Foreign relations of Haiti
Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.
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The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.
In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.
Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]
Disputes – international: claims US-administered Navassa Island
Illicit drugs: major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)
Bilateral relations
Africa
Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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![]() | December 1960 | See Benin–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[2] Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH. The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[3] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[4] In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[5]
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25 January 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.[6] |
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11 January 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.[7] |
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1 October 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1986[8] |
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24 June 2008 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti , René Préval.[10] |
![]() | 14 October 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo[11]
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10 January 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.[12] |
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20 September 2023 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2023.[13] |
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18 January 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1979[15] |
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13 February 2018 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 2018[16] |
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22 August 1985 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1985[17] |
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25 September 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1997[18] |
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23 October 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[19] |
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17 December 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1981[20] |
![]() | 28 January 1978 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1978.[21]
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15 August 2018 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 2018[22] |
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15 October 2000 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 2000[23] |
![]() | 9 December 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1997[24]
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6 March 1975 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[25] |
Americas
Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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![]() | 1939 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1939.[26]
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![]() | 26 August 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[27] |
![]() | 1928 | See Brazil–Haiti relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[28]
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![]() | 12 May 1954 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[29]
During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[30] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[31] |
![]() | See Chile–Haiti relations
Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[34] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[35]
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![]() | 7 August 1936 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[36]
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29 September 1955 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1955.[37] |
![]() | 3 February 1904 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959 and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[38]
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![]() | 9 November 1874 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[39]
See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.
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![]() | 14 November 1949 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.[40]
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![]() | 6 October 1970 |
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![]() | 26 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[42] |
![]() | 11 July 1929 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929[44]
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6 August 1952 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1952[46] |
![]() | 11 October 1945 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[47]
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2 October 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[48] |
![]() | 1 March 1979 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1979[49]
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31 January 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[50] |
![]() | 1 October 1862 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[51]
See Haiti–United States relations
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![]() | 10 June 1864 | See Haiti–Venezuela relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[54]
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Asia
Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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![]() | 21 January 1999 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1999[55] |
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9 May 2003 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 2003[56] |
![]() | See Bangladesh–Haiti relations
The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti. | |
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Haiti does not recognize China.
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16 December 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 2011[57] |
![]() | 27 September 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[58] |
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21 November 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 2012[63] |
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16 April 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1974.[64] |
![]() | 11 September 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[65]
Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.
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![]() | 1931 |
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5 September 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 2012[66] |
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14 January 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2014[67] |
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23 May 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 2007[68] |
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10 January 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.[69] |
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27 September 2013 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2013[70] |
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3 April 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[71]
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![]() | 5 August 2013 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 2013[72]
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17 November 2000 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 2000[73] |
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16 February 2001 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2001[74] |
![]() | 22 September 1962 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1962[75] |
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14 December 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2012[76] |
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9 March 2016 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 2016[77] |
![]() | 25 April 1956 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956[78]
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30 October 1986 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1986[79] |
![]() | March 23, 1943[80] | See Haiti–Turkey relations
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26 September 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1997[84] |
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21 October 2009 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 2009[85] |
![]() | 26 September 1997 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1997[86]
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Europe
Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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19 January 2007 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 2007[87] |
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29 October 1999 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1999[88] |
![]() | 15 January 1902 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Charge d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.[89]
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5 May 2010 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 2010[90] |
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15 October 1999 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1999[91] |
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15 December 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 2005[92] |
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31 March 2010 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 2010[93] |
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29 September 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1966[94] |
![]() | 12 February 1838 | See France–Haiti relations
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![]() | See Germany–Haiti relations
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11 July 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 2005[97] |
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18 November 2005 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2005[98] |
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26 January 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 2012[99] |
![]() | 24 February 1898 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[100]
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14 December 2006 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2006[101] |
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4 May 2010 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 2010[102] |
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7 June 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 2012[103] |
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17 October 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 2012[104] |
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11 April 2001 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 2001[105] |
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28 October 1943 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1943[106] |
![]() | 18 November 1933 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1933.[107]
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![]() | 2 June 1996 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1996[108]
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20 January 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1984[109] |
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30 March 1999 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1999[110] |
![]() | 1 April 1939 | See Haiti–Spain relations |
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29 September 1941 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard[112] |
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23 September 2010 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2010[113] |
![]() | 13 May 1859 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 may 1859 when has been appointed first British Charge d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[114]
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Oceania
Country | Formal relations began on | Notes |
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![]() | 2000 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2000[115] |
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16 October 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 2012[116] |
![]() | 4 September 2014 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[117]
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7 November 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 2012[118] |
See also
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- "Diplomatic Relations between Ukraine and Haiti as of 23 Sept. 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- Francis W H Cavendish and Edward Hertslet. The Foreign Office List forming a complete British Diplomatic and Consular Handbook 1863 July. 23rd Publication. 1863-07. p. 46. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- "Haiti country brief". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- "Formal diplomatic relations list" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
- "Haïti - Diplomatie : 4 nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités en Haïti". Haiti Libre (in French). Retrieved 14 June 2023.
- "Americas". Department of Foreign Affairs Government of Tuvalu. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
External links
- (in English and French) Consulate General of Haiti in Chicago, USA
- (in French) Consulate General of Haiti in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- (in English and French) Consulate General of Haiti in New York City, USA
- (in French) Embassy of France in Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- (in English and French)Embassy of Canada in Haiti
- (in Spanish and French) Embassy of Haiti in Havana, Cuba
- (in English and French) Embassy of Haiti in Washington, D.C.
- (in English and French) Permanent Mission of Haiti to the United Nations
- (in English and French) United States Embassy in Port-au-Prince, Haiti