Plant milk

Plant milk is a plant beverage with a color resembling that of milk. Plant milks are non-dairy beverages made from a water-based plant extract for flavoring and aroma.[1][2] Plant milks are consumed as alternatives to dairy milk, and may provide a creamy mouthfeel.[3]

Plant milk
Bowl of coconut milk
TypeNon-dairy beverage and ingredient
ColorWhite
FlavorVarious; creamy texture
IngredientsWater and a grain, pseudocereal, legume, nut, seed, or coconut
Amazake, Japanese rice milk
Glass of horchata de chufa (tiger nut milk) in a café in Spain

As of 2021, there are about 17 different types of plant milks; almond, oat, soy, coconut, and pea are the highest-selling worldwide.[4][5] Production of plant-based milks, particularly soy, oat, and pea milks, can offer environmental advantages over animal milks in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use.[6]

Plant-based beverages have been consumed for centuries, with the term "milk-like plant juices" used since the 13th century. In the 21st century, they are commonly referred to as plant-based milk, alternative milk, non-dairy milk or vegan milk. For commerce, plant-based beverages are typically packaged in containers similar and competitive to those used for dairy milk, but cannot be labeled as "milk" within the European Union.[7]

Across various cultures, plant milk has been both a beverage and a flavor ingredient in sweet and savory dishes, such as the use of coconut milk in curries. It is compatible with vegetarian and vegan lifestyles. Plant milks are also used to make ice cream alternatives, plant cream, vegan cheese, and yogurt-analogues, such as soy yogurt.[8] The global plant milk market was estimated to reach US$62 billion by 2030.[5]

History

Before commercial production of 'milks' from legumes, beans and nuts, plant-based mixtures resembling milk have existed for centuries.[9] The Wabanaki and other Native American tribal nations in the northeastern United States made milk and infant formula from nuts.[10][11]

Horchata, a beverage originally made in North Africa from soaked, ground, and sweetened tiger nuts, spread to Iberia (now Spain) before the year 1000.[12][13] In English, the word "milk" has been used to refer to "milk-like plant juices" since 1200 CE.[14]

Recipes from the 13th-century Levant exist describing almond milk.[15] Soy was a plant milk used in China during the 14th century.[3][12] In Medieval England, almond milk was used in dishes such as ris alkere (a type of rice pudding)[16] and appears in the recipe collection, The Forme of Cury.[17] Coconut milk (and coconut cream) are traditional ingredients in many cuisines such as in South and Southeast Asia, and are often used in curries.[18]

Plant milks may be regarded as milk substitutes in Western countries, but have traditionally been consumed in other parts of the world, especially ones where there are higher rates of lactose intolerance (see especially lactose intolerance: epidemiology section).[2]

Types

Macadamia nut milk

Common plant milks are almond milk, coconut milk, rice milk, and soy milk. Other plant milks include hemp milk, oat milk, pea milk, and peanut milk.[2][19][20]

Barley milk

Plant milks can be made from:

A blend is a plant milk created by mixing two or more types together. Examples of blends are almond-coconut milk and almond-cashew milk.

Other traditional plant milk recipes include:

Manufacturing

Mean greenhouse gas emissions for one glass (200 g) of different milks[21]
Milk Types Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg CO2-Ceq per 200 g)
Cow's milk
0.62
Rice milk
0.23
Soy milk
0.21
Oat milk
0.19
Almond milk
0.16
Mean water footprint for one glass (200 g) of different milks[21]
Milk Types Water use (L per 200 g)
Cow's milk
131
Almond milk
74
Rice milk
56
Oat milk
9
Soy milk
2
Mean land use for one glass (200 g) of different milks[21]
Milk Types Land Use (m2 per 200 g)
Cow's milk
1.81
Oat milk
0.25
Soy milk
0.23
Almond milk
0.19
Rice milk
0.14

Although there are variations in the manufacturing of plant milks according to the starting plant material, as an example, the general technique for soy milk involves several steps, including:[2][3][22]

The actual content of the highlighted plant in commercial plant milks may be only around 2%.[3] Other ingredients commonly added to plant milks during manufacturing include guar gum, xanthan gum, or sunflower lecithin for texture and mouthfeel, select micronutrients (such as calcium, B vitamins, and vitamin D), salt, and natural or artificial ingredients—such as flavours characteristic of the featured plant—for aroma, color, and taste.[2][3][22][19] Plant milks are also used to make ice cream, plant cream, vegan cheese, and yogurt-analogues, such as soy yogurt.

The production of almond-based dairy substitutes has been criticized on environmental grounds as large amounts of water and pesticides are used.[6][23][24] The emissions, land, and water footprints of plant milks vary, due to differences in crop water needs, farming practices, region of production, production processes, and transportation.[21] Production of plant-based milks, particularly soy and oat milks, can offer environmental advantages over animal milks in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land and water use.[6]

Nutritional comparison with cow's milk

Many plant milks aim to contain the same proteins, vitamins and lipids as those produced by lactating mammals.[9] Generally, because plant milks are manufactured using processed extracts of the starting plant, plant milks are lower in nutrient density than dairy milk and are fortified during manufacturing to add precise levels of micronutrients, commonly calcium and Vitamins A and D.[3][19][20] Animal milks are also commonly fortified, and many countries have laws mandating fortification of milk products with certain nutrients, commonly vitamins A and D.[25]

Nutritional content of human, cow, soy, almond, and oat milks

Non-human milks are fortified

Nutrient value
per 250 mL cup
Human
milk
[26]
Cow milk
(whole)[27]
Soy milk
(unsweetened)[28]
Almond milk
(unsweetened)[29]
Oat milk
(unsweetened)[30]
Energy, kJ (kcal) 720 (172) 620 (149) 330 (80) 160 (39) 500 (120)
Protein (g) 2.5 7.69 6.95 1.55 3
Fat (g) 10.8 7.93 3.91 2.88 5
Saturated fat (g) 4.9 4.55 0.5 0.21 0.5
Carbohydrate (g) 17.0 11.71 4.23 1.52 16
Fiber (g) 0 0 1.2 0 2
Sugars (g) 17.0 12.32 1 0 7
Calcium (mg) 79 276 301[lower-alpha 1] 516[lower-alpha 1] 350[lower-alpha 1]
Potassium (mg) 125 322 292 176 389
Sodium (mg) 42 105 90 186 101
Vitamin B12 (mcg) 0.1 1.10 2.70 0 1.2
Vitamin A (IU) 522 395[lower-alpha 2] 503[lower-alpha 1] 372[lower-alpha 1] -
Vitamin D (IU) 9.8 124[lower-alpha 3] 119[lower-alpha 1] 110[lower-alpha 1] -
Cholesterol (mg) 34.4 24 0 0 0
  1. Commonly added to plant milks, which do not naturally contain significant levels of the nutrient.
  2. Vitamin A fortification is only required for skimmed milk in the US.
  3. Vitamin D fortification for milk is mandatory in the US.

Packaging and commerce

Shelves of Swedish oat drinks in original, organic, and coffee

Plant-based milks have emerged as an alternative to dairy in response to consumer dietary requests and changing attitudes about animals and the environment.[9][31] Huffington Post stated that due to health and environmental reasons as well as changing consumer trends, more individuals regularly buy non-dairy alternatives to milk.[32] Between 1974 and 2020, dairy milk consumption of people aged between 16 and 24 in the United Kingdom decreased from 94% to 73%.[33] In Australia, there is decreased confidence within the dairy industry, with only 53% being optimistic in the future profitability and demand for dairy products per a Dairy Australia report.[34]

To improve competition, plant milks are typically packaged in containers similar to those of dairy milks.[1][35][36] A scientific journal article argued that plant-milk companies send the message that plant milks are 'good and wholesome' and dairy milk is 'bad for the environment', and the article also reported that an increasing number of young people associate dairy with environmental damage.[37] There has been an increased concern that dairy production has adverse effects on biodiversity, water and land use.[37] These negative links between dairy and the environment have also been communicated through audiovisual material against dairy production, such as 'Cowspiracy' and 'What the Health'.[37] Animal welfare concerns have also contributed to the declining popularity of dairy milk in many Western countries.[37] Advertising for plant milks may also contrast the intensive farming effort to produce dairy milk with the relative ease of harvesting plant sources, such as oats, rice or soybeans.[3][38] In 2021, an advertisement for oat milk brand Oatly aired during the Super Bowl.[39]

Flax milk

In the United States, plant milk sales grew steadily by 61% over the period 2012 to 2018.[40] As of 2019, the plant-based milk industry in the US is worth $1.8 billion per year.[9] In 2018, the value of 'dairy alternatives' around the world was said to be $8 billion.[41] Among plant milks, almond (64% market share), soy (13% market share), and coconut (12% market share) were category leaders in the United States during 2018.[40] Oat milk sales increased by 250% in Canada during 2019,[42] and its growing consumption in the United States and United Kingdom led to production shortages from unprecedented consumer demand.[43][44] In 2020, one major coffee retailer Starbucks added oat milk, coconut milk, and almond milk beverages to its menus in the United States and Canada.[45] During 2020, oat milk sales in the United States increased to $213 million, becoming the second most consumed plant milk after almond milk ($1.5 billion in 2020 sales).[46]

A key dietary reason for the increase in popularity of plant-based milks is lactose intolerance. For example, the most common food causing intolerance in Australia is lactose and affects 4.5% of the population.[47] In the United States, around 40 million people are lactose intolerant.[48]

Labeling and terminology

One of the first reliable modern English dictionaries, Samuel Johnson's 1755 A Dictionary of the English Language, gave two definitions of the word "milk". The first described "the liquor with which animals feed their young from the breast", and the second an "emulsion made by contusion of seeds", using almond milk as an example.[49]

As plant milks resurged in popularity in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, their definition became a matter of controversy. Plant milks may be labeled to highlight their nutrient contents, or with terms reflecting their composition or absence of ingredients, such as "dairy-free", "gluten-free" or "GMO-free".[3] Manufacturers and distributors of animal milk have advocated that plant-based milk not be labelled as "milk". They complain that consumers may be confused between the two, and that plant-based milks are not necessarily as nutritious in terms of vitamins and minerals.[50]

Europe

In December 2013, European Union regulations stated that the terms "milk", "butter", "cheese", "cream" and "yoghurt" can only be used to market and advertise products derived from animal milk, with a small number of exceptions including coconut milk, peanut butter and ice cream.[51] In 2017, the Landgericht Trier (Trier regional court), Germany, asked the Court of Justice of the European Union, to clarify European food-labeling law (Case C-422/16),[52] with the court stating that plant-based products cannot be marketed as milk, cream, butter, cheese or yoghurt within the European Union because these are reserved for animal products; exceptions to this do not include tofu and soy. Although plant-based dairy alternatives are not allowed to be called "milk", "cheese" and the like, they are allowed to be described as buttery or creamy.[53] In the United Kingdom, strict standards are applied to food labeling for terms such as milk, cheese, cream, yogurt, which are protected to describe dairy products and may not be used to describe non-dairy produce.[54] However, there are exceptions for each of the EU languages, based on established use of livestock terms for non-livestock products. The list's extent varies widely; for example there is only one exception in Polish, and 20 exceptions in English.[55]

A proposal for further restrictions failed at second reading in the European Parliament, in May 2021. The proposal, called Amendment 171, would have outlawed labels including 'yogurt-style' and 'cheese alternative'.[56][57][58]

United States

In the United States, the dairy industry petitioned the FDA to ban the use of terms like "milk", "cheese", "cream" and "butter" on plant-based analogues (except for peanut butter).[59] FDA commissioner, Scott Gottlieb, stated on July 17, 2018 that the term "milk" is used imprecisely in the labeling of non-dairy beverages, such as soy milk, oat milk and almond milk: "An almond doesn't lactate", he said.[1] In 2019, the US National Milk Producers Federation petitioned the FDA to restrict labeling of plant-based milks, claiming they should be described as "imitation".[60] In response, the Plant-Based Foods Association stated the word "imitation" was disparaging, and there was no evidence that consumers were misled or confused about plant-based milks.[60] A 2018 survey by the International Food Information Council Foundation found that consumers in the United States do not typically confuse plant-based analogues with animal milk or dairy products.[59][61] As of 2021, though the USDA is investigating and various state legislatures are considering regulation, various courts have determined that reasonable consumers are not confused, and the FDA has enacted no regulations against plant-based milk labels.[50]

In 2021, the FDA issued a final rule that amends yogurt's standard of identity (which remains a product of "milk-derived ingredients"), and is expecting to issue industry guidance on "Labeling of Plant-based Milk Alternatives" in 2022.[62][63]

Proponents of plant-based milk assert that these labeling requirements are infantilizing to consumers[64] and burdensome and unfair on dairy-alternatives.[65] Critics of the FDA's labeling requirements also note that there is often collusion between government officials and the dairy industry in an attempt to maintain dairy dominance in the market.[66][67] For example, in 2017, Senator Tammy Baldwin (WI) introduced the "Defending Against Imitations and Replacements of Yogurt, Milk, and Cheese to Promote Regular Intake of Dairy Everyday (DAIRY PRIDE) Act" which would prevent almond milk, coconut milk, cashew milk from being labeled with terms like milk, yogurt, and cheese.[68] Proponents of plant-based dairy alternatives note that dairy sales are decreasing faster than plant sales are increasing and that therefore, attacking plant milks as being the chief reason for a decline in dairy consumption is inaccurate. A 2020 USDA study found that the "increase in sales over 2013 to 2017 of plant-based options is one-fifth the size of the decrease in Americans' purchases of cow's milk."[69]

Health recommendations

Health authorities recommend that plant milks should not be given to infants younger than 12 months unless commercially prepared infant formula is available such as soy infant formula.[70] A 2020 clinical review stated that only appropriate commercial infant formulas should be used as alternatives to human milk which contains a substantial source of calcium, vitamin D and protein in the first year of life and that plant milks "do not represent an equivalent source of such nutrients".[71]

The Healthy Drinks, Healthy Kids 2023 guidelines state that infants younger than 12 months should not drink plant milks.[72] They suggest that children between 12 and 24 months may consume fortified soy milk, but not other non-dairy milks such as almond, oat and rice, which are deficient in key nutrients.[72] A 2022 review suggested that the best option for toddlers (1–3 years old) who do not consume cow's milk would be to have at least 250 mL/day of fortified soy milk.[73]

For vegan infants younger than 12 months who are not breastfed, the New Zealand Ministry of Health recommends soy infant formula and advises against the use of plants milks.[74] A 2019 Consensus Statement from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Heart Association concluded that plant milks are not recommended for infants younger than 12 months and that for children aged 1–5 years plant milks may be useful for those with allergies or intolerances to cow's milk but should only be consumed after a consultation with a professional health care provider.[75]

See also

References

  1. Benjamin Kemper (15 August 2018). "Nut Milks Are Milk, Says Almost Every Culture Across the Globe". The Smithsonian. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  2. Sethi, Swati; Tyagi, S. K.; Anurag, Rahul K. (2 September 2016). "Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: a review". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 53 (9): 3408–3423. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2328-3. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 5069255. PMID 27777447.
  3. Oliver Franklin-Wallis (29 January 2019). "White gold: the unstoppable rise of alternative milks". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  4. Megan Poinski (30 September 2020). "Oat milk surges to second most popular in plant-based dairy". FoodDive. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  5. Michael Browne (17 August 2021). "Plant-based foods are here to stay — and grow". Supermarket News. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  6. Holmes, Bob (20 July 2022). "How sustainable are fake meats?". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-071922-1. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  7. "Dairy names for soya and tofu face new ban". 14 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  8. Southey, Flora (11 May 2021). "'Vegurt' innovation: New cultures developed for fermented plant bases". Food Navigator.
  9. Tangyu, Muzi; Muller, Jeroen; Bolten, Christoph J.; Wittmann, Christoph (December 2019). "Fermentation of plant-based milk alternatives for improved flavour and nutritional value". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 103 (23–24): 9263–9275. doi:10.1007/s00253-019-10175-9. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 6867983. PMID 31686143.
  10. Kamila, Avery Yale (8 November 2020). "Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  11. "Wabanaki Enjoying Nut Milk and Butter for Centuries". Atowi. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  12. Zaslovsky, Nancy (2015). "horchata". In Goldstein, Darra (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 9780199313396. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  13. Cho, Susan; Almeida, Nelson (29 May 2012). Dietary Fiber and Health. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439899373 via Google Books.
  14. "Milk: Origin and meaning of milk". Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  15. Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi (1226), The Book of Dishes (in Arabic), Baghdad
  16. McSparran, Frances. "Middle English Dictionary Entry". Middle English Dictionary. University of Michigan. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  17. Fraser, Andrew. "Cooking in the Middle Ages, recipe reconstruction". History Alive. Queensland Living History Federation. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  18. Charvatova, Veronika (23 April 2018). "A brief history of plant milks". Vegan Food & Living. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  19. Meagan Bridges (1 January 2018). "Moo-ove Over, Cow's Milk: The Rise of Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives" (PDF). Practical Gastroenterology, Nutrition Issues in Gastroenterology, Series #171; University of Virginia School of Medicine. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  20. Vanga, Sai Kranthi; Raghavan, Vijaya (2 November 2017). "How well do plant based alternatives fare nutritionally compared to cow's milk?". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 55 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2915-y. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 5756203. PMID 29358791.
  21. Clara Guibourg; Helen Briggs (22 February 2019). "Which vegan milks are best for the planet?". BBC News - Science and Environment. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  22. Zeki Berk (1992). Soymilk and related products; In: Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-103118-5. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  23. "UCSF Sustainability". sustainability.ucsf.edu. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  24. Naylor, Tony (5 September 2018). "Ditch the almond milk: why everything you know about sustainable eating is probably wrong". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  25. Dr. DK Sharma (September 2017). "Fortification of Milk and Milk Products" (PDF). National Dairy Development Board. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  26. "Milk, human, mature, fluid (FDC #171279)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  27. "Milk, whole, 3.25% milkfat, with added vitamin D (FDC #171265)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  28. "Soymilk (all flavors), unsweetened, with added calcium, vitamins A and D (FDC #175215)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  29. "Beverages, almond milk, unsweetened, shelf stable (FDC #174832)". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  30. "The Original Oat-Milk". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture.
  31. Clay, Nathan; Sexton, Alexandra E.; Garnett, Tara; Lorimer, Jamie (30 January 2020). "Palatable disruption: the politics of plant milk". Agriculture and Human Values. 37 (4): 945–962. doi:10.1007/s10460-020-10022-y. ISSN 0889-048X. PMC 7644520. PMID 33184529.
  32. Krietsch, Beth (7 January 2020). "The Best Milk Alternatives For Your Health (And The Environment)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  33. Clay, Nathan; Sexton, Alexandra E.; Garnett, Tara; Lorimer, Jamie (30 January 2020). "Palatable disruption: the politics of plant milk". Agriculture and Human Values. 37 (4): 945–962. doi:10.1007/s10460-020-10022-y. ISSN 0889-048X. PMC 7644520. PMID 33184529.
  34. "Pea Milk: The new vegan milk to hit Australia | Australian Food News". www.ausfoodnews.com.au. 21 October 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  35. Dayna Fields (31 January 2019). "Investors Thirst For Plant-Based Milks". Forbes. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  36. Charlotte Rogers (2 January 2019). "How marketing is fuelling the 'post-milk generation'". Marketing Week. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  37. Clay, Nathan; Sexton, Alexandra E.; Garnett, Tara; Lorimer, Jamie (30 January 2020). "Palatable disruption: the politics of plant milk". Agriculture and Human Values. 37 (4): 945–962. doi:10.1007/s10460-020-10022-y. ISSN 0889-048X. PMC 7644520. PMID 33184529.
  38. Tim Lewis (11 November 2018). "How we fell out of love with milk". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  39. Molina, Brett. "Oatly's Super Bowl ad was dubbed one of the worst, yet we're still talking about it". USA TODAY. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  40. "US non-dairy milk sales grow 61% over the last 5 years". Mintel. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  41. Pipkin, Whitney (19 January 2018). "A Peas Offering For The Dairy Aisle: Can This Milk Alternative Rival The Real Deal?". NPR.org. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  42. Alex Soloducha (7 November 2019). "From oat field to coffee shop: The latest non-dairy star is grown in Canada". CBC News. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  43. Zara Stone (3 June 2019). "How oat milk conquered America". Elemental. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  44. Bethan Staton (21 November 2018). "Non-dairy surge leads to oat milk shortage in UK". Sky News. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  45. Nivedita Balu (7 January 2020). "Starbucks launches oat milk drink as vegan movement grows". The Chronicle Herald. Saltwire Network. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  46. Elaine Watson (25 September 2020). "Oatmilk edges past soymilk for #2 slot in US plant-based milk retail market". Food-Navigator.com-USA, William Reed Business Media. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  47. "Forget Almond, Pea Milk Is What You'll Be Putting In Your Coffee Next". whimn. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  48. "Dailybreak". www.dailybreak.com. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  49. Johnson, Samuel (1755). "A Dictionary of the English Language".
  50. Ryan, Kathleen (18 January 2021). "Alternative Milk Labeling Leads to Legal Lashings". preparedfoods.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  51. "EU court bans dairy-style names for soya and tofu". BBC News. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  52. "Judgment in Case C-422/16 Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v TofuTown.com GmbH" (PDF). Court of Justice of the European Union. Luxembourg. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  53. Barry, Sinead (28 May 2021). "Cheesed off? Controversial bill withdrawn from EU". euronews. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  54. "Food standards: labelling and composition". Gov.UK. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  55. 2010/791/EU: Commission Decision of 20 December 2010 listing the products referred to in the second subparagraph of point III(1) of Annex XII to Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 (notified under document C(2010) 8434), 21 December 2010, retrieved 19 April 2022
  56. Fortuna, Gerardo (23 October 2020). "MEPs save 'veggie burger' from denomination ban". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  57. Barry, Sinead (28 May 2021). "Cheesed off? Controversial bill withdrawn from EU". euronews. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  58. foodnavigator.com. "Amendment 171 off the table: Europe allows for 'creamy' and 'buttery' plant-based dairy". foodnavigator.com. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  59. "What's in a Name?: The Use of Dairy Product Names in Labeling of Plant-Based Alternatives". Science Meets Food. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  60. Watson, Elaine (22 February 2019). "Plant-based 'milks' should be labeled as 'imitation,' 'alternative,' or 'substitute' products, says NMPF petition". FoodNavigator-USA.com, William Reed Business Media. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  61. "What's in a Name? Survey Explores Consumers' Comprehension of Milk and Non-Dairy Alternatives". FoodInsight.org. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  62. "Milk and Cream Products and Yogurt Products; Final Rule To Revoke the Standards for Lowfat Yogurt and Nonfat Yogurt and To Amend the Standard for Yogurt". Food and Drug Administration. 11 June 2021 via Federal Register.
  63. "Yogurt Rule May Aid Consumer Win on Fake Milk – If FDA Follows Through". National Milk Producers Federation. 12 July 2021.
  64. "The FDA Is Coming for Your Almond Milk". 19 May 2022.
  65. Philpott, Tom (4 June 2022). "The FDA May Nix the Word 'Milk' From Your Almond Milk Carton". Wired.
  66. "Do We Really Need the Federal Government To Tell Us What Milk Is?". 6 June 2022.
  67. "Senator Pushes a Ridiculous "Milk" Law That Treats Consumers Like Idiots". 18 January 2017.
  68. "Dairy Pride Act" (PDF). 2017.
  69. "Plant-Based Products Replacing Cow's Milk, But the Impact Is Small". 7 December 2020.
  70. Harrison, Meghan; Dewey, Kathryn. (2020). "Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months: Summarizing Existing Guidance". National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-67538-3
  71. Merritt RJ, Fleet SE, Fifi A, Jump C, Schwartz S, Sentongo T, Duro D, Rudolph J, Turner J (2020). "NASPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper: Plant-based Milks". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 71 (2): 276–281. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002799. PMID 32732790. S2CID 220887633.
  72. "Parents and Caregivers". Healthy Drinks, Healthy Kids. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  73. Escobar-Sáez D, Montero-Jiménez L, García-Herrera P, Sánchez-Mata MC. (2022). "Plant-based drinks for vegetarian or vegan toddlers: Nutritional evaluation of commercial products, and review of health benefits and potential concerns". Food Res Int. 160: 111646. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111646. PMID 36076378. S2CID 250416966.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. "Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Infants and Toddlers (Aged 0–2)". New Zealand Ministry of Health. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  75. "Healthy Beverage Consumption in Early Childhood: Recommendations from Key National Health and Nutrition Organizations". Healthy Eating Research. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.