Batak script

The Batak magicians and priests or datu used the Batak script mainly for magical texts and divinatory purposes. It is unknown how many non-specialists were literate in the Batak script, but judging from the widespread tradition of writing love laments, especially among the Karo, Simalungun, and Angkola-Mandailing Batak, it is likely that a considerable part of the non-specialist population was able to read and write the Batak script. After the arrival of Europeans in the Batak lands, first German missionaries and, from 1878 onwards, the Dutch, the Batak script was, alongside the Roman script, taught in the schools, and teaching and religious materials were printed in the Batak script. Soon after the first World War the missionaries decided to discontinue printing books in the Batak script.[2] The script soon fell out of use and is now only used for ornamental purposes.

The Batak script was probably derived from Pallava and Old Kawi scripts, which ultimately were derived from the Brahmi script, the root of almost all the Indic and Southeast Asian scripts.

Batak is written from left to right and top to bottom. Like all Brahmi-based scripts, each consonant has an inherent vowel of /a/, unless there is a diacritic (in Toba Batak called pangolat) to indicate the lack of a vowel. Other vowels, final ŋ, and final velar fricative [x] are indicated by diacritics, which appear above, below, or after the letter. For example, ba is written ba (one letter); bi is written ba.i (i follows the consonant); bang is written ba^ŋ (ŋ is above the consonant); and bing is ba^ŋ.i. Final consonants are written with the pangolat (here represented by "#"): bam is ba.ma.#. However, bim is written ba.ma.i.#: the first diacritic belongs to the first consonant, and the second belongs to the second consonant, but both are written at the end of the entire syllable. Unlike most Brahmi-based scripts, Batak does not form consonant conjuncts.

The basic characters are called surat. Each consonant has an inherent vowel of /a/. The script varies by region and language. The major variants are between Karo, Mandailing, Pakpak/Dairi, Simalungun/Timur, and Toba:

Surat (Basic characters)

IPA

a

ha

ka

ba

pa

na

wa

ga

dʒa

da

ra

ma

ta

sa

ja

ŋa

la

ɲa

tʃa

nda

mba

i

u

Transcription

a

ha

ka

ba

pa

na

wa

ga

ja

da

ra

ma

ta

sa

ya

nga

la

nya

ca

nda

mba

i

u

Karo

1

5

Mandailing

4

Pakpak

Toba

2

3

Simalungun

6

Alternate forms:
^1 (used in Mandailing) ^2 ^3 ^4 ^5 ^6

Diacritics are used to change the pronunciation of a character. They can change the vowel from the inherent /a/, mark a final [velar nasal] /ŋ/, mark a final velar fricative /x/, or indicate a final consonant with no vowel:

Latin Trans.	Batak Diacritics						Latin Trans.	Batak Diacritics with /ka/
	Karo	Mand.	Pakp.	Sima.	Toba			Karo	Mand.	Pakp.	Sima.	Toba
-a							ka
-e							ke
-i							ki
-o							ko
-ou							kou
-u							ku
-ng							kang
-h							kah
–							k

Ligatures with U

The diacritic for U used by Mandailing, Pakpak, Simalungun, and Toba can form ligatures with its base character:

Batak Script Description  + =    a + -u = u  + =  a + -u = u (Simalungun)  + =    ha + -u = hu (Mandailing)  + =    ha + -u = hu (Simalungun)  + =    ha + -u = hu  + =    ka + -u = ku (Mandailing)  + =    ba + -u = bu  + =    pa + -u = pu (Mandailing)  + =    pa + -u = pu (Pakpak, Toba)  + =    pa + -u = pu (Simalungun)  + =    na + -u = nu  + =    na + -u = nu (Mandailing)  + =    wa + -u = wu (Mandailing, Toba)  + =    wa + -u = wu (Pakpak, Toba)  + =    wa + -u = wu (Simalungun)  + =    ga + -u = gu  + =    ga + -u = gu (Simalungun)  + =    ja + -u = ju

Batak Script Description  + =    da + -u = du  + =    ra + -u = ru  + =    ra + -u = ru (Simalungun)  + =    ma + -u = mu  + =    ma + -u = mu (Simalungun)  + =    ta + -u = tu  + =    ta + -u = tu  + =    sa + -u = su (Pakpak)  + =    sa + -u = su (Mandailing)  + =    sa + -u = su (Mandailing)  + =    sa + -u = su (Simalungun)  + =    ya + -u = yu  + =    ya + -u = yu (Simalungun)  + =    nga + -u = ngu  + =    la + -u = lu  + =    la + -u = lu (Simalungun)  + =    nya + -u = nyu  + =    ca + -u = cu (Mandailing)

Tompi

In Mandailing, the diacritic tompi can be used to change the sound of some characters:

ha	+	tompi	=	ka	sa	+	tompi	=	ca
	+		=			+		=
						+		=

Diacritic reordering for closed syllables

Vowel diacritics are reordered for closed syllables (that is, syllables where the final consonant has no vowel). Consonants with no vowel are marked by the Batak pangolat or panongonan diacritic, depending on the language. When they are used for a closed syllable (like "tip"), both the vowel diacritic and the pangolat or panongonan are written at the end of the syllable.

Examples of closed syllables using pangolat:

ta	+	vowel	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	syllable
			+		+		=
ta			+	pa	+	pangolat	=	tap
	+		+		+		=
ta	+	e	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	tep
	+		+		+		=
ta	+	e	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	tep
	+		+		+		=
ta	+	i	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	tip
	+		+		+		=
ta	+	o	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	top
	+		+		+		=
ta	+	u	+	pa	+	pangolat	=	tup

Batak is normally written without spaces or punctuation (as scriptio continua). However, special marks or bindu are occasionally used. They vary greatly in size and design from manuscript to manuscript.

Examples	Name	Function
	Bindu na metek (small bindu)	Begins paragraphs and stanzas
	Bindu panarboras (rice-shaped bindu)
	Bindu judul (title bindu)	Separates a title from the body of the text
	Bindu pangolat	Trailing punctuation

Batak script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2010 with the release of version 6.0.

Rendering

Unicode fonts for Batak must handle several requirements to properly render text:

Rendering Requirements	Examples
	Latin Trans.	Image	Unicode Text
Correct placement of one or more diacritics	ke		ᯂᯩ
	ke (Mand.)		ᯄ᯦ᯩ
	ping		ᯇᯪᯰ
	reng		ᯒᯩᯰ
Ligatures with U	hu (Mand.)		ᯄᯮ
	hu (Sima.)		ᯃᯮ
	gu		ᯎᯮ
	lu		ᯞᯮ
Diacritic reordering for closed syllables	tip		ᯖᯪᯇ᯲

• 
  Batak book about the art of divination from a rooster (Robert C. Williams Paper Museum in Atlanta, Georgia, USA)
• 
  Batak script carved into a bamboo tube with wooden stopper (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
• 
  Bamboo inscribed with Simalungun Batak script (National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands)
• 
  Batak palm leaf book (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
• 
  Book of formulas, recipes, and rules applied by Batak priests (Museum of the Tropics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
• 
  Magic book used by priests of the Toba Batak tribe (National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden, The Netherlands)
• 
  Manuscript in Batak Toba language, central Sumatra, early 1800s. (Robert C. Williams Paper Museum in Atlanta, Georgia, USA)
• 
  Batak Pustaha (Magic Book) (SOAS University of London) - entire manuscript viewable online

• Sitopayan I inscription, 13th century usage of mixed Malay and Batak scripts

• Kozok, Uli (January 2009). Surat Batak: Sejarah Perkembangan Tulisan Batak : Berikut Pedoman Menulis Aksara Batak Dan Cap Si Singamangaraja XII (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9101-53-2.

• Everson, Michael; Kozok, Uli (7 October 2008), N3320R: Proposal for encoding the Batak script in the UCS (PDF)

• Kozok, Uli. "Kursus Kilat Aksara Batak (Quick Course in Batak Script)" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 31 October 2002. Retrieved 20 April 2011.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Batak letters.

• Entry on Batak at Omniglot.com – A guide to writing systems
• Transtoba2 – Roman to Toba Batak script transliteration software by Uli Kozok and Leander Seige (GNU GPL)
• Uli Kozok's Batak Script website with free Batak fonts.
• http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/batak/
• Full Batak manuscript at SOAS University of London.