Majungasaurinae

Majungasaurinae; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous,
	Majungasaurus crenatissimus mounted skeleton, Stony Brook University
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Family:	†Abelisauridae
Subfamily:	†Majungasaurinae; Tortosa et al., 2014
Type species
	†Majungasaurus crenatissimus; (Depéret, 1896 [originally Megalosaurus]) Lavocat, 1955
Subgroups
	†Arcovenator; †Indosaurus; †Majungasaurus; †Rahiolisaurus; †Rajasaurus;
Synonyms
	Majungasaurini Tortosa et al., 2014 vide Delcourt, 2018

Majungasaurinae (after Majungasaurus, itself named after the city of Mahajanga in Madagascar) is a subfamily of large carnivorous theropods from the Upper Cretaceous, found in Madagascar, India, and France. It is a subgroup within the theropod family Abelisauridae, a Gondwanan clade known for their thick and often horned skulls and vestigial arms. The two subfamilies of Abelisauridae are Carnotaurinae, best known from the South American Carnotaurus, and Majungasaurinae, consisting of Madagascar’s Majungasaurus and its closest relatives. Their ancestors emerged in the Middle Jurassic, and the clade lasted until the Upper Cretaceous.

The majungasaurines were mid-sized, bipedal predators, but relatively slow moving. Their stout legs were built for striding, not running. They had tall, deep heads with powerful jaws, but small forearms without carpals in the wrists. Because of their slow gait and small arms, they likely preyed upon the larger, slower sauropods rather than the smaller, faster ornithopods. Their ancestors lived on a unified southern continent, Gondwana, in the Early Cretaceous, but as the land mass divided they became distinct from their South American cousins, and eventually from each other.

Anatomical identification

The abelisaurids all possess distinct, vestigial, and immobile forelimbs, with highly reduced manual phalanges.[1] Carnotaurus and Majungasaurus are closely related but distinguish by several skeletal features. Carnotaurus has eleven dorsal vertebrae but Majungasaurus has thirteen.[2] Carnotaurus has short dentary bones and an almost vertical ramus, while that of Majungasaurus curved backward and had notable caudal projections. Majungasaurines also have low, wide antorbital fenestrae, a wide triangular plate posterior to the parietal, two holes for a cerebral vein by the sagittal crest, and a wide groove on the occipital condyle.[3] These differences are important because derived abelisaurids are classed as either majungasaurines or carnotaurines based on their synapomorphies.

History of study

The first majungasaurine to be uncovered was Indosaurus, discovered in India in 1933 by Charles Alfred Matley and Friedrich von Huene, and Majungasaurus, discovered in Madagascar in 1955 by René Lavocat. Both species were misidentified at the time of their discoveries as they were known from only partial remains: Indosaurus was believed to be an allosaurid, and Majungasaurus was believed to be a pachycephalosaurid. It was not until 1991 that paleontologist Jose Bonaparte theorized that these and many other theropods belonged to the same family, the abelisaurids.[4]

Classification

Taxonomy[5]

Family Abelisauridae
- Subfamily Majungasaurinae
  - Arcovenator
  - Genusaurus
  - Indosaurus
  - Majungasaurus
  - Rahiolisaurus
  - Rajasaurus

Phylogeny

The clade Majungasaurinae is relatively new, proposed in March 2014 by paleontologist Thierry Tortosa and colleagues in the description of Arcovenator. It is defined as all abelisaurids more closely related to Majungasaurus than to Carnotaurus. The cladogram below shows the result of the study's phylogenetic analysis.[6]

Abelisauridae

Kryptops

Rugops

Genusaurus

MCF-PVPH-237 abelisaurid

Xenotarsosaurus

Tarascosaurus

La Boucharde abelisaurid

Majungasaurinae

	Pourcieux abelisaurid

	Arcovenator

	Majungasaurus

	Indosaurus

	Rahiolisaurus

	Rajasaurus

	Abelisaurus

	Aucasaurus

	Pycnonemosaurus

	Quilmesaurus

	Carnotaurus

Paleobiology

Geographic range

The majungasaurines and their carnotaurine sister group emerged in what is now South America. From there they spread to the rest of Gondwana: modern Africa and India, and presumably Australia and Antarctica as well.[7] Fragmentary evidence of abelisaurs in southern France indicates they may have spread into Europe as well, but the relationship of these species to the rest of Majungasaurinae is not well established.[8]

Feeding habits

Like all abelisaurs, the majungasaurines were carnivorous and had bulbous teeth, short heads, and strong necks. This meant that their wide jaws were very powerful, and could crush their prey’s trachea or vertebrae once they bit down.[9] Majungasaurus is known to have preyed upon medium-sized sauropods such as Rapetosaurus, and its teeth marks have been found on the ribs of other Majungasaurus. Whether it actively hunted members of its own species or merely cannibalized their scavenged remains is unknown. This behavior has not been observed in any other majungasaurines.[10]

References

Senter, P. (2010). "Vestigial skeletal structures in dinosaurs". Journal of Zoology. 280: 60–71. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00640.x.
Novas, Fernando E. (2009). The Age of Dinosaurs in South America. Indiana University Press. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-0-253-35289-7.
Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100: 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003.
Carrano, Matthew T.; Sampson, Scott D. (2008). "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (2): 183. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246. S2CID 30068953.
Filippi, Leonardo S.; Méndez, Ariel H.; Juárez Valieri, Rubén D.; Garrido, Alberto C. (2016). "A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids". Cretaceous Research. 61: 209–219. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.018.
Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (October 2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003. ISSN 0753-3969.
Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Conrad, J. L. (2004). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–30. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. JSTOR 4142770. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.
Fastovsky, David; Weishampel, David; Sibbick, John (2009). Dinosaurs: a concise natural history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0521282373.
Rogers, Raymond R.; Krause, David W.; Curry Rogers, Kristina (2003). "Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur Majungatholus atopus". Nature. 422 (6931): 515–8. doi:10.1038/nature01532. PMID 12673249. S2CID 4389583.

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[1] Senter, P. (2010). "Vestigial skeletal structures in dinosaurs". Journal of Zoology. 280: 60–71. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00640.x.

[2] Novas, Fernando E. (2009). The Age of Dinosaurs in South America. Indiana University Press. pp. 259–. ISBN 978-0-253-35289-7.

[3] Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100: 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003.

[4] Carrano, Matthew T.; Sampson, Scott D. (2008). "The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6 (2): 183. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002246. S2CID 30068953.

[5] Filippi, Leonardo S.; Méndez, Ariel H.; Juárez Valieri, Rubén D.; Garrido, Alberto C. (2016). "A new brachyrostran with hypertrophied axial structures reveals an unexpected radiation of latest Cretaceous abelisaurids". Cretaceous Research. 61: 209–219. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.12.018.

[6] Tortosa, Thierry; Buffetaut, Eric; Vialle, Nicolas; Dutour, Yves; Turini, Eric; Cheylan, Gilles (October 2014). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications". Annales de Paléontologie. 100 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003. ISSN 0753-3969.

[7] Sereno, P. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Conrad, J. L. (2004). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–30. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. JSTOR 4142770. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.

[8] Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7.

[9] Fastovsky, David; Weishampel, David; Sibbick, John (2009). Dinosaurs: a concise natural history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0521282373.

[10] Rogers, Raymond R.; Krause, David W.; Curry Rogers, Kristina (2003). "Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur Majungatholus atopus". Nature. 422 (6931): 515–8. doi:10.1038/nature01532. PMID 12673249. S2CID 4389583.