1976 United States presidential election

The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976. Democrat Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia, defeated incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford in a narrow victory.

1976 United States presidential election

November 2, 1976

538 members of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout54.8%[1] Decrease 1.1 pp
 
Nominee Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Georgia Michigan
Running mate Walter Mondale Bob Dole
Electoral vote 297 240[lower-alpha 1]
States carried 23 + DC 27
Popular vote 40,831,881 39,148,634
Percentage 50.1% 48.0%

Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Carter/Mondale and red denotes those won by Ford/Dole. Pink is the electoral vote for Ronald Reagan by a Washington faithless elector. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia.

President before election

Gerald Ford
Republican

Elected President

Jimmy Carter
Democratic

Ford ascended to the presidency when Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal, which badly damaged the Republican Party and its electoral prospects. Ford promised to continue Nixon's political agenda and govern as a moderate Republican, causing considerable backlash from the conservative wing of his party. This spurred former California governor Ronald Reagan to mount a significant challenge against him in the Republican primaries, in which Ford narrowly prevailed. Carter was unknown outside of his home state of Georgia at the start of the Democratic primaries, but he emerged as the front-runner after his victories in the first set of primaries. Campaigning as a political moderate within his own party and as a Washington, D.C. outsider, Carter defeated numerous opponents to clinch the Democratic nomination.

Ford pursued a "Rose Garden strategy" in which he sought to portray himself as an experienced leader focused on fulfilling his role as chief executive. On the other hand, Carter emphasized his status as a reformer who was "untainted" by Washington. Saddled with a poor economy, the fall of South Vietnam, and his unpopular pardon of Richard Nixon, Ford trailed by a wide margin in polls taken after Carter's formal nomination in July 1976. Ford's polling rebounded after a strong performance in the first presidential debate, and the race was close on election day.

Carter won a majority of the popular and electoral votes. He was able to carry several Midwestern and Northeastern swing states, as well as most states in the Democratic-dominated region of the South. Ford dominated the Western states. Carter's victory at the polls was due in part to the backlash against the Watergate scandal that still was deeply hurting Republican candidates. Ford became the only vice-president to become president and subsequently fail to win election for a term in his own right.

As of 2020, this is also the last election in which the Democratic candidate won the majority of states in the South, carrying the states of Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas (mainly due to Carter's southern roots), and the most recent election in which the losing candidate carried more states than the winning candidate.

Since the death of George McGovern in 2012, this is the least recent election where one of the major party nominees for president, Jimmy Carter, is still alive.

Nominations

Democratic Party

Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
1976 Democratic Party ticket
Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale
for President for Vice President
76th
Governor of Georgia
(1971–1975)
U.S. senator
from Minnesota
(1964–1976)
Campaign
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
Jerry Brown George Wallace Mo Udall Robert C. Byrd Ellen McCormack Walter Fauntroy Walter Washington Jesse Gray Frank Church Henry M. Jackson Lloyd Bentsen Milton Shapp Fred Harris Sargent Shriver Birch Bayh Terry Sanford
Governor of California
(1975–1983)
Governor of Alabama
(1963–1967; 1971-1979)
U.S. Representative
for Arizona's 2nd congressional district
(1961–1991)
U.S. Senator from West Virginia
(1959–2010)
Chair of the New York Right to Life Party
(1970-1976)
Delegate to the
U.S. House of Representatives
for District of Columbia's at-large congressional district
(1971–1991)
Mayor of the District of Columbia
(1967–1979)
New York State Assemblyman from the 70th district
(1972–1975)
U.S. Senator from Idaho
(1957–1981)
U.S. Senator from Washington
(1953-1983)
U.S. Senator from Texas
(1971–1993)
Governor of Pennsylvania
(1971–1979)
U.S. Senator from Oklahoma
(1964–1973)
Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
in 1972
U.S. Senator from Indiana
(1963–1981)
Governor of North Carolina
(1961-1965)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
LN: July 15, 1976
2,449,374 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
1,955,388 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
1,611,754 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
340,309 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
238,027 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
10,149 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
5,161 votes
LN: July 15, 1976
3,574 votes
W: June 14, 1976
830,818 votes
W: May 1, 1976
1,134,375 votes
W: May 1, 1976
4,046 votes
W: April 27, 1976
88,254 votes
W: April 2, 1976
234,568 votes
W: March 16, 1976
304,399 votes
W: March 4, 1976
86,438 votes
W: January 25, 1976
404 votes

The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, a former state senator and governor of Georgia. When the primaries began, Carter was little-known at the national level, and many political pundits regarded a number of better-known candidates, such as Senator Henry M. Jackson from Washington, Representative Morris Udall from Arizona, Governor George Wallace of Alabama, and California Governor Jerry Brown, as the favorites for the nomination. However, in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Carter realized that his status as a Washington outsider, political centrist, and moderate reformer could give him an advantage over his better-known establishment rivals. Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976, to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one.

Henry M. Jackson made a fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Jimmy Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he was forced to quit the race on May 1, after losing the critical Pennsylvania primary to Carter by twelve percentage points. Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carter's main challenger. He finished second to Carter in the New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New York, Michigan, South Dakota, and Ohio primaries, and won the caucuses in his home state of Arizona, while running even with Carter in the New Mexico caucuses. However, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did.

As Carter closed in on the nomination, an "ABC" ("Anybody But Carter") movement started among Northern and Western liberal Democrats who worried that Carter's Southern upbringing would make him too conservative for the Democratic Party. The leaders of the "ABC" movement, Idaho Senator Frank Church and California Governor Jerry Brown, both announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination, and defeated Carter in several late primaries. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination.

By June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot; Udall finished in second place. Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal as his running mate.

Republican Party

Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party (United States)
1976 Republican Party ticket
Gerald Ford Bob Dole
for President for Vice President
38th
President of the United States
(1974–1977)
U.S. Senator
from Kansas
(1969–1996)
Campaign
Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the nomination race
Ronald Reagan
Governor of California
(1967–1975)
Campaign
LN: August 19, 1976
4,760,222 votes

The contest for the Republican Party's presidential nomination in 1976 was between two serious candidates: incumbent president Gerald Ford, a member of the party's moderate wing, and former governor of California Ronald Reagan, a member of the party's conservative wing. The presidential primary campaign between the two men was hard-fought and relatively even; by the start of the Republican Convention in August 1976, the race for the nomination was still too close to call. Ford defeated Reagan by a narrow margin on the first ballot at the 1976 Republican National Convention in Kansas City, and chose Senator Bob Dole from Kansas as his running mate in the place of incumbent vice president Nelson Rockefeller, who had announced the previous year that he was not interested in being considered for the vice presidential nomination.[2] Since Rockefeller was the second vice president to assume the office as ruled by the Section 2 of the 25th Amendment and the other one who achieved this feat was Ford who was nominated in 1976, this made Rockefeller the only vice president never contested in the general election both as presidential and vice presidential nominee. All presidents had contested for the office, either as president or vice president, with the exception of Ford, who appeared only after being president and all other vice presidents other than Ford had contested for the office. The 1976 Republican Convention was the last political convention to open with the presidential nomination still being undecided until the actual balloting at the convention.

Others

General election

Fall campaign

Carter and Ford in debate

One of the advantages Ford held over Carter as the general election campaign began was his presidential privilege to preside over events celebrating the United States Bicentennial; this often resulted in favorable publicity for Ford. These included the Washington, D. C., fireworks display on the Fourth of July, which was televised nationally.[4] On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) network. These events were part of Ford's "Rose Garden" strategy to win the election, meaning that instead of appearing as a typical politician, Ford presented himself as a "tested leader" who was busily fulfilling the role of national leader and chief executive. Not until October did Ford leave the White House to actively campaign across the nation.

Carter ran as a reformer who was "untainted" by Washington political scandals,[5] which many voters found attractive in the wake of the Watergate scandal that had led to President Richard Nixon's resignation. Ford, although personally unconnected with Watergate, was seen by many as too close to the discredited Nixon administration, especially after he granted Nixon a presidential pardon for any crimes he might have committed during his term of office. Ford's pardon of Nixon caused his popularity, as measured by public opinion polls, to plummet. Ford's refusal to explain his reasons for pardoning Nixon publicly (he would do so in his memoirs several years later), also hurt his image.

Ford unsuccessfully asked Congress to end the 1950s-era price controls on natural gas, which had caused a dwindling of American natural gas reserves after the 1973 oil crisis.[6] Carter stated during his campaign that he opposed the ending of the price controls and thought such a move would be "disastrous".[7]

After the Democratic National Convention, Carter held a 33-point lead over Ford in the polls.[8] However, as the campaign continued, the race greatly tightened. During the campaign Playboy magazine published a controversial interview with Carter; in the interview, Carter admitted to having "lusted in my heart" for women other than his wife and used the word "screw," which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians.[9] On September 23, Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960. Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner. Carter was also hurt by Ford's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader and that he was vague on many issues.

Carter campaign headquarters

However, Ford also committed a costly blunder in the campaign that halted his momentum. During the second presidential debate on October 6, Ford stumbled when he asserted that "there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and there never will be under a Ford administration". He added that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union", and made the same claim with regard to Yugoslavia and Romania (Yugoslavia was not a Warsaw Pact member).[10] Ford refused to retract his statement for almost a week after the debate, causing his surge in the polls to stall and allowing Carter to maintain a slight lead in the polls.

A vice-presidential debate, the first ever formal one of its kind,[11] between Bob Dole and Walter Mondale also hurt the Republican ticket when Dole asserted that military unpreparedness on the part of Democratic presidents was responsible for all of the wars the U.S. had fought in the 20th century. Dole, a World War II veteran, noted that in every 20th-century war, from World War I to the Vietnam War, a Democrat had been president. Dole then pointed out that the number of U.S. casualties in "Democrat wars" was roughly equal to the population of Detroit. Many voters felt that Dole's criticism was unfairly harsh, and that his dispassionate delivery made him seem cold. Years later, Dole would remark that he regretted the comment, believing that it had hurt the Republican ticket.[12] One factor that did help Ford in the closing days of the campaign was a series of popular television appearances he did with Joe Garagiola, Sr., a retired baseball star for the St. Louis Cardinals and a well-known announcer for NBC Sports. Garagiola and Ford appeared in a number of shows in several large cities. During the show, Garagiola would ask Ford questions about his life and beliefs; the shows were so informal, relaxed, and laid-back that some television critics labelled them the "Joe and Jerry Show". Ford and Garagiola obviously enjoyed one another's company, and they remained friends after the election was over.

Presidential debates

There were three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate during the 1976 general election.[13][14]

Debates among candidates for the 1976 U.S. presidential election
No. Date Host City Moderator Panelists Participants Viewership
(Millions)
P1 Thursday, September 23, 1976 Walnut Street Theatre Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Edwin Newman Elizabeth Drew
James P. Gannon
Frank Reynolds
Governor Jimmy Carter
President Gerald Ford
69.7[13]
P2 Wednesday, October 6, 1976 Palace of Fine Arts San Francisco, California Pauline Frederick Max Frankel
Henry Trewhitt
Richard Valeriani
Governor Jimmy Carter
President Gerald Ford
63.9[13]
VP Friday, October 15, 1976 Alley Theatre Houston, Texas James Hoge Marilyn Berger
Hal Bruno
Walter Mears
Senator Bob Dole
Senator Walter Mondale
43.2[13]
P3 Friday, October 22, 1976 Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall[15] Williamsburg, Virginia Barbara Walters Joseph Kraft
Robert Maynard
Jack Nelson
Governor Jimmy Carter
President Gerald Ford
62.7[13]

Results

Despite his campaign's blunders, Ford managed to close the remaining gap in the polls, and by election day, the race was judged to be even. It took most of that night and the following morning to determine the winner. It was not until 3:30 am EST, that the NBC television network was able to declare that Carter had carried Mississippi and had thus accumulated more than the 270 electoral votes needed to win (seconds later, ABC News also declared Carter the winner, based on projections for Carter in Wisconsin and Hawaii, while CBS News announced Carter's victory at 3:45 am).[16] Carter defeated Ford by two percentage points in the national popular vote.

The electoral vote was the closest since 1916; Carter carried 23 states, with 297 electoral votes, while Ford won 27 states, with 240 electoral votes (one elector, future state Senator Mike Padden from Washington state, pledged to Ford, voted for Reagan[17]). Carter's victory came primarily from his near-sweep of the South (he lost only Virginia and Oklahoma), and his narrow victories in large Northern states such as New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Ford did well in the West, carrying every state in that region, except for Hawaii. The most tightly contested state in the election was Oregon, which Ford won by under 2,000 votes.

By percentage of the vote, the states that secured Carter's victory were Wisconsin (1.68% margin) and Ohio (.27% margin). Had Ford won these states and all other states he carried, he would have won the presidency. The 27 states he won were, and still are, the most states ever carried by a losing candidate for president. Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980, as he served more than two years of Nixon's second term.

Records

Carter was the first Democrat since John F. Kennedy in 1960 to carry the states of the Deep South (Bill Clinton was the only Democrat since 1976 to carry more than one state from the Deep South, doing so in 1992), and the only one since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 to carry a majority of all southern states. Carter performed very strongly in his home state of Georgia, carrying 66.7% of the vote and every county in the state. His winning of 23 states was only the second time in history that the winner of the election won fewer than half the states (after 1960). His 50.1% of the vote was the only time since 1964 that a Democrat managed to obtain an absolute majority of the popular vote in a presidential election, until Barack Obama won 52.9% of the vote in 2008. Carter is one of six Democrats since the American Civil War to obtain an absolute majority of the popular vote, the others being Samuel J. Tilden, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden.

This election represents the last time to date that Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina would vote Democratic, and the last time North Carolina would vote Democratic until 2008, as well as the last time Florida voted Democratic until 1996, and the last time Arkansas, Delaware, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee voted Democratic until 1992.[18]

This election was the last time that a Democrat won the presidency without winning a number of modern blue states and swing states, specifically California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. This is the only time a Democrat has won without New Mexico, as well as the only time it voted for a candidate who lost the popular vote. Similarly, it is one of only three instances in which a Democrat won without Nevada (the others being the two elections of Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892). And the Democrats did not win without Iowa again until 2020.

It was the first time in exactly 100 years (since 1876) when Florida and Virginia supported different candidates, and the first time since Oklahoma statehood in 1907 when Oklahoma and Tennessee did so.

Statistics

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
James Earl Carter, Jr. Democratic Georgia 40,831,881 50.08% 297 Walter Frederick Mondale Minnesota 297
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (Incumbent) Republican Michigan 39,148,634 48.02% 240 Robert Joseph Dole Kansas 241
Ronald Wilson Reagan Republican California [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 2] 1
Eugene McCarthy None Minnesota 744,763 0.91% 0 [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 3] 0
Roger MacBride Libertarian Virginia 172,557 0.21% 0 David Bergland California 0
Lester Maddox American Independent Georgia 170,373 0.21% 0 William Dyke Wisconsin 0
Thomas J. Anderson American [lower-alpha 4] 158,724 0.19% 0 Rufus Shackelford Florida 0
Peter Camejo Socialist Workers California 90,986 0.11% 0 Willie Mae Reid Illinois 0
Gus Hall Communist New York 58,709 0.07% 0 Jarvis Tyner New York 0
Margaret Wright People's California 49,016 0.06% 0 Benjamin Spock Connecticut 0
Lyndon LaRouche U.S. Labor New York 40,018 0.05% 0 R. Wayne Evans Michigan 0
Other 75,119 0.09% Other
Total 81,540,780 100% 538 538
Needed to win 270 270

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1976 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 7, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2005.

Popular vote
Carter
50.08%
Ford
48.02%
McCarthy
0.91%
Others
0.57%
Electoral vote
Carter
55.20%
Ford
44.61%
Reagan
0.19%

Results by state

[19]

This election represents the second time that the winning candidate has received a majority of the electoral votes while the second-place candidate carried a majority of the states. It had previously happened in the 1960 election. The "margin" column shows the difference between the two leading candidates, and the "swing" column shows the margin swing from the respective party's nominee from 1972 to 1976.

Legend
States/districts won by Ford/Dole
States/districts won by Carter/Mondale
At-large results (Maine used the Congressional District Method)
Jimmy Carter
Democratic
Gerald Ford
Republican
Eugene McCarthy
Independent
Roger MacBride
Libertarian
Margin Swing State Total
State electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % electoral
votes
#  % #
Alabama 9 659,170 55.73 9 504,070 42.61 - - - - 1,481 0.13 - 155,100 13.11 60.00 1,182,850 AL
Alaska 3 44,058 35.65 - 71,555 57.90 3 - - - 6,785 5.49 - -27,497 -22.25 1.26 123,574 AK
Arizona 6 295,602 39.80 - 418,642 56.37 6 19,229 2.59 - 7,647 1.03 - -123,040 -16.57 14.69 742,719 AZ
Arkansas 6 499,614 64.94 6 268,753 34.93 - 647 0.08 - - - - 230,861 30.01 68.12 769,396 AR
California 45 3,742,284 47.57 - 3,882,244 49.35 45 58,412 0.74 - 56,388 0.72 - -139,960 -1.78 11.68 7,867,117 CA
Colorado 7 460,353 42.58 - 584,367 54.05 7 26,107 2.41 - 5,330 0.49 - -124,014 -11.47 16.54 1,081,135 CO
Connecticut 8 647,895 46.90 - 719,261 52.06 8 - - - - - - -71,366 -5.17 13.27 1,381,526 CT
Delaware 3 122,596 51.98 3 109,831 46.57 - 2,437 1.03 - - - - 12,765 5.41 25.82 235,834 DE
D.C. 3 137,818 81.63 3 27,873 16.51 - - - - 274 0.16 - 109,945 65.12 8.58 168,830 DC
Florida 17 1,636,000 51.93 17 1,469,531 46.64 - 23,643 0.75 - 103 0.00 - 166,469 5.28 49.40 3,150,631 FL
Georgia 12 979,409 66.74 12 483,743 32.96 - 991 0.07 - 175 0.01 - 495,666 33.78 84.17 1,467,458 GA
Hawaii 4 147,375 50.59 4 140,003 48.06 - - - - 3,923 1.35 - 7,372 2.53 27.49 291,301 HI
Idaho 4 126,549 37.12 - 204,151 59.88 4 - - - 3,558 1.04 - -77,602 -22.76 15.44 340,932 ID
Illinois 26 2,271,295 48.13 - 2,364,269 50.10 26 55,939 1.19 - 8,057 0.17 - -92,974 -1.97 16.55 4,718,833 IL
Indiana 13 1,014,714 45.70 - 1,183,958 53.32 13 - - - - - - -169,244 -7.62 25.15 2,220,362 IN
Iowa 8 619,931 48.46 - 632,863 49.47 8 20,051 1.57 - 1,452 0.11 - -12,932 -1.01 16.12 1,279,306 IA
Kansas 7 430,421 44.94 - 502,752 52.49 7 13,185 1.38 - 3,242 0.34 - -72,331 -7.55 30.60 957,845 KS
Kentucky 9 615,717 52.75 9 531,852 45.57 - 6,837 0.59 - 814 0.07 - 83,865 7.19 35.79 1,167,142 KY
Louisiana 10 661,365 51.73 10 587,446 45.95 - 6,588 0.52 - 3,325 0.26 - 73,919 5.78 42.75 1,278,439 LA
Maine † 2 232,279 48.07 - 236,320 48.91 2 10,874 2.25 - 10 0.00 - -4,041 -0.84 22.14 483,208 ME
Maine-1 1 123,598 47.90 127,019 49.22 1 6,025 2.33 -3,421 -1.32 - 250,617 ME1
Maine-2 1 108,681 48.27 109,301 48.54 1 4,849 2.15 -620 -0.27 217,982 ME2
Maryland 10 759,612 53.04 10 672,661 46.96 - - - - - - - 86,951 6.07 29.97 1,432,273 MD
Massachusetts 14 1,429,475 56.11 14 1,030,276 40.44 - 65,637 2.58 - 135 0.01 - 399,199 15.67 6.70 2,547,557 MA
Michigan 21 1,696,714 46.44 - 1,893,742 51.83 21 47,905 1.31 - 5,406 0.15 - -197,028 -5.39 9.00 3,653,749 MI
Minnesota 10 1,070,440 54.90 10 819,395 42.02 - 35,490 1.82 - 3,529 0.18 - 251,045 12.87 18.38 1,949,931 MN
Mississippi 7 381,309 49.56 7 366,846 47.68 - 4,074 0.53 - 2,787 0.36 - 14,463 1.88 60.45 769,360 MS
Missouri 12 998,387 51.10 12 927,443 47.47 - 24,029 1.23 - - - - 70,944 3.63 28.22 1,953,600 MO
Montana 4 149,259 45.40 - 173,703 52.84 4 - - - - - - -24,444 -7.44 12.64 328,734 MT
Nebraska 5 233,692 38.46 - 359,705 59.19 5 9,409 1.55 - 1,482 0.24 - -126,013 -20.74 20.26 607,668 NE
Nevada 3 92,479 45.81 - 101,273 50.17 3 - - - 1,519 0.75 - -8,794 -4.36 23.00 201,876 NV
New Hampshire 4 147,635 43.47 - 185,935 54.75 4 4,095 1.21 - 936 0.28 - -38,300 -11.28 17.84 339,618 NH
New Jersey 17 1,444,653 47.92 - 1,509,688 50.08 17 32,717 1.09 - 9,449 0.31 - -65,035 -2.16 22.64 3,014,472 NJ
New Mexico 4 201,148 48.28 - 211,419 50.75 4 - - - 1,110 0.27 - -10,271 -2.47 22.02 416,590 NM
New York 41 3,389,558 51.95 41 3,100,791 47.52 - 4,303 0.07 - 12,197 0.19 - 288,767 4.43 21.77 6,525,225 NY
North Carolina 13 927,365 55.27 13 741,960 44.22 - - - - 2,219 0.13 - 185,405 11.05 51.63 1,677,906 NC
North Dakota 3 136,078 45.80 - 153,470 51.66 3 2,952 0.99 - 256 0.09 - -17,392 -5.85 20.43 297,094 ND
Ohio 25 2,011,621 48.92 25 2,000,505 48.65 - 58,258 1.42 - 8,961 0.22 - 11,116 0.27 21.87 4,111,873 OH
Oklahoma 8 532,442 48.75 - 545,708 49.96 8 14,101 1.29 - - - - -13,266 -1.21 48.49 1,092,251 OK
Oregon 6 490,407 47.62 - 492,120 47.78 6 40,207 3.90 - - - - -1,713 -0.17 9.95 1,029,876 OR
Pennsylvania 27 2,328,677 50.40 27 2,205,604 47.73 - 50,584 1.09 - - - - 123,073 2.66 22.64 4,620,787 PA
Rhode Island 4 227,636 55.36 4 181,249 44.08 - 479 0.12 - 715 0.17 - 46,387 11.28 17.47 411,170 RI
South Carolina 8 450,825 56.17 8 346,140 43.13 - - - - - - - 104,685 13.04 55.70 802,594 SC
South Dakota 4 147,068 48.91 - 151,505 50.39 4 - - - 1,619 0.54 - -4,437 -1.48 7.15 300,678 SD
Tennessee 10 825,879 55.94 10 633,969 42.94 - 5,004 0.34 - 1,375 0.09 - 191,910 13.00 50.95 1,476,346 TN
Texas 26 2,082,319 51.14 26 1,953,300 47.97 - 20,118 0.49 - 263 0.01 - 129,019 3.17 36.13 4,071,884 TX
Utah 4 182,110 33.65 - 337,908 62.44 4 3,907 0.72 - 2,438 0.45 - -155,798 -28.79 12.46 541,198 UT
Vermont 3 81,044 43.14 - 102,085 54.34 3 4,001 2.13 - 4 0.00 - -21,041 -11.20 15.00 187,855 VT
Virginia 12 813,896 47.96 - 836,554 49.29 12 - - - 4,648 0.27 - -22,658 -1.34 36.38 1,697,094 VA
Washington 9 717,323 46.11 - 777,732 50.00 8 36,986 2.38 - 5,042 0.32 - -60,409 -3.88 14.40 1,555,534 WA
West Virginia 6 435,914 58.07 6 314,760 41.93 - - - - - - - 121,154 16.14 43.36 750,674 WV
Wisconsin 11 1,040,232 49.50 11 1,004,987 47.83 - 34,943 1.66 - 3,814 0.18 - 35,245 1.68 11.35 2,101,336 WI
Wyoming 3 62,239 39.81 - 92,717 59.30 3 624 0.40 - 89 0.06 - -30,478 -19.49 19.05 156,343 WY
TOTALS: 538 40,831,881 50.08 297 39,148,634 48.02 240 740,460 0.91 - 172,557 0.21 - 1,683,247 2.06 25.21 81,531,584 US

Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. Ford won all four votes.[20]

Close states

Gerald Ford (right) watching election returns with Joe Garagiola on election night in 1976. Garagiola is reacting to television reports that Ford had just been projected as having lost Texas to Carter.
A campaign button from election eve where Carter and Mondale spent the evening in Flint Michigan at a rally It is notable as only a handful of counties in Michigan went to Carter in 1976, and no surrounding counties where Carter held the rally went to him.
A Ford-Dole campaign button.

States where margin of victory was under 1% (35 electoral votes):

  1. Oregon, 0.16% (1,713 votes)
  2. Ohio, 0.27% (11,116 votes)
  3. Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 0.28% (620 votes)
  4. Maine, 0.84% (4,041 votes)

States where margin of victory was under 5% (264 electoral votes):

  1. Iowa, 1.01% (12,932 votes)
  2. Oklahoma, 1.21% (13,266 votes)
  3. Virginia, 1.34% (22,658 votes)
  4. Maine's 1st Congressional District, 1.36% (3,421 votes)
  5. South Dakota, 1.48% (4,437 votes)
  6. Wisconsin, 1.68% (35,245 votes) (tipping point state)
  7. California, 1.78% (139,960 votes)
  8. Mississippi, 1.88% (14,463 votes)
  9. Illinois, 1.97% (92,974 votes)
  10. New Jersey, 2.16% (65,035 votes)
  11. New Mexico, 2.47% (10,271 votes)
  12. Hawaii, 2.53% (7,372 votes)
  13. Pennsylvania, 2.66% (123,073 votes)
  14. Texas, 3.17% (129,019 votes)
  15. Missouri, 3.63% (70,944 votes)
  16. Washington, 3.88% (60,409 votes)
  17. Nevada, 4.36% (8,794 votes)
  18. New York, 4.43% (288,767 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 5%, but less than 10% (105 electoral votes):

  1. Connecticut, 5.16% (71,366 votes)
  2. Florida, 5.29% (166,469 votes)
  3. Michigan, 5.39% (197,028 votes)
  4. Delaware, 5.41% (12,765 votes)
  5. Louisiana, 5.78% (73,919 votes)
  6. North Dakota, 5.86% (17,392 votes)
  7. Maryland, 6.08% (86,951 votes)
  8. Kentucky, 7.18% (83,865 votes)
  9. Montana, 7.44% (24,444 votes)
  10. Kansas, 7.55% (72,331 votes)
  11. Indiana, 7.62% (169,244 votes)

Statistics

[19]

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)

  1. Banks County, Georgia 87.85%
  2. Starr County, Texas 87.25%
  3. Brantley County, Georgia 86.50%
  4. Duval County, Texas 86.36%
  5. Wilcox County, Georgia 86.15%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)

  1. Jackson County, Kentucky 79.80%
  2. Owsley County, Kentucky 77.03%
  3. Hooker County, Nebraska 76.35%
  4. Ottawa County, Michigan 74.12%
  5. Arthur County, Nebraska 73.66%

Voter demographics

Social groups and the presidential vote, 1976
Size[A 1] Carter Ford
Party
Democratic 43 77 22
Independent 23 43 54
Republican 28 9 90
Ideology
Liberal 18 70 26
Moderate 51 51 48
Conservative 31 29 69
Ethnicity
Black 10 82 16
Hispanic 2 74 24
White 88 47 51
Gender
Female 48 50 48
Male 52 50 48
Religion
Protestant 46 44 55
White Protestant 41 42 57
Catholic 25 54 44
Jewish 5 64 34
Family income
Less than US$10,000 13 58 40
$10,000–$14,999 15 55 43
$15,000–$24,999 29 48 50
$25,000–$50,000 24 36 62
Over $50,000 5
Occupation
Professional or manager 39 41 57
Clerical, sales, white-collar 11 46 53
Blue-collar 17 57 41
Farmer 3
Unemployed 3 65 34
Education
Less than high school 11 58 39
High school graduate 28 54 44
Some college 28 50 49
College graduate 27 43 55
Union membership
Labor union household 28 59 39
No member of household in union 62 43 55
Age
18–21 years old 6 48 49
22–29 years old 17 51 46
30–44 years old 31 49 49
45–59 years old 23 48 51
60 years or older 18 47 52
Region
East 25 51 47
South 27 54 45
White South 22 46 52
Midwest 27 48 50
West 19 46 51
Community size
City over 250,000 18 58 40
Suburb/small city 53 51 47
Rural/town 29 47 51

Source: CBS News/New York Times interviews with 12,782 voters as they left the polls, as reported in The New York Times, November 9, 1980, p. 28, and in further analysis. The 1976 data are from CBS News interviews.

  1. "Size" = share of 1980 national total.

See also

Notes

  1. A faithless Republican elector, Mike Padden in Washington, voted for Ronald Reagan to be president. Padden voted for Bob Dole to be vice president as pledged. As a result, Ford had 240 electoral votes instead of 241.
  2. Mike Padden, a Republican faithless elector from Washington, gave Ronald Reagan one electoral vote.
  3. The running mate of McCarthy varied from state to state.
  4. Research has not yet determined whether Anderson's home state was Tennessee or Texas at the time of the 1976 election.

References

  1. "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
  2. "The President and the Vice President have a complete understanding between them regarding the Vice President's decision. The letter speaks for itself. The initiative was the Vice President's" (PDF). Fordlibrarymuseum.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  3. "1976 Presidential General Election Results". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  4. "Election of 1976: A Political Outsider Prevails". Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved August 2, 2003.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) C-SPAN. Retrieved on June 20, 2012.
  5. "Commercials - 1976 - Essence". The Living Room Candidate. August 9, 1974. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  6. Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  7. Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  8. "Gerald Ford Retrospective". Gallup. December 29, 2006. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  9. Chapter three The Bicentennial election. Archived May 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  10. "Debating Our Destiny: The Second 1976 Presidential Debate – October 6, 1976". Pbs.org. October 6, 1976. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  11. "The First VP Debate: Dole-Mondale, 10-15-76". Janda.org. October 15, 1976. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  12. Bob Dole interview, November 10, 1999. PBS.org.
  13. "CPD: 1976 Debates". www.debates.org. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  14. "1976 Debates Overview". AllPolitics. CNN. 1996. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  15. "The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford - October 22, 1976" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  16. Jules Witcover. Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976 (New York: Viking), p. 11.
  17. Camden, Jim (December 17, 2016). "Electoral College wasn't done deal in 1976. Will it be in 2016?". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  18. Sullivan, Robert David; "How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century"; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
  19. "1976 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  20. Barone, Michael; Matthews, Douglas; Ujifusa, Grant (1977). The Almanac of American Politics, 1978. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

Further reading

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