

As part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program and the L Project, several modifications were implemented on the platform to improve circulation and to reduce crowding. The stairs from the Broadway Line platforms were rebuilt in March 2019; the stair from the downtown Broadway Line platform was reconfigured entirely.[147][148] Additionally, a new escalator was installed from the east mezzanine to the platform;[149] it cost around $15 million and opened on September 10, 2020.[150][151] The Union Square Partnership proposed a $100 million overhaul of Union Square in 2021; the plans included a new subway entrance with escalator and elevator access.[152]

Framing Union Square, by Mary Miss, is a station-wide art installation commissioned as part of the MTA Arts & Design program.[155][156] It consists of six wall segments on the corridor above the western side of the IRT station, which were originally part of a double-height wall adjacent to the IRT station's southbound local platform.[133] The wall segments have faience cornices, mosaic tile borders, and plaques of eagles.[4]^: 4–5 Bright red frames surround objects such as mosaics, cables, and bolts. According to Miss, the artwork was intended to invite "the public to look below the surface, to see a 'slice' of the station, its structure, its history".[155] In 2005, an artwork called City Glow by Chiho Aoshima was installed within an advertising space at the station.[157][158]

Imprinted on the walls of the BMT mezzanine are over 3,000 stickers with the names of victims of the September 11 attacks, which were put up by artist John Lin and sixteen friends on September 10, 2002.[159] The stickers were not sanctioned by the MTA and have deteriorated since they were placed.[160][161] Another work of street art, a temporary wall of Post-it notes known as "Subway Therapy", appeared on the station's walls after the 2016 United States presidential election but was removed after one month.[162][163]

Station entrance sign

There are numerous entrances and exits to the station. An entrance with one stair, escalator bank, and elevator in the Zeckendorf Towers, at the northeast corner of 4th Avenue and 14th Street, connects with the southeast end of the station. This entrance provides Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) access to the station.[4]^: 18[164] The Zeckendorf Towers entrance is privately maintained; as of 2023, the escalators there had been among the least reliable in the New York City Subway system for several years.[118] There are two stairs to each of the southwest and southeast corners of the same intersection. All of these lead directly to the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine. One block to the west, two staircases on the south side of 14th Street between Broadway and University Place lead to the western Canarsie Line mezzanine.[4]^: 18[164] A closed exit extended to the west side of Broadway between 13th and 14th Streets.[4]^: 18[165]

The central portion of the station contains another exit from the Lexington Avenue Line mezzanine to the Zeckendorf Towers, which leads to the southeast corner of Union Square East and 15th Street. There are also two stairs inside Union Square Park between 14th and 15th Streets. One is closer to Union Square West between these two streets, opposite the equestrian statue of George Washington, while the other is closer to Union Square East and 15th Street. These entrances are closest to the Broadway Line station.[4]^: 18[164] The Union Square Park entrances contain large polygonal metal-and-glass canopies, which date from a 1985 renovation of the park.[4]^: 7[111]

At the northern end of the station, two stairs rise to Union Square Park on the east side of Union Square West at 16th Street. These lead directly to the Broadway Line mezzanine.[164]

The platforms are offset, with the original platforms having been extended at their rears

Abandoned side platform behind the wall and the black bars on the right, whose edge is still visible

Old IRT "14" eagle cartouche

As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method.[176]^: 237 The tunnel is covered by a "U"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough has a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick.[4]^: 3–4[172]^: 9 Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms have I-beam columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.[4]^: 3–4[6]^: 4[172]^: 9 There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.[4]^: 3–4[172]^: 9

The walls near the tracks do not have any identifying motifs with the station's name, as all station identification signs are on the platforms. The trackside walls are clad with vertical white glass tiles.[4]^: 5 The original decorative scheme for the side platforms consisted of blue tile station-name tablets, blue and buff tile bands, a yellow faience cornice, and blue faience plaques.[172]^: 34 The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station.[172]^: 31 The decorative work was performed by faience contractor Grueby Faience Company.[172]^: 34 Above the IRT platforms are 32 ceiling fans, which were installed in 2000.[143][144]

Similar to at 72nd Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, there were originally additional tracks at the approach to either platform between each pair of local and express tracks. These tracks were approximately 300 feet (91 m) long and were used as "stacking" tracks, where trains could be held momentarily until the platform was clear and the train could enter the station. The tracks here and at 72nd Street were rendered useless when train lengths grew beyond these tracks' capacity.[171] The track between the southbound tracks, north of the southbound platform, was removed as a result of the 1991 derailment.[124] A similar track still exists between the northbound tracks south of the northbound platform.[171]