1822–23 United States Senate elections

1822–23 United States Senate elections
	Dates vary by state
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections); 25 seats needed for a majority
	Results:; Federalist hold Dem-Republican hold; Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election; ; Democratic-Republican	Elected Majority Party ; ; Democratic-Republican

The 1822–23 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1822 and 1823, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.

The Democratic-Republican Party continued to maintain almost complete control of the Senate.

Factions

At the very end of the next Congress, the 1824 United States presidential election led to a contingency election, decided by the Congress. In that election, Senators split into factions in support of William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, or John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Even though that election wasn't held until more than two years after the Senate elections in this article, those factions are noted below as "Crawford," "Jackson," or "Adams-Clay."

Results summary

Senate party division, 18th Congress (1823–1825)

Majority party: Democratic-Republican (42–43)
Minority parties: National Republican & Federalist (4–5)
Total seats: 48

Change in composition

Before the elections

Composition after the January 24, 1822 Delaware special election.

						DR₁ Del. Gain	DR₂	DR₃	DR₄
DR₁₄	DR₁₃	DR₁₂	DR₁₁	DR₁₀	DR₉	DR₈	DR₇	DR₆	DR₅
DR₁₅	DR₁₆	DR₁₇	DR₁₈	DR₁₉	DR₂₀	DR₂₁	DR₂₂	DR₂₃	DR₂₄
Majority →									DR₂₅
DR₃₄ Ky. Ran	DR₃₃ Ill. Ran	DR₃₂ Ga. Ran	DR₃₁ Ala. Ran	DR₃₀	DR₂₉	DR₂₈	DR₂₇	DR₂₆	DR₂₅
DR₃₅ La. Ran	DR₃₆ Me. Ran	DR₃₇ Miss. Ran	DR₃₈ N.J. Ran	DR₃₉ N.C. Ran	DR₄₀ R.I. Ran	DR₄₁ S.C. Ran	DR₄₂ Tenn. Ran	DR₄₃ Va. Ran	DR₄₄ N.H. Retired
						F₁	F₂	F₃ Mass. Ran	F₄ Del.

Result of the regular elections

						DR₁	DR₂	DR₃	DR₄
DR₁₄	DR₁₃	DR₁₂	DR₁₁	DR₁₀	DR₉	DR₈	DR₇	DR₆	DR₅
DR₁₅	DR₁₆	DR₁₇	DR₁₈	DR₁₉	DR₂₀	DR₂₁	DR₂₂	DR₂₃	DR₂₄
Majority →									DR₂₅
DR₃₄ Ky. Re-elected	DR₃₃ Ill. Re-elected	DR₃₂ Ga. Re-elected	DR₃₁ Ala. Re-elected	DR₃₀	DR₂₉	DR₂₈	DR₂₇	DR₂₆	DR₂₅
DR₃₅ La. Re-elected	DR₃₆ Me. Re-elected	DR₃₇ Miss. Re-elected	DR₃₈ N.J. Re-elected	DR₃₉ R.I. Re-elected	DR₄₀ Va. Re-elected	DR₄₁ N.H. Hold	DR₄₂ N.C. Hold	DR₄₃ S.C. Hold	DR₄₄ Tenn. Hold
						F₁	F₂	F₃ Mass. Re-elected	V₁ Del. F Loss

Key:

DR_#	Democratic-Republican
F_#	Federalist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1822 or before March 4, 1823; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Delaware (Class 1)	Vacant			Outerbridge Horsey (F) had resigned March 3, 1821. New senator elected January 24, 1822. Democratic-Republican gain.	▌Y Caesar A. Rodney (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Ohio (Class 3)	William A. Trimble	Democratic-Republican	1819	Incumbent died December 13, 1821. New senator elected January 29, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Ethan Allen Brown (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Massachusetts (Class 2)	Harrison Gray Otis	Federalist	1816	Incumbent resigned May 30, 1822 to run for Mayor of Boston. New senator elected June 5, 1822. Successor was also elected to the next term, see below. Federalist hold.	▌Y James Lloyd (Federalist) [data missing]
Alabama (Class 3)	John W. Walker	Democratic-Republican	1819	Incumbent resigned December 12, 1822 due to failing health. New senator elected December 12, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y William Kelly (Democratic-Republican) 56.65% ▌John McKinley (Democratic-Republican) 49.35%[2]
Maryland (Class 1)	William Pinkney	Democratic-Republican	1819 (special) 1821	Incumbent died February 25, 1822. New senator elected December 17, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel Smith (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Virginia (Class 2)	James Pleasants	Democratic-Republican	1819 (special)	Incumbent resigned December 15, 1822 to become Governor of Virginia. New senator elected December 18, 1822. Successor was later re-elected to the next term, see below. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y John Taylor of Caroline (Democratic-Republican) 51.8% ▌Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (Democratic-Republican) 37.9% ▌John Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 10.3%[3]

Races leading to the next Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1823; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	William R. King	Democratic-Republican	1819	Incumbent re-elected December 12, 1822.	▌Y William R. King (Jackson Democratic-Republican) 41.76% Unknown party William Crawford (Unknown) 38.46% ▌John McKee (Jackson Democratic-Republican) 13.19% ▌William King (Jackson Democratic-Republican) 6.59%[4]
Delaware	Nicholas Van Dyke	Federalist	1817	Legislature failed to elect. Federalist loss. Incumbent would later be re-elected late in 1824.	[data missing]
Georgia	Nicholas Ware	Democratic-Republican	1821 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1822 or 1823.	▌Y Nicholas Ware (Crawford Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Illinois	Jesse B. Thomas	Democratic-Republican	1818	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Jesse B. Thomas (Crawford Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Kentucky	Richard Mentor Johnson	Democratic-Republican	1819 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Richard M. Johnson (Jackson Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Louisiana	Henry Johnson	Democratic-Republican	1818 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Henry Johnson (Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Maine	John Chandler	Democratic-Republican	1820	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y John Chandler (Crawford Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Massachusetts	James Lloyd	Federalist	1808 (special) 1808 1813 (Resigned) 1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected as an Adams-Clay Federalist in 1822. Winner was also elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌Y James Lloyd (Adams-Clay Federalist) [data missing]
Mississippi	Thomas Hill Williams	Democratic-Republican	1817	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Thomas Hill Williams (Jackson Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
New Hampshire	David L. Morril	Democratic-Republican	1816	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1823. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel Bell (Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
New Jersey	Mahlon Dickerson	Democratic-Republican	1817	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Mahlon Dickerson (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
North Carolina	Montfort Stokes	Democratic-Republican	1816 (special) 1816	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1822. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y John Branch (Crawford Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Rhode Island	Nehemiah R. Knight	Democratic-Republican	1821 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1823.	▌Y Nehemiah R. Knight (Crawford Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
South Carolina	William Smith	Democratic-Republican	1810 (special) 1816	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1822. Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Robert Y. Hayne (Jackson Democratic-Republican) [data missing]
Tennessee	John Williams	Democratic-Republican	1815 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected October 28, 1823.[5] Democratic-Republican hold.	▌Y Andrew Jackson (Jackson Democratic-Republican) 58.33% ▌John Williams (Crawford Democratic-Republican) 41.67%
Virginia	John Taylor of Caroline	Democratic-Republican	1822 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1823. Winner was also elected to finish the current term, see above.	▌Y John Taylor of Caroline (Democratic-Republican) [data missing]

Special elections during the next Congress

In these special elections, the winners were elected in 1823 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
New Jersey (Class 1)	Samuel L. Southard	Democratic-Republican	1821 (Appointed) 1820	Incumbent resigned March 4, 1823 to become U.S. Secretary of the Navy. New senator elected November 12, 1823. Democratic Republican hold.	▌Y Joseph McIlvaine (Adams-Clay Democratic-Republican) [data missing]

Alabama

Alabama (regular)

Incumbent William R. King was first elected in 1819. He was reelected with the votes of over 41% of the legislators, defeating William Crawford, former agent to the Choctaw nation John McKee, and another candidate named William King.

Alabama (special)

Incumbent John Williams Walker resigned on December 12, 1822 due to failing health. He would die in April of the following year. William Kelly was elected in his place with 56.65% of the votes of state legislators, defeating state representative John McKinley.

Delaware

Delaware (regular)

The Delaware General Assembly did not elect a candidate to the United States Senate.

Delaware (special)

Federalist incumbent Outerbridge Horsey retired in the 1820/1821 Senate elections. The Delaware General Assembly failed to elect a successor. Caesar Augustus Rodney, the U.S. representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district and a nephew of founding father Caesar Rodney, was elected late.

Georgia

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Nicholas Ware was reelected in 1823.

Illinois

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Jesse B. Thomas was reelected in 1823.

Kentucky

Richard M. Johnson

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Richard Mentor Johnson was reelected in 1823.

Louisiana

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Henry S. Johnson was reelected in 1823

Maine

Incumbent Democratic-Republican John Chandler was reelected in 1823.

Maryland (special)

1822 United States Senate special election in Maryland

December 11, 1822

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly


Candidate	Samuel Smith
Party	Democratic-Republican
Legislative vote	-
Percentage	-%

Incumbent Democratic-Republican William Pinkney died on February 25, 1822. Congressman Samuel Smith, a Democratic-Republican, was elected to the seat on December 17, 1822.[6]

Massachusetts

Massachusetts (regular)

Incumbent Federalist James Lloyd was reelected in 1822 after being first elected in a special election (see below).

Massachusetts (special)

James Lloyd

Incumbent Senator Harrison Gray Otis resigned on May 30, 1822 to run for Mayor of Boston. Former senator James Lloyd, a Federalist was elected on June 5, 1822.

Mississippi

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Thomas Hill Williams was reelected in 1823.

New Hampshire

Incumbent Democratic-Republican David L. Morril retired. Governor of New Hampshire Samuel Bell was elected as a Democratic-Republican.

New Jersey

New Jersey (regular)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Mahlon Dickerson was reelected in 1823.

New Jersey (special)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Samuel L. Southard resigned on March 3, 1823 to become the U.S. Secretary of the Navy. Democratic-Republican Joseph McIlvaine was elected to finish his term on November 12, 1823.

North Carolina

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Montfort Stokes was defeated for reelection by John Branch, a fellow Democratic-Republican, in 1822.

Ohio (special)

Incumbent Jeffersonian Republican William A. Trimble died on December 13, 1821 at the age of 35. Governor of Ohio, Ethan Allen Brown, was elected to finish Trimble's term.

Rhode Island

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Nehemiah R. Knight was reelected in 1823.

South Carolina

Incumbent Democratic-Republican William Smith lost reelection to Democratic-Republican Robert Y. Hayne.

Tennessee

Former senator and general Andrew Jackson defeated incumbent John Williams in the election for Senate. Jackson was put up as the Jacksonian candidate after Williams decided to support William H. Crawford in the 1824 Presidential Election.[7] Williams was endorsed by Davy Crockett.[8] Jackson's return to the senate after nearly 25 years out of office marks the second longest gap in service in U.S. Senate history. Jackson would resign two years later in 1825, and eventually be elected president in 1828.

1823 United States Senate election in Tennessee

November 28, 1823

60 legislators
31 votes needed to win


Candidate	Andrew Jackson	John Williams
Party	Democratic-Republican	Democratic-Republican
Alliance	Jacksonian	Old Republican
Legislative vote	35	25
Percentage	58.33%	41.67%

Virginia

Virginia (regular)

After being elected in the special election (see below), incumbent John Taylor was reelected in 1823.

Virginia (special)

Incumbent James Pleasants resigned on December 15, 1822 to become Governor of Virginia. Former senator John Taylor, a Democratic-Republican, was elected with 51.8% of the votes of legislators over former congressmen Henry St. George Tucker and John Tyler, both Democratic-Republicans.

1822 United States Senate special election in Virginia

December 18, 1822


Candidate	John Taylor of Caroline	Henry St. George Tucker Sr.	John Tyler, Jr.
Party	Democratic-Republican	Democratic-Republican	Democratic-Republican
Percentage	51.8%	37.9%	10.3%

References

"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Dec 12, 1822". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing 1822 House Journal, Dec 12.
"Virginia 1822 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
"Our Campaigns - AL Senate Race - Dec 12, 1822".
"Tennessee 1823 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race -Dec 11, 1822". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
Higgins, Ruth L.; Driver, Leota S. (December 1933). "Fanny Kemble". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 20 (3): 416. doi:10.2307/1886861. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1886861.
"<sc>John R. Finger</sc>. Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition. (A History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2001. Pp. xxiii, 382. $39.95". The American Historical Review. February 2003. doi:10.1086/ahr/108.1.185-a. ISSN 1937-5239.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

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[1] "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.

[2] "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Dec 12, 1822". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing 1822 House Journal, Dec 12.

[3] "Virginia 1822 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[4] "Our Campaigns - AL Senate Race - Dec 12, 1822".

[5] "Tennessee 1823 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved June 4, 2019.

[6] "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race -Dec 11, 1822". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.

[7] Higgins, Ruth L.; Driver, Leota S. (December 1933). "Fanny Kemble". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 20 (3): 416. doi:10.2307/1886861. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1886861.

[8] "<sc>John R. Finger</sc>. Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition. (A History of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier.) Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2001. Pp. xxiii, 382. $39.95". The American Historical Review. February 2003. doi:10.1086/ahr/108.1.185-a. ISSN 1937-5239.