Flags of the Mughal Empire

This is a list of the flags of the Mughal Empire, which had a number of imperial flags and standards. The principal imperial standard of the Mughals was known as the alam (Alam علم). It was primarily moss green.[1] It displayed a lion and sun (shir-o-khurshid شیر و خورشید) facing the hoist of the flag. The Mughals traced their use of the alam back to Timur.[2] The imperial standard was displayed to the right of the throne and also at the entrance of the Emperor's encampment and in front of the emperor during military marches.[2]

Alam of the Mughal Empire
War flag of the Mughal Empire
Reconstructed design of the Mughal alam

History

According to the Ain-i-Akbari, during Akbar's reign, whenever the emperor rode out, not less than five alams were carried along with the qur (a collection of flags and other insignia) wrapped up in scarlet cloth bags. They were unfurled on the days of festivity, and in battle.[3]

An engraving from Edward Terry's A Voyage to East-India (1655) titled Imperial Standard of the Great Mogul

Edward Terry, chaplain to Sir Thomas Roe, who came during the reign of Jahangir, described in his Voyage to East-India (1655) that the royal standard, made of silk, featuring the Nad-e-Ali represented by a crouching lion shadowing part of the body of the sun (known as Aftab) inscribed on it, was carried on an elephant whenever the emperor travelled.[4][5]

Illustration from the 1636 Padshahnama of Shah Jahan showing the Siege of Kandahar of 1631.

A painting by Payag in a manuscript of the Padshahnama, a chronicle on Shah Jahan's reign, preserved in the Royal Library, Windsor Castle depicted the Mughal standards as the scarlet pennons with green borders with a passant lion and rising sun behind it.[6] Another painting in the same manuscript depicted the Mughal standards having green fields with a couchant lion and rising sun behind it.[7][8] In the image to the left, note the flag at the bottom with the standing lion and the sun in a red interior color. Notice also the flag in the upper part of the picture with green interior and yellow linings.

  • A Mughal miniature from the Padshahnama depicting the surrender of the Safavid Persian garrison of Kandahar in 1638 to the Mughal army of Shah Jahan commanded by Kilij Khan. Notice the white flag with the rising Sun. Perhaps a flag signalling peace. As Safavid forces give the city without bloodshed.
    A Mughal miniature from the Padshahnama depicting the surrender of the Safavid Persian garrison of Kandahar in 1638 to the Mughal army of Shah Jahan commanded by Kilij Khan. Notice the white flag with the rising Sun. Perhaps a flag signalling peace. As Safavid forces give the city without bloodshed.
  • A mid-17th century painting of the Battle of Samugarh between the three sons of Shah Jahan
    A mid-17th century painting of the Battle of Samugarh between the three sons of Shah Jahan
  • Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops (note flags in the background).
    Aurangzeb leads his final expedition (1705), leading an army of 500,000 troops (note flags in the background).
  • Aurangzeb commanding his army (note triangular green flags)
    Aurangzeb commanding his army (note triangular green flags)
  • Alivardi Khan's forces carry the green flag of the Mughal Empire.
    Alivardi Khan's forces carry the green flag of the Mughal Empire.
  • An elephant with a mahout and a standard-bearer carrying a green standard with a gold sun. One of a set.
    An elephant with a mahout and a standard-bearer carrying a green standard with a gold sun. One of a set.
  • A catalog containing "two rectangular flags" of the Mughal Empire, flag no. 214 is that of the Great Mogul (featuring a Crescent and possibly a sun); flag no. 215 is also that of the Great Mogul (posaibly featuring the Nad-e-Ali).
    A catalog containing "two rectangular flags" of the Mughal Empire, flag no. 214 is that of the Great Mogul (featuring a Crescent and possibly a sun); flag no. 215 is also that of the Great Mogul (posaibly featuring the Nad-e-Ali).
  • Funeral of Asaf-ud-Daulah in the year 1797 under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; (note:Flag (green) of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)
    Funeral of Asaf-ud-Daulah in the year 1797 under a canopy inside the Bara Imambara; (note:Flag (green) of the Mughal Empire raised higher than the Awadh flag)
  • Military Banners during Aurangzeb's Reign.
    Military Banners during Aurangzeb's Reign.

Seals

Subjects of the Mughal Empire

See also

References
  1. "A panorama in 12 folds showing the procession of the Emperor Bahadur Shah to celebrate the feast of the 'Id. f. 59v-A". British Library.
  2. Singh, K.V. (1991). Our National Flag. New Delhi: Publication Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 14.
  3. Blochmann, H. (tr.) (1927, reprint 1993). The Ain-I Akbari by Abu'l-Fazl Allami, Vol. I, Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, p.52
  4. Foster, William (ed.) (1921) Early Travels in India, 1583–1619, London: Oxford University Press, p. 306
  5. Terry, Edward (1777) [1655]. A Voyage to East-India. London: J. Wilkie. p. 347.
  6. Payag (1646). "The siege of Qandahar (May 1631)" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 18. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  7. 'Kashmiri Painter' (attribution) (1646–1656). "A royal procession" (jpg). King of the World – The Padshahnama. Philadelphia: Department of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Plate No.: 34. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  8. Divyabhanusinh (2007). The Great Mughal Go Hunting Lions. in Mahesh Rangarajan (ed.) Environmental Issues in India: A Reader. Pearson Education. p. 53. ISBN 978-81-317-0810-1.

Further reading
  • Koch, Ebba (2001). Mughal Art and Imperial Ideology: Collected Essays, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Media related to Flag of the Mughal Empire at Wikimedia Commons

  • An engraving of the Mughal imperial standard from Foster, William (ed.) The embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the court of the Great Mogul, 1615–1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence London: Haklyut Society, 1899 in Internet Archive website
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