1830–31 United States Senate elections

The 1830–31 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1830 and 1831, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

1830–31 United States Senate elections
Dates vary by state
16 of the 48 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections)
25 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Jacksonian Anti-Jacksonian
Last election 26 seats 19 seats
Seats before 25 23
Seats won 8 6
Seats after 26 20
Seat change Increase 1 Decrease 3
Seats up 7 9
  Third party
 
Party Nullifier
Seats before New party
Seats won 1
Seats after 1
Seat change Increase 1
Seats up 0
Results:
     Jacksonian Hold      Jacksonian Gain
     Anti-Jacksonian Hold      Anti-Jacksonian Gain
     Nullifier Gain      Legislature Failed To Elect
Majority Party before election


Jacksonian

 Elected Majority Party


Jacksonian

The Jacksonians gained one seat from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lose one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.

Results summary

Senate party division, 22nd Congress (1831–1833)

  • Majority party: Jacksonian (24–23)
  • Minority party: Anti-Jackson (21–23)
  • Other parties: Nullifier (2–1)
  • Total seats: 48

Change in composition

Before the elections

After the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.

AJ1 AJ2 AJ3 AJ4
AJ14 AJ13 AJ12 AJ11 AJ10 AJ9 AJ8 AJ7 AJ6 AJ5
AJ15
Ind.
Ran		 AJ16
La.
Ran		 AJ17
Md.
Ran		 AJ18
Mo.
Ran		 AJ19
N.Y.
Ran		 AJ20
Pa.
Ran		 AJ21
Conn.
Unknown		 AJ22
Vt.
Unknown		 AJ23
Ohio
Retired		 J25
N.C.
Retired
Majority → J24
N.H.
Unknown
J15 J16 J17 J18 J19
Ala.
Ran		 J20
Ga.
Ran		 J21
Ill.
Ran		 J22
S.C.
Ran		 J23
Ky.
Ran
J14 J13 J12 J11 J10 J9 J8 J7 J6 J5
J1 J2 J3 J4

As a result of the elections
AJ1 AJ2 AJ3 AJ4
AJ14 AJ13 AJ12 AJ11 AJ10 AJ9 AJ8 AJ7 AJ6 AJ5
AJ15
Ind.
Re-elected		 AJ16
La.
Re-elected		 AJ17
Md.
Re-elected		 AJ18
Ala.
Hold		 AJ19
Conn.
Hold		 AJ20
Ohio
Hold		 V1
Ky.
J Loss		 N1
S.C.
Gain		 J26
Pa.
Gain		 J25
N.Y.
Gain
Majority → J24
Mo.
Gain
J15 J16 J17 J18 J19
Ga.
Re-elected		 J20
Ill.
Re-elected		 J21
N.H.
Hold		 J22
N.C.
Hold		 J23
Vt.
Hold
J14 J13 J12 J11 J10 J9 J8 J7 J6 J5
J1 J2 J3 J4

At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831
AJ1 AJ2 AJ3 AJ4
AJ14 AJ13 AJ12 AJ11 AJ10 AJ9 AJ8 AJ7 AJ6 AJ5
AJ15 AJ16 AJ17 AJ18 AJ19 AJ20 AJ21[lower-alpha 1]
Gain		 AJ22[lower-alpha 2]
Gain		 N1 N2
S.C.
Changed
Plurality[lower-alpha 3] → J24
J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J21 J22 J23
J14 J13 J12 J11 J10 J9 J8 J7 J6 J5
J1 J2 J3 J4
Key:
AJ# = Anti-Jacksonian
J# = Jacksonian
N# = Nullfier
V# = Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 21st Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Illinois
(Class 2)		 David J. Baker Jacksonian 1830 (Appointed) Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified.
Winner elected December 11, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Mississippi
(Class 2)		 Thomas B. Reed Jacksonian 1826 (special)
1827 (Lost re-election)
1828		 Incumbent died November 26, 1829.
Winner elected January 6, 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Delaware
(Class 1)		 Louis McLane Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom.
Winner elected January 7, 1830.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.

Races leading to the 22nd Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Alabama John McKinley Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1831.
Jacksonian hold.
Connecticut Calvin Willey Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
Winner elected May 20, 1830.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Georgia John Forsyth Jacksonian 1829 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831.
Illinois Elias Kane Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent re-elected in 1831.
Indiana William Hendricks Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected December 18, 1830 on the fourth ballot.
Kentucky John Rowan Jacksonian 1824 Legislature elected late.
Seat vacant.		 [data missing]
Louisiana Josiah S. Johnston Anti-Jacksonian 1824 (Appointed)
1825		 Incumbent re-elected in 1831.
Maryland Ezekiel F. Chambers Anti-Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent re-elected in 1831.
Missouri David Barton Anti-Jacksonian 1821
1825 (Re-elected)		 Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1830.
Jacksonian gain.
New Hampshire Levi Woodbury Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
Winner elected in 1831.
Jacksonian hold.
New York Nathan Sanford Anti-Jacksonian 1826 (Elected late) Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected February 1, 1831.
Jacksonian gain.
North Carolina James Iredell Jr. Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1830.
Jacksonian hold.
Ohio Jacob Burnet Anti-Jacksonian 1828 (special) Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1830.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Pennsylvania William Marks Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1830 or 1831.
Jacksonian gain.
South Carolina William Smith Jacksonian 1826 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1830 or 1831.
Nullifier gain.
Vermont Dudley Chase Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.
Winner elected in 1831.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.

Elections during the 22nd Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Kentucky
(Class 3)		 Vacant Legislature elected late.
New senator elected November 10, 1831.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Louisiana
(Class 2)		 Edward Livingston Jacksonian 1828 or 1829 Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State.
Winner elected November 15, 1831.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Pennsylvania
(Class 1)		 Isaac D. Barnard Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health.
Winner elected December 13, 1831.[6]
Jacksonian hold.

Alabama
See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama

Connecticut
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut and 1831 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut

Delaware (special)
See also: List of United States senators from Delaware and 1830 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware

Georgia
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia and 1830 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia

Illinois
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois and 1831 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois

Illinois had two elections in this cycle: one for each seat.

Illinois (regular)

For the Class 3 seat, one-term incumbent Jacksonian Elias Kane was re-elected in 1831 for the term beginning March 4, 1831.

Illinois (special)

For the Class 2 seat, Jacksonian incumbent John McLean, who had been elected in 1828 or 1829, died October 14, 1830. Jacksonian David J. Baker was appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term until a special election. On December 11, 1830, Jacksonian John McCracken Robinson was elected to finish the term and was seated January 4, 1831.

Indiana
See also: List of United States senators from Indiana and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana

Kentucky

Kentucky had two elections in this cycle.

See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky

When Jacksonian John Rowan's term ended March 3, 1831, the legislature had not yet voted a replacement. When the legislature resumed for its session in November 1831, Anti-Jacksonian Henry Clay was elected, but still in time to participate when the 22nd Congress convened in December 1831.

Louisiana

Louisiana had two elections in this cycle.

See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana and 1830 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana

Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
1831 United States Senate election in Maryland
February 24, 1831
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate Ezekiel F. Chambers No votes
Party National Republican
Legislative vote 53 20
Percentage 72.60% 27.40%

Ezekiel F. Chambers won election over non-voters by a margin of 45.21%, or 33 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[7]

Mississippi (special)
See also: List of United States senators from Mississippi and 1830 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi

Missouri
See also: List of United States senators from Missouri and 1831 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri

New Hampshire
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire and 1831 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire

New York
Main article: 1831 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1830 United States House of Representatives elections in New York

The Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and n The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the electionominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House Jacksonian Anti-Mason Anti-Jacksonian
State Senate (32 members) William L. Marcy 20 Samuel Works 5
State Assembly (128 members) William L. Marcy 86 Samuel Works 27 Nathan Sanford 1

North Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina

Ohio
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio and 1830 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830-1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:[8]

Ballot Thomas Ewing
(Anti-Jacksonian)		 Micajah T. Williams
(Jacksonian)		 Edward King
(Anti-Jacksonian)
1 33 49 21
2 37 50 21
3 42 49 16
4 46 52 9
5 51 51 5
6 54 53 2
7 Green tickY 54 51 2

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania had two election in this cycle.

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1830 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (regular)
Main article: 1830 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

-

Pennsylvania (special)
Main article: 1831 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania

Following the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

State Legislature Results[9][10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic George M. Dallas 67 50.38
Democratic Joseph Hemphill 34 25.56%
Anti-Masonic Richard Rush 30 22.56%
Democratic Samuel B. Davis 1 0.75%
N/A Not voting 1 0.75%
- Totals 133 100.00%

Vermont
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont and 1830–1832 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont

See also

Notes
  1. Kentucky class 3 seat: Legislature elected Anti-Jacksonian late in the Congress, on November 10, 1831.
  2. Indiana class 1 seat: Jacksonian died February 26, 1831, in the previous Congress, and an Anti-Jacksonian Senator was appointed August 19, 1831.
  3. The Jacksonians maintained Senate control as evidenced by their electing Jacksonians as Presidents pro tempore: Samuel Smith, Littleton W. Tazewell, and Hugh Lawson White.

References
  1. "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. "Legislature of Connecticut". Litchfield enquirer. Litchfield, Conn. May 27, 1830. p. 2. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  3. "Litchfield, May 27, 1830". Litchfield enquirer. Litchfield, Conn. May 27, 1830. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  4. "The "Indiana Republican" says". Niles' Weekly Register. Vol. III, no. 19. Baltimore. January 8, 1831. p. 334. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  5. "Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, November 7, 1831 - December 23, 1831". Journals of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. A. G. Meriwether. 14: 47. 1831.
  6. "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  7. "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 24, 1831". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  8. Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900…. State of Ohio. p. 151.
  9. "U.S. Senate Election - 13 December 1831" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  10. "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Sources
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