Armed Forces of Croatia

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – OSRH) are the military forces of Croatia.

"Croatian Armed Forces" redirects here. For other uses, see Croatian Armed Forces (disambiguation).

Armed Forces of Croatia
Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske
Croatian Armed Forces emblem
Founded1991
Service branchesCroatian Army
Croatian Navy
Croatian Air Force
Croatian Special Operations Forces Command
Websitewww.morh.hr/en/
Leadership
Commander-in-Chief Zoran Milanović
Ministry of Defence Mario Banožić
Chief of the General Staff Admiral Robert Hranj
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
ConscriptionNo
Available for
military service		2,033,589 males, age 15–49 (2015 est.),
2,045,898 females, age 15–49 (2015 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,610,442 males, age 15–49 (2015 est.),
1,323,985 females, age 15–49 (2015 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		20,000[1] males (2015 est.),
20,000[1] females (2015 est.)
Active personnel14,325[2]
Reserve personnel20,105[3]
Deployed personnel Lithuania – 200[4]
 Poland – 80[5]
 Kosovo – 150[6]
 India /  Pakistan – 9[7]
 Western Sahara – 7[8]
 Cyprus – 2
 Liberia – 2
 Somalia – 1
Expenditures
Budgetc. 7.568 billion HRK[9]
(c. 1.0 billion Euro)
Percent of GDP1.46% (2022)[10]
Industry
Domestic suppliersĐuro Đaković (armored vehicles)
Brodosplit (naval vessels)
HS Produkt (small arms)
Foreign suppliers France
 Germany
 Israel
 Italy
 United States
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Croatia
Ban Josip Jelačić
Nikola Šubić Zrinski
Croatian War of Independence
Croatian National Guard
War in Bosnia and Herzegovina
RanksCroatian military ranks

The President is the Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, and exercises administrative powers in times of war by giving orders to the chief of staff, while administration and defence policy execution in peacetime is carried out by the Government through the Ministry of Defence. This unified institution consists of land, sea, and air branches referred to as:

The Croatian Armed Forces are charged with protecting the Republic as well as supporting international peacekeeping efforts, when mandated by the NATO,[11] United Nations and/or European Union.

The Army has 650 AFVs, around 150 pieces of artillery, 100 MLRSs, around 75 tanks, and 25 SPGs. The Air Force has 12 MiG-21 jet fighters, 10 combat-transport Mi-171 and 16 OH-58 attack helicopters. The Navy has 30 ships, out of which five 60-80 metre fast attack craft are used in offensive capabilities.

Strength

In 2020, Armed Forces had 15,605 members, of which 14,325 were active military personnel and 1,280 civil servants. Of the 14,506 active military personnel, 3,033 were officers, 5,549 non-commissioned officers, 5,214 soldiers, 529 military specialists, 307 civil servants and 973 other employees.[2]

Total available male manpower aged 16–49 numbers 1,035,712, of which 771,323 are technically fit for military service. Male citizens are now no longer subject to compulsory military service since January 1, 2008. However, the last generation of 2007 servicemen was also absolved of compulsory service by an act from then Minister of Defence Berislav Rončević.[12]

Budget

The trajectory of Croatian military budget and spending was constantly below 2% of GDP, a major difference from the 1990s when defence expenditure represented a major stake in Croatian budgetary expenditure due to then ongoing Croatian War of Independence. For example, 1995 Croatian defence budget stood at 12.4 billion Croatian Kuna or around 10% of GDP, which was also represented at the time highest defence expenditure rate. In late 2019, Croatian Government issued revised defence expenditure strategy which will see country increase its defence expenditure to gradually meet 2% NATO target, with 2019 and 2020 defence budgets seeing immediate revisions and increases to meet new spending plan. Defence expenditure in 2025 therefore based on current projections could reach €1.75 billion or around 2% of GDP which would meet NATO recommendation. However, if defence pensions are included in Croatia's defence expenditure, then Croatia already meets 2% target recommended by the NATO. Some €1140 million was paid in defence pensions to some 97000 individuals in Croatia.[13][14]

Defence expenditures in recent years (source Croatian MOD);

YearAmount (in HRK)% of GDPChange in %
20004.768 bln[15]3.13Steady
20104.811 bln1.45Decrease 0.07
20115.119 bln[16]1.47Increase 0.02
20154.75 bln[17]1.21Decrease 0.04[17]
20164.7 bln[17]1.21Decrease 0.04
20174.39 bln[18]1.21Increase 0.04[18]
20184.816 bln[19]1.25Increase 0.04
20195.375 bln[19]1.31Increase 0.03
20207.19 bln[19]1.71Increase 0.40[20]
20217.273 bln[19]1.65Decrease 0.06[21][9]
20227.568 bln[19]1.46Decrease 0.21[9]"Raste vojni proračun: Zbog NATO-a ćemo na obranu trošiti gotovo 10 milijardi kuna!". Vijesti.hr. 2 December 2019.[21]
  • Croatia adopted € and therefore, Kuna is no longer national currency in circulation or used in statistics. As of January 1, 2023 exchange rate for €1 = 7.53 Kuna.
YearAmount (in Euro)% of GDPChange in %
2023*1.16 bln[19]1.54Increase 0.09 [9]
2024*1.25 bln[19]1.56Increase 0.01
2025*1.42 bln[19]1.65Increase 0.09[22][21]
  • (*) - projected expenditure
  • (**) - proposed expenditure

Although the budget has been decreased in percentage of BDP from year to year, overall budget increased and the Croatian Armed Forces were able to maintain military readiness and to participate in major NATO exercises in Croatia and overseas. Downsizing of the armed forces has allowed for more funds to be allocated to modernization over the past few years with an average of 1.6 billion HRK spent on modernization, infrastructure and construction of new facilities.[23][24]

A $3 billion modernization plan was proposed by the then Prime Minister Ivica Račan of the SDP led government in 2003., with planned modernization starting in 2006. and ending in 2015.. However it has been delayed due to the subsequent economic recession that has cost the Croatian MOD several billion HRK since 2006.. A new plan under former Prime Minister Zoran Milanović should define exactly how and what the Croatian armed forces should look like by 2023.. A defense white paper was published in 2015 with emphasis placed on modernization of the Army.

Dr. Franjo Tuđman Military Academy
Franjo Tuđman Military Academy in Zagreb, Croatia

The Dr. Franjo Tuđman Military Academy, named after Franjo Tuđman, acts as a school of higher learning responsible for training and educating future generations of military personnel. The academy consists of several schools including "Ban Josip Jelačić", "Blago Zadro", "Katarina Zrinska", the Officers Academy, and a school for non commissioned officers. The academy has 300 full-time staff and is the only military academy in Croatia. Each year also 100–120 foreign nationals attend the academy.

Structure of the Croatian Armed Forces 2016 (click to enlarge)
Croatian-built M-84A4 Sniper tanks on 2015 military parade
Helsinki class missile boat

Commander

The Commander-in-Chief of all Croatian armed forces in peace and war is the President of the Republic. The Commander-in-Chief prescribes the organisation of the Croatian Armed Forces at the proposal of the Chief of General Staff, with consent of the Minister of Defence.

The Armed Forces consist of peacetime and wartime components. The peacetime component is composed of the active military officers, civil servants and employees in the Croatian Armed Forces, cadets, and conscripts serving a 6-month national service and reservists when on military exercise. The wartime component of the Armed Forces includes all other reservists.

The General Staff is part of the Ministry of Defence in charge of commanding, training and use of the Armed Forces. It also has a number of units under its direct command, including the Special Operations Battalion, Honour Guard Battalion and several others.

In peace, the Commander-in-Chief exercises his command through the Minister of Defence. In war and in cases where the Minister of Defence is not fulfilling his orders, the Commander-in-Chief exercises his command directly through the General Staff Commander.

The Croatian Parliament exercises democratic control over the Armed Forces by adopting defence strategy, defence budget, and defence laws.

Special Forces Command

Special Forces Command (Zapovjedništvo specijalnih snaga, ZSS) was established in February 2015, succeeding the Special Operations Battalion (Croatia), in accordance with the Long-term Development Plan of the Croatian Armed Forces in the period 2015–2024. The command staff is composed of the members who served in the special units, guards brigades and reconnaissance units of the Croatian Armed Forces. The main mission of the Special Forces Command is to ensure combat readiness of the special forces in the protection of the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of the Republic of Croatia, as well as for the participation in NATO-led operations.[25][26] Colonel Perica Turalija is the current commanding officer of the command.

The Croatian General Staff exercises direct command over the battalion which thus elevates the unit to strategic level deployment for quicker reaction and overall better and faster response to tactical and strategic situations. Also, this means that members of all three branches of the Croatian armed forces can apply for selection.

Other special operations units are the Military Intelligence Battalion (Vojno-obavještajna bojna, VOB) and Special Military Police Company (Satnija specijalne vojne policije, SS VP).

The duties of an Honor Guard are performed by the Honor Guard Battalion (Počasno zaštitna bojna), located at Zagreb in the Tuškanac military base.[27]

Projects

A long term modernization plan for 2015–2024 has been published outlining overall goals and is available for download (102 pages) at the Ministry of Defense of Croatia website. According to earlier reports from the government, the Croatian Armed Forces are set to receive vitally needed new equipment.

Army
  • Modernisation of M-84A and M-84A4 Snajper MBTs and upgrade to M-84D standard.[28] The programme is at a standstill and is unlikely to receive further funding due to high costs involved of nearly 20 million kuna per tank, but overhaul of existing fleet might be completed by the end of 2017 at cost of 120 million kuna (24 vehicles already overhauled at cost of 60 million kuna).
  • The Croatian Army is looking at replacing 128 M80A IFV in its inventory, Croatian Army requires 108 Vehicles, 88 Infantry combat vehicles, 4 Driver training vehicles, 8 Armoured Ambulance vehicles and 8 command vehicles. It's announced that M2 Bradley in M2A2 ODS variant was chosen, 60 + 24 vehicles for spare parts will be delivered in 2020 as a donation from United States and modernised in Croatia by BAE Systems.In 2022 Croatia bought 89 M2 Bradley Vehicles.[29]
  • Talks are being held with US and German governments on possible purchase of M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System,[30] Croatian requirements call for initially 8 systems to form a two battery teams at independent Artillery regiment, with potential for further 16 systems to equip 2 active brigades for total of 24 systems + simulators and training aids. Number of systems Croatian Army might purchase will solely depend on price of the entire purchase and delivery dates, Croatian Defence budget has set aside some 200 million kuna or $32 million for this programme, although it is likely said systems might be donated by the US for symbolic price in turn Croatian MOD paying only VAT.
  • The initial order of 8 Elbit UT30Mk2 CRO unmanned turrets for Patria AMV, armed with 30mm gun and Spike launchers in 2019,[31] value of the contract: $14.9 million.
  • Scores of smaller programmes, communication equipment, night vision capability, electronic sensors, NBC equipment, battlefield management systems and modernisation of artillery systems with new sights and electronic fire control systems are planned.
  • Procurement of advanced short to medium range NATO SAM system. As of now no real funding has been mentioned other than the statement that this project is a priority and current requirements call for one battery. Estimated value – $50–70 million for new system. Alternately a second-hand system might be obtained as a donation by the United States, in which case only the VAT cost will be incurred.
  • Procurement of short range SAM systems – no indication of what system or specifications other than a requirement for a range of up to 10 km. Intent is for up to 3 batteries with one battery being ready by 2015/6. Total funding for this programme has not been made public yet, but similar western systems tend to be in range of $17–20 million per battery.

Air Force
  • Croatia has a requirement for a small number of fighter aircraft (6-12) to replace the MiG-21. A plan to acquire ex-Israeli F-16C/Ds was cancelled in January 2019 after the United States refused to allow Israel to sell the aircraft.[32] The Croatian interdepartmental commission for the procurement of multi-purpose combat aircraft has sent requests for proposals (RFP) for two new fighter types (F-16 Block 70/72 and JAS-39C/D) and five second hand fighters types (F-16AM/BM, F-16C/D, F-16 Barak, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale). Croatia's government said it expects to receive the new offers by May and make the decision by August 2020. In 2021 Croatia bought 12 used Dassault Rafale from France.[33]
  • Purchase of up to 10–12 transport helicopters (after 2020) – replacing older Mi-8. With the Government indicating that purchase of 10 new helicopters might be the only option after 2020. Most likely candidate is the UH-60M since the United States donated two new helicopters[34] and Croatia decided to purchase additional two.[35] Programme cost: 2.5 billion kuna.

Navy plans are still being worked on but present plans call for a moderate expansion of the naval force.

  • 5 new patrol boats, locally built, 42 metres in length. Cost of programme 750 million kuna, or 375 million for first 5 ships, first to enter service in 2018.[36]
  • 2 new corvettes – 80–125 metres in length. Cost of programme 3.0 billion kuna. Programme is at standstill due to lack of funds, feasible only after 2020.
  • Overhaul of existing 2 Kralj class fast attack crafts, including new engines. Cost of programme – 40 million kuna.
  • Overhaul of sea radar Falcon 2 Enhanced Peregrine – programme is being financed by US government at estimated cost of $8 million.
  • Possible purchase of 2nd minesweeper before 2020; although there are only indications that this might happen if funds can be allocated. Programme cost – 80 million kuna.

Arms exports

As a small country, Croatia has a relatively well developed arms industry that is highly competitive internationally with significant annual arms exports. In 2012, Croatia managed to export nearly €120 million.[37] However it has been reported in The New York Times that Croatia has been arming Syrian rebels with Croatian manufactured arms used during the Homeland War, arms Croatia no longer uses due to their obsolescence. Nevertheless, these arms played a crucial role in some significant rebel gains during 2012.[38][39] As a result of these arms sales into this volatile region the Croatian government ordered the immediate withdrawal of the Croatian UN Golan Heights contingent to avoid their being targeted in retaliation.

In 2013 Croatia exported €143 million worth of arms,[40][41] however it is not clear if this also includes $36.5 million worth of arms Croatia exported to Jordan for Syrian rebels. Croatia was the top supplier of arms to Syrian rebels in 2013, but much of it through illicit channels without Croatian government approval or knowledge. Most of these arms were exported via Jordan.[42]

In 2014 Croatian arms exports reached 1.5 bn HRK (Croatian kuna) or €200 million or $257 million, the majority of exports being to NATO allies and Australia. In late 2014 the Croatian Defence Minister announced a major export deal to Iraq including the State of Kurdistan. This agreement includes the sale of 20,000 VHS Rifles, 150,000 complete sets of uniforms, helmets and associated equipment valued at €100 million.[43] Croatian arms exports are growing steadily at 10–15% year-on-year and were expected to reach 1.75 billion HRK in 2015 or around €230 million, although much of the equipment exported is non-lethal. Croatian firms are well positioned on some major arms tenders in the Middle East, supplying complex military hardware such as the Patria AMV incorporating a newly developed 30mm overhead weapon station (valued at €1.25 million each) and said vehicles valued at €1.75 million. Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia have been mentioned as potential customers, although no concrete contracts have been signed so far. Croatian firms are participating in Kuwaiti and UAE tenders for next-generation APC programmes, each valued at billions of euros.

Croatian arms exports have grown steadily for the better part of this decade and have reached €325 million per year, placing Croatia in the top 10 arms exporters within NATO, behind the US, Germany, UK, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Poland and Norway. The vast majority of these exports are to NATO partners such as the US, Norway, Australia, Canada, France. Croatia granted €5.75 billion in export licenses in 2016 and 2017; however, only a fraction of this sum has materialised in actual arms exports.[44]

International cooperation

On April 1, 2009 Croatia joined NATO and on July 1, 2013, it became the 28th member of the European Union. The Croatian Armed Forces participate in many of the (military) aspects of both organisations as well as actively participating in many United Nations peacekeeping operations worldwide.

Current Mission Organization Location Number of personnel
European Union Naval Force Mediterranean – Operation Irini European Union Mediterranean Sea 1
European Union Naval Force Somalia – Operation Atalanta European Union Somalia 1
European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo – EULEX European Union Kosovo N/A
Kosovo Force – KFOR NATO Kosovo 142
NATO Enhanced Forward Presence – Battle Group Poland NATO Poland 80
NATO Enhanced Forward Presence – Battle Group Lithuania NATO Lithuania 188
NATO mission in Iraq NATO Iraq 1-10
Operation Inherent Resolve U.S Armed Forces Kuwait 1
Operation Sea Guardian NATO Mediterranean Sea 32
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan – UNMOGIP United Nations India and Pakistan 9
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara – MINURSO United Nations Western Sahara 6
Former Mission Organization Location
European Union mission in Chad – EUFOR Tchad/RCA European Union Chad
European Union Naval Force Mediterranean – Operation Sophia European Union Mediterranean Sea
International Security Assistance Force – ISAF NATO Afghanistan
Operation Active Endeavour NATO Mediterranean Sea
Operation Triton European Union Mediterranean Sea
Resolute Support Mission – RS NATO Afghanistan
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force – UNDOF United Nations Golan Heights - Syria and Israel
United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea – UNMEE United Nations Ethiopia and Eritrea
United Nations Mission in Liberia – UNMIL United Nations Liberia
United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone – UNAMSIL United Nations Sierra Leone
United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor – UNMISET United Nations East Timor
United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia – UNOMIG United Nations Georgia
United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire – UNOCI United Nations Ivory Coast
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus – UNFICYP United Nations Cyprus
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti – MINUSTAH United Nations Haiti
  • Parachute jump on the day of the Armed Forces
    Parachute jump on the day of the Armed Forces
  • Croatian Army soldier with a U.S. Army soldier
    Croatian Army soldier with a U.S. Army soldier
  • Special operation forces conduct close quarter battle training
    Special operation forces conduct close quarter battle training
  • Patria AMV infantry fighting vehicle
    Patria AMV infantry fighting vehicle
  • PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzer
    PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzer
  • MOL coastal anti-ship missile launcher
    MOL coastal anti-ship missile launcher
  • Kralj class missile boat
    Kralj class missile boat
  • Mirna class patrol vessel
    Mirna class patrol vessel
  • Silba class landing ship-minelayer
    Silba class landing ship-minelayer
  • Mi-171Sh combat-transport helicopters
    Mi-171Sh combat-transport helicopters
  • OH-58D observation helicopter
    OH-58D observation helicopter
  • Bell 206 training helicopter
    Bell 206 training helicopter
  • Wings of Storm aerobatic team PC-9M aircraft
    Wings of Storm aerobatic team PC-9M aircraft
  • CL-415 firefighter
    CL-415 firefighter

See also

Citations
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  2. "OSRH - Glavna".
  3. IISS 2020, p. 93.
  4. "Povratak OS RH u Litvu". obris.org. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
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  6. "Zbogom Afganistanu, pozdrav Kosovu! Hrvatska vojska ojačat će svoje snage u susjedstvu". vecernji.hr. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  7. "U Kašmiru se nalazi devet hrvatskih vojnika. Pitali smo MORH jesu li na sigurnom". index.hr. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  8. "Pogledajte u kojim kriznim žarištima hrvatski vojnici održavaju mir". tportal.hr. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  9. "Proračun Ministarstva obrane najveći je do sada, iznosit će 7,568 milijardi kuna". 12 May 2022.
  10. "Main macroeconomic indicators".
  11. "NATO Topics: NATO's relations with Croatia". www.nato.int.
  12. Martina Čizmić (19 October 2007). "Nema više obveznog vojnog roka" [Compulsory military service abolished] (in Croatian). Nacional (weekly). Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
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  14. "Koliko iznose mirovine hrvatskih branitelja?". 18 November 2022.
  15. Alvir, Marija (March 2005). "Proračun MORH-a neće više padati". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Croatian Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  16. "Ograničeni vojni proračun za 2011. iznosi pet milijardi kuna". Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  17. "NACRT PRORAČUNA - kupuje se Air Tractor za obuku i jedan ophodni brod do 2015". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
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  22. "Raste vojni proračun: Zbog NATO-a ćemo na obranu trošiti gotovo 10 milijardi kuna!". Vijesti.hr. 2 December 2019.
  23. "PREDSTAVLJEN PLAN JAVNE NABAVE MORH-a ZA IDUĆU GODINU". Hrvatski vojnik. No. 434. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  24. "HRT: MORH predstavio ostvarenje plana nabave za 2013. i plan za 2014". Hrvatska radiotelevizija. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  25. "Minister Buljević visits Croatian Army and Special Operations Command - Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia". Morh.hr. 9 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  26. "Special Forces Command marks 1st Anniversary - Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia". Morh.hr. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  27. "Request Rejected" (PDF). Morh.hr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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  29. "Jutarnji list - FOTO, VIDEO: USKORO STIŽU OKLOPNA VOZILA KOJA ĆE POVEĆATI VATRENU MOĆ HV-a Krstičević otkrio: Amerikanci nam šalju 84 Bradleyja". www.jutarnji.hr. 27 November 2019.
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  31. Adamowski, Jaroslaw (25 August 2017). "Rafael to benefit from Elbit win in Croatia weapons tender". Defense News. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
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  38. C. J. CHIVERS;ERIC SCHMITT (25 February 2013). "In Shift, Saudis Are Said to Arm Rebels in Syria". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 December 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  40. program, IRIB-Bosanski radio. "Hrvatski izvoz oružja blizu 143 miliona eura". bosnianold.ws.irib.ir.
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References
  • IISS (2020). The Military Balance 2020. Routledge. ISBN 978-0367466398.
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