1812–13 United States Senate elections

The 1812–13 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1812 and 1813, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1812–13 United States Senate elections
Dates vary by state
12 of the 36 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
19 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic-Republican Federalist
Last election 27 seats 7 seats
Seats before 30 6
Seats won 8 4
Seats after 28 8
Seat change Decrease 2 Increase 2
Seats up 10 2
Results:
     Federalist hold      Federalist gain
     Dem-Republican hold      Dem-Republican gain
     Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election


Democratic-Republican

 Elected Majority Party


Democratic-Republican

The Democratic-Republican Party lost two seats but still retained an overwhelming Senate majority. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.

Change in composition

Before the elections

Composition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.

DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2 DR1
DR9 DR10 DR11 DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18
Majority → DR19
DR28
Pa.
Retired		 DR27
Ohio
Retired		 DR26
N.C.
Retired		 DR25
Ky.
Retired		 DR24
Md.
Unknown		 DR23
La.
Unknown		 DR22
S.C.
Ran		 DR21
N.Y.
Ran		 DR20
Ga.
Ran
DR29
Vt.
Retired		 F7
N.H.
Ran		 F6
Conn.
Ran		 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1

Result of the regular elections
DR8 DR7 DR6 DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2 DR1
DR9 DR10 DR11 DR12 DR13 DR14 DR15 DR16 DR17 DR18
Majority → DR19
V1
Md.
DR Loss		 DR27
S.C.
Re-elected		 DR26
Ga.
Re-elected		 DR25
Vt.
Hold		 DR24
Pa.
Hold		 DR23
Ohio
Hold		 DR22
N.C.
Hold		 DR21
La.
Hold		 DR20
Ky.
Hold
V2
N.H.
F Loss		 F6
N.Y.
Gain		 F5
Conn.
Re-elected		 F5 F4 F3 F2 F1
Key:
DR# Democratic-Republican
F# Federalist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

Special elections during the 12th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Louisiana
(Class 2)		 New seat Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812.
Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Louisiana
(Class 3)		 New seat Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812.
Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Louisiana
(Class 2)		 Thomas Posey Democratic-
Republican		 1812 (Appointed) Jean Destréhan had resigned October 1, 1812 without having qualified.
Interim successor appointed October 8, 1812.
Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected February 4, 1813 on the second ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.

Races leading to the 13th Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Connecticut Chauncey Goodrich Federalist 1807 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1813.
Georgia Charles Tait Democratic-
Republican		 1809 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1813.
Kentucky John Pope Democratic-
Republican		 1806 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 12, 1813 on the third ballot.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Louisiana Allan B. Magruder Democratic-
Republican		 1812 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1813.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Maryland Philip Reed Democratic-
Republican		 1806 (special)
1806		 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic-Republican loss.		 [data missing]
New Hampshire Charles Cutts Federalist 1810 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect after 12 ballots.
Federalist loss.
New York John Smith Democratic-
Republican		 1804 (special)
1807		 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected February 2, 1813.
Federalist gain.
North Carolina Jesse Franklin Democratic-
Republican		 1799
1804 (Lost)
1806		 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1812.
Democratic-Republican hold.
  • ▌Green tickY David Stone (Democratic-Republican) 100
  • ▌A.D. Murphy (Democratic-Republican) 83
  • ▌Thomas Davis (Democratic-Republican) 12[8]
Ohio Alexander Campbell Democratic-
Republican		 1809 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected February 6, 1813.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Pennsylvania Andrew Gregg Democratic-
Republican		 1806 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected December 8, 1812.
Democratic-Republican hold.
South Carolina John Gaillard Democratic-
Republican		 1804 (special)
1806		 Incumbent re-elected in late 1812.[11]
Vermont Stephen R. Bradley Democratic-
Republican		 1791
1795 (Lost)
1801 (special)
1806		 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected October 21, 1812.
Democratic-Republican hold.

Special elections during the 13th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Massachusetts
(Class 1)		 James Lloyd (F) Federalist 1808 (special)
1808		 Resigned May 1, 1813.
New senator elected May 5, 1813.
Federalist hold.
Connecticut
(Class 3)		 Chauncey Goodrich Federalist 1807 (special)
1812		 Incumbent resigned May 13, 1813 to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut.
New senator elected May 13, 1813.
Federalist hold.
Maryland
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected May 21, 1813.
Federalist gain.
Delaware
(Class 2)		 James A. Bayard Federalist 1804 (special)
1805
1811		 Resigned March 3, 1813.
New senator elected May 21, 1813.
Federalist hold.
New Hampshire
(Class 3)		 Charles Cutts Federalist 1810 (special)
1813 (Appointed)		 Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected June 10, 1813 on the second ballot.
Federalist hold.
Georgia
(Class 2)		 William Bulloch Democratic-
Republican		 1813 (Appointed) Unknown if interim appointee retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected November 6, 1813.
Democratic-Republican hold.

Connecticut
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

Connecticut (regular)

Delaware (special)
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware

Georgia
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia

Kentucky
See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Louisiana
See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana

Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

Maryland (regular)

The Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 3, 1813, the beginning of the term. Robert Henry Goldsborough was appointed to fill the seat.

Maryland (special)
1813 United States Senate special election in Maryland
May 20, 1813
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate Robert Henry Goldsborough Edward Lloyd
Party Federalist Democratic-Republican
Legislative vote 47 35
Percentage 58.75% 41.25%

Robert H. Goldsborough won election over Edward Lloyd by a margin of 20.45%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[18]

Massachusetts (special)
See also: List of United States senators from Massachusetts

New Hampshire
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1812 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire

New York
Main article: 1813 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York

North Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

Ohio
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

South Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

Vermont
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

See also

References
  1. "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing American Watchman; and Delaware Republican (Wilmington, DE). October 14, 1812.
  3. "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing The Louisiana Gazette and New-Orleans Advertiser (New Orleans, LA). December 3, 1812.
  4. "Kentucky 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing Muskingum Messenger (Zanesville, OH). January 27, 1813.
  5. "Louisiana 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Courrier de la Louisiane (New Orleans, LA). January 22, 1813.
  6. "New Hampshire 1812 U.S. Senate, Ballot 12". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Concord Gazette (Concord, NH). December 29, 1812.
  7. "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. August 8, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  8. "North Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Star (Raleigh, NC). December 11, 1812.
  9. Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. p. 98 – via Google Books.
  10. "Pennsylvania 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Pennsylvania State Senate, 1812. 41–43.
  11. "South Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing City Gazette and Commercial Advertiser (Charleston, SC). December 10, 1812.
  12. "Vermont 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Columbian Phenix: or, Providence Patriot (Providence, RI). October 31, 1812.
  13. "Massachusetts 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Virginia Patriot (Richmond, VA). June 11, 1813.
  14. "Maryland 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Republican Star or Eastern Shore General Advertiser (Easton, MD). May 25, 1813.
  15. "Delaware 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware State Senate, 1813. 12.
  16. "New Hampshire 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Portsmouth Oracle (Portsmouth, NH). June 12, 1813.
  17. "Georgia 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Liberty Hall (Cincinnati, OH). December 14, 1813.
  18. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - May 20, 1813". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
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