Eoabelisaurus

Eoabelisaurus (/ˈiəˌbɛlɪˈsɔːrəs/) is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin in Argentina, South America. The generic name combines a Greek ἠώς, (eos), "dawn", with the name Abelisaurus, in reference to the fact it represents an early relative of the latter. Only one species is currently recognized, E. mefi; the specific name honours the MEF, the Museo Paleontológico "Egidio Feruglio", where discoverer Diego Pol is active.[2] It is characterized by reduced forelimb proportions that show primitive characteristics of the Abelisauridae family.

Eoabelisaurus
Temporal range:
Middle Toarcian
~[1]
Eoabelisaurus holotype fossil, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: Abelisauridae
Genus: Eoabelisaurus
Pol & Rauhut, 2012
Species:
E. mefi
Binomial name
Eoabelisaurus mefi
Pol & Rauhut, 2012

Discovery and naming

Holotype skull, seen from the left side, with triangle ruler for scale

In 2009, Argentinian paleontologist Diego Pol discovered the skeleton of a theropod near the village of Cerro Cóndor in Chubut Province. The remains were found in the Jugo Loco locality that is placed in a series of fine beds of mudstone, marlstone, and limestone in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation. In 2012, based on these remains, the type species Eoabelisaurus mefi was named and described by Pol and his German colleague Oliver Rauhut.[2]

Before discovery, the oldest known abelisaurids were represented only by fragmentary remains from the late Early Cretaceous of South America and Africa and older records of abelisauroids in general were questionable. With the discovery of Eoabelisaurus, the temporal range of the clade was extended for more than 40 million years into the Toarcian. The existence of a derived ceratosaur at that time indicated a rapid diversification of ceratosaurs during that time period, as all the major ceratosaurian lineages (ceratosaurids, noasaurids, and abelisaurids) had already been established.[2]

Description

Size comparison

It was a bipedal carnivore that was estimated to have reached 6–6.5 metres (19.7–21.3 ft) in length,[2] although a comprehensive analysis of abelisaur size conducted in 2016 yielded a size estimate of 5.8 metres (19 ft).[3] The holotype specimen, MPEF PV 3990, was uncovered in a layer of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, a lacustrine deposit dating originally from the Aalenian-Bajocian, roughly 170 million years old, yet a recent advanced zircon datation constrained its age to the Middle-Late Toarcian (179-178 million years).[4] It consists of a nearly complete skeleton with skull, of a subadult or adult individual.[2]

The posterior half of the skeleton was found in articulation and the anterior dorsal and cervical vertebrae and forelimbs were found partially disarticulated prior to burial. The skull was discovered slightly separated from the vertebral column. The skull and anterior presacrals were also exposed at the time of discovery and had been partially been destroyed by erosion. From the material known of the snout, only a small fragment of the right maxilla has been recovered and shows that the interdental plates are fused, but not striated. The known posterior part of the skull is high, with an oval orbit and an enlarged infratemporal fenestra, similar to other ceratosaurs. The skull roof is not notably thickened and no cranial ornamentation is present.[2]

Both humeri from the known material are poorly preserved, but show primitive characters. The articular head is slightly rounded, but not a globular shape that is commonly seen in noasaurids and abelisaurids. The radius and ulna are short and the ulna has a large olecranon process. The manus is very foreshortened, retains four digits, and has short metacarpals. Metacarpal I is about half the length of metacarpal II and considerably more slender. The arm also bears a stout phalanx that is slightly longer than the metacarpal. The non-terminal manual phalanges are about as long as wide and lack any constriction between the articular ends, and manual unguals are reduced. It is these reduced limb proportions that demonstrate Eoabelisaurus was indeed a primitive abelisaurid.[2]

The exact number of vertebrae is unknown due to several gaps in the holotype's spine, but its cervical vertebrae are short and have two pneumatic foramina on either side of the centra. The length of vertebral centra remains constant over the preserved portion of the tail, but middle and posterior caudals are considerably lower.[2]

Classification

Restoration
Lower leg bones

Eoabelisaurus was assigned to the basalmost position in Abelisauridae by its describers. It would, then, be the oldest abelisaurid species known by forty (40) million years. The describers indicated that in the cladistic analysis a difference of only a single trait would have resulted in a position lower in the evolutionary tree, basal in the Abelisauroidea. The following cladogram follows their analysis.[2]

Ceratosauria 

Berberosaurus

Deltadromeus

Spinostropheus

Limusaurus

Elaphrosaurus

 Neoceratosauria 
 Ceratosauridae 

Ceratosaurus

Genyodectes

 Abelisauroidea 
 Noasauridae 

Laevisuchus

Masiakasaurus

Noasaurus

Velocisaurus

 Abelisauridae 

Eoabelisaurus

Rugops

Abelisaurus

 Carnotaurinae 

Majungasaurus

Indosaurus

Rajasaurus

 Brachyrostra 

Ilokelesia

Ekrixinatosaurus

Skorpiovenator

 Carnotaurini 

Carnotaurus

Aucasaurus

In 2018, Rafael Delcourt placed Eoabelisaurus at the basic position within Ceratosauridae, noting that the topology of this genus is still problematic.[5] The following cladogram demonstrates the relationships of Eoabelisaurus according to latter publication.

Ceratosauroidea
Noasauridae

Spinostropheus

Elaphrosaurinae

Elaphrosaurus

Limusaurus

Noasaurinae

Deltadromeus

Laevisuchus

Noasaurus

Velocisaurus

Masiakasaurus

Berberosaurus

Etrigansauria
Ceratosauridae

Eoabelisaurus

Genyodectes

Ceratosaurus

Chenanisaurus

Abelisauridae

Rugops

Abelisaurus

Ilokelesia

Carnotaurinae
Majungasaurini

Arcovenator

Indosaurus

Majungasaurus

Rajasaurus

Dahalokely

Rahiolisaurus

Brachyrostra

Ekrixinatosaurus

Skorpiovenator

Furileusauria

Viavenator

Pycnonemosaurus

Quilmesaurus

Carnotaurus

Aucasaurus

Paleobiology

Reduced forelimbs

Comparison between Carnotaurus, Dilophosaurus, and Eoabelisaurus forelimbs demonstrating gradual reduction starting at the distal elements

Before the discovery of Eoabelisaurus, abelisaurid anatomy was only known from a handful of Late Cretaceous taxa that were aberrant in their morphology, such as their unusual skull structure and reduction of their forelimbs. Eoabelisaurus shows what was previously an unknown stage in the evolution of abelisaurids, having only some of the cranial modifications and a unique combination of features in its forelimbs. The manus of Eoabelisaurus have a derived morphology, with short and robust metacarpals, non-terminal phalanges, and reduced manual unguals. The humerus is unreduced, and the ulna and radius are shortened but do not differ from more basal ceratosaurs. Therefore, the modification of the forelimbs in the evolution of abelisaurids seems to have occurred in a modular fashion, starting with the distal elements such as the fingers, and only later affecting the more proximal elements. It is with this evidence that Eoabelisaurus confirms a recently proposed evolutionary scenario of abelisaurid limbs based on the incomplete evidence of Cretaceous abelisauroids.[2]

See also

References

  1. Fantasia, A.; Föllmi, K. B.; Adatte, T.; Spangenberg, J. E.; Schoene, B.; Barker, R. T.; Scasso, R. A. (2021). "Late Toarcian continental palaeoenvironmental conditions: An example from the Canadon Asfalto Formation in southern Argentina". Gondwana Research. 89 (1): 47–65. Bibcode:2021GondR..89...47F. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.10.001. S2CID 225120452. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  2. Diego Pol & Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012). "A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1804): 3170–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0660. PMC 3385738. PMID 22628475.
  3. Grillo, O. N.; Delcourt, R. (2016). "Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods: Pycnonemosaurus nevesi is the new king". Cretaceous Research. 69: 71–89. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001.
  4. Pol, D.; Gomez, K.; Holwerda, F. M.; Rauhut, O. W.; Carballido, J. L. (2022). "Sauropods from the Early Jurassic of South America and the Radiation of Eusauropoda". South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. 1 (1): 131–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3_4. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  5. Delcourt, Rafael (2018-06-27). "Ceratosaur palaeobiology: new insights on evolution and ecology of the southern rulers". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9730. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28154-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6021374. PMID 29950661.
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