Beta-actin
Actin beta (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee abbreviation ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans. This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins. Actins are highly conserved proteins[5][6] that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity. Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.[7]
Interactions
Actin beta has been shown to interact with SPTBN2.[8][9] In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding actin beta, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components.
Actin beta has been shown to activate eNOS, thereby increasing NO production. An eight-amino acid motif (326-333) in eNOS has been shown to mediate the interaction between actin and eNOS.[10]
Clinical relevance
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.[11]
Applications
Actin beta is often used in Western blotting as a loading control, to normalize total protein amounts and check for eventual protein degradation in the samples. Its transcript is also commonly used as a housekeeping gene standard in qPCR. Its molecular weight is approximately 42 kDa.
References
- GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000075624 - Ensembl, May 2017
- GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029580 - Ensembl, May 2017
- "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- Gunning PW, Ghoshdastider U, Whitaker S, Popp D, Robinson RC (Jun 2015). "The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments". Journal of Cell Science. 128 (11): 2009–2019. doi:10.1242/jcs.165563. PMID 25788699.
- Hanukoglu I, Tanese N, Fuchs E (Feb 1983). "Complementary DNA sequence of a human cytoplasmic actin. Interspecies divergence of 3' non-coding regions". Journal of Molecular Biology. 163 (4): 673–8. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(83)90117-1. PMID 6842590.
- "Entrez Gene: ACTB actin, beta".
- Mao B, Wu W, Li Y, Hoppe D, Stannek P, Glinka A, Niehrs C (May 2001). "LDL-receptor-related protein 6 is a receptor for Dickkopf proteins". Nature. 411 (6835): 321–5. Bibcode:2001Natur.411..321M. doi:10.1038/35077108. PMID 11357136. S2CID 4323027.
- Holleran EA, Ligon LA, Tokito M, Stankewich MC, Morrow JS, Holzbaur EL (Sep 2001). "beta III spectrin binds to the Arp1 subunit of dynactin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (39): 36598–605. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104838200. PMID 11461920.
- Kondrikov D, Fonseca FV, Elms S, Fulton D, Black SM, Block ER, Su Y (Feb 2010). "Beta-actin association with endothelial nitric-oxide synthase modulates nitric oxide and superoxide generation from the enzyme". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (7): 4319–27. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.063172. PMC 2836036. PMID 19946124.
- Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Lawrence MS, Auclair D, Chapuy B, Sougnez C, Cruz-Gordillo P, Knoechel B, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Novak AJ, Dogan A, Ansell SM, Link BK, Zou L, Gould J, Saksena G, Stransky N, Rangel-Escareño C, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Hernández-Lemus E, Schwarz-Cruz y Celis A, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Pedamallu CS, Lander ES, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Shipp MA, Getz G, Golub TR (Mar 2012). "Discovery and prioritization of somatic mutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by whole-exome sequencing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (10): 3879–84. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.3879L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121343109. PMC 3309757. PMID 22343534.
External links
Further reading
- Vandekerckhove J, Leavitt J, Kakunaga T, Weber K (1980). "Coexpression of a mutant beta-actin and the two normal beta- and gamma-cytoplasmic actins in a stably transformed human cell line". Cell. 22 (3): 893–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90566-8. PMID 6893954. S2CID 54299848.
- Leavitt J, Gunning P, Porreca P, Ng SY, Lin CS, Kedes L (1984). "Molecular cloning and characterization of mutant and wild-type human beta-actin genes". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 4 (10): 1961–9. doi:10.1128/mcb.4.10.1961. PMC 369012. PMID 6095033.
- Ng SY, Gunning P, Eddy R, Ponte P, Leavitt J, Shows T, Kedes L (1985). "Evolution of the functional human beta-actin gene and its multi-pseudogene family: conservation of noncoding regions and chromosomal dispersion of pseudogenes". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 5 (10): 2720–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.5.10.2720. PMC 367010. PMID 3837182.
- Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". Folia Biologica. 42 (5): 227–30. doi:10.1007/BF02818986. PMID 8997639. S2CID 7617882.
- Gunning P, Weinberger R, Jeffrey P (Apr 1997). "Actin and tropomyosin isoforms in morphogenesis". Anatomy and Embryology. 195 (4): 311–5. doi:10.1007/s004290050050. PMID 9108196. S2CID 9692297.
- Kimura T, Hashimoto I, Nishikawa M, Fujisawa JI (1997). "A role for Rev in the association of HIV-1 gag mRNA with cytoskeletal beta-actin and viral protein expression". Biochimie. 78 (11–12): 1075–80. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(97)86732-6. PMID 9150887.
- Szentirmay MN, Sawadogo M (May 2000). "Spatial organization of RNA polymerase II transcription in the nucleus". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (10): 2019–25. doi:10.1093/nar/28.10.2019. PMC 105382. PMID 10773068.
- Anderson JL, Hope TJ (Apr 2004). "HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell". Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 1 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x. PMID 16091223. S2CID 34731265.
- Pederson T, Aebi U (Nov 2005). "Nuclear actin extends, with no contraction in sight". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16 (11): 5055–60. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0656. PMC 1266405. PMID 16148048.
- Perrin BJ, Ervasti JM (Oct 2010). "The actin gene family: function follows isoform". Cytoskeleton. 67 (10): 630–4. doi:10.1002/cm.20475. PMC 2949686. PMID 20737541.
See also
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