Foreign relations of Haiti

Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.

Politics of Haiti
Constitution
  • Constitutional Court
  • Law
Legislature (not functioning)
Executive
  • Vacant (executive directed by PM and Cabinet)
Judiciary
Recent elections
  • Electoral body: CEP
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flag Haiti portal
Nations with which Haiti has diplomatic relations.

The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.

In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.

Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]

Disputes – international: claims US-administered Navassa Island

Illicit drugs: major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)

Bilateral relations

Africa
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 BeninDecember 1960See Benin–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[2]

Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH.

The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[3] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[4]

In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[5]

  • Benin does not have an accreditation for Haiti.
  • Haiti is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Burkina Faso 25 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.[6]
 BurundiSee Burundi–Haiti relations
 Cameroon 11 January 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.[7]
 Democratic Republic of Congo 1 October 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1986[8]
 Cote d'Ivoire
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Abidjan.[9]
  • Ivory Coast has a liaison office in Port-au-Prince.
 Equatorial Guinea 24 June 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti , René Préval.[10]
 Gabon14 October 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo[11]
  • Gabon is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Libreville.[9]
 Guinea 10 January 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.[12]
 Kenya 20 September 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2023.[13]
 Liberia1864
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[14]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.[14]
 Libya 18 January 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1979[15]
 Mauritius 13 February 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 2018[16]
 Morocco 22 August 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 August 1985[17]
 Mozambique 25 September 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1997[18]
 Namibia 23 October 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[19]
 Niger 17 December 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1981[20]
 Nigeria28 January 1978Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1978.[21]
  • Haiti is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
  • Nigeria is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Kingston, Jamaica.
 Rwanda 15 August 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 2018[22]
 Senegal
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Dakar.[9]
  • Senegal is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Seychelles 15 October 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 2000[23]
 South Africa9 December 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1997[24]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Kingston, Jamaica.
 Zambia 6 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[25]

Americas
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Argentina1939Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1939.[26]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Bahamas26 August 1977Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[27]

See Bahamas-Haiti relations

  • Haiti has an embassy Nassau.
  • The Bahamas has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • There are over 80,000 Haitians living in the Bahamas.
 Brazil1928See Brazil–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[28]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Brasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Canada12 May 1954Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[29]

See Canada–Haiti relations

During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[30] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[31]

  • Canada has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[32]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.[33]
 ChileSee Chile–Haiti relations

Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[34] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[35]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Colombia7 August 1936Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[36]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Costa Rica 29 September 1955 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1955.[37]
 Cuba3 February 1904Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959 and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[38]

See Cuba-Haiti relations

  • Haiti has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Dominican Republic9 November 1874Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[39]

See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.

 Ecuador14 November 1949Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.[40]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Guyana6 October 1970
 Jamaica26 August 1981Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[42]

See Haiti–Jamaica relations

  • Haiti has an embassy in Kingston, but later closed in 2012.[43]
  • Jamaica has an honorary consulate in Port-au-Prince.
 Mexico11 July 1929Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929[44]

See Haiti–Mexico relations

 Nicaragua 6 August 1952 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1952[46]
 Panama11 October 1945Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[47]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Paraguay 2 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[48]
 Suriname1 March 1979Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1979[49]
 Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[50]
 United States1 October 1862Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[51]

See Haiti–United States relations

 Uruguay
  • Haiti is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Venezuela10 June 1864See Haiti–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[54]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.

Asia
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Armenia21 January 1999

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1999[55]

 Azerbaijan 9 May 2003 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 2003[56]
 BangladeshSee Bangladesh–Haiti relations

The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti.

 China

See China–Haiti relations

Haiti does not recognize China.

  • Haiti has a trade office in Beijing.
  • China has a trade office in Port-au-Prince.
 Georgia 16 December 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 2011[57]
 India27 September 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[58]

See Haiti–India relations

 Indonesia 21 November 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 2012[63]
 Iran 16 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1974.[64]
 Israel11 September 1958Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[65]

See Haiti–Israel relations

Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.

  • Israel is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
 Japan1931
  • Haiti has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Kuwait 5 September 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 2012[66]
 Mongolia 14 January 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2014[67]
   Nepal 23 May 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 2007[68]
 Pakistan 10 January 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.[69]
 Palestine 27 September 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2013[70]
 Philippines 3 April 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[71]
  • Haiti is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Philippines is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Qatar5 August 2013Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 2013[72]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Saudi Arabia 17 November 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 2000[73]
 Singapore 16 February 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2001[74]
 South Korea22 September 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1962[75]

 Sri Lanka 14 December 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2012[76]
 Tajikistan 9 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 2016[77]
 Taiwan25 April 1956Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956[78]

See Haiti-Taiwan relations

  • Haiti maintains an embassy in Taipei.
  • Taiwan maintains an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haitian President Jovenel Moise met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-Wen in Taipei since 2018.
  • Taiwan has offered US$150 million to Haiti for building up its rural power grid following its destruction in the 2010 earthquake.
 Thailand 30 October 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 1986[79]
 TurkeyMarch 23, 1943[80]See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • Turkish Embassy in Santo Domingo is accredited to Haiti.[81]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Haitian exports/imports: 0.8/128.9 million USD).[81]
  • After the earthquake, Turkey provided financial aid and equipment worth US$124 million.[82]
  • Since 2004, Turkey has provided personnel to MINUSTAH.[83]
 Turkmenistan 26 September 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1997[84]
 United Arab Emirates 21 October 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 2009[85]
 Vietnam26 September 1997Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 1997[86]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.

Europe
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Andorra 19 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 2007[87]
 Belarus 29 October 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 October 1999[88]
 Belgium15 January 1902Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Charge d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.[89]
  • Belgium is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Brussels.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 May 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 2010[90]
 Croatia 15 October 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1999[91]
 Czech Republic 15 December 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 2005[92]
 Estonia 31 March 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 2010[93]
 Finland 29 September 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1966[94]
 France12 February 1838See France–Haiti relations
 GermanySee Germany–Haiti relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Holy See
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature in Port-au-Prince.
 Hungary 11 July 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 2005[97]
 Iceland 18 November 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2005[98]
 Ireland 26 January 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 2012[99]
 Italy24 February 1898Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[100]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
 Latvia 14 December 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 2006[101]
 Lithuania 4 May 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 2010[102]
 Moldova 7 June 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 2012[103]
 Montenegro 17 October 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 2012[104]
 Netherlands
  • Haiti has consulates-general in Oranjestad in Aruba and Willemstad in Curaçao.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 North Macedonia 11 April 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 2001[105]
 Norway 28 October 1943 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 October 1943[106]
 Poland18 November 1933Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1933.[107]
  • Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
 Russia2 June 1996Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1996[108]
  • Haiti is accredited to Russia from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Russia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
 Serbia 20 January 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 1984[109]
 Slovenia 30 March 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1999[110]
 Spain1 April 1939See Haiti–Spain relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[111]
  Switzerland 29 September 1941 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard[112]
 Ukraine 23 September 2010 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2010[113]
 United Kingdom13 May 1859Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 may 1859 when has been appointed first British Charge d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[114]

Oceania
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Australia2000Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2000[115]
  • Australia is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.
  • Haiti is accredited to Australia from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan and maintains honorary consulates in Melbourne and Sydney.
 Fiji 16 October 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 2012[116]
 New Zealand4 September 2014Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[117]
  • Haiti is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
 Tuvalu 7 November 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 2012[118]

See also

References
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