Grantha script

The Grantha script (Tamil: கிரந்த எழுத்து, romanized: Grantha ezhuthu; Malayalam: ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി, romanized: granthalipi) was a classical South-Indian script, found particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Originating from the Pallava script, the Grantha script is related to Tamil and Vatteluttu scripts.[5] The modern Malayalam script of Kerala is a direct descendant of the Grantha script.[5] The Southeast Asian and Indonesian scripts such as Thai and Javanese respectively, as well as South Asian Tigalari and Sinhala scripts, are derived or closely related to Grantha through the early Pallava script.[6][7][8] The Pallava script or Pallava Grantha, emerged in the 4th century CE and was used until the 7th century CE, in India.[9][2] This early Grantha script was used to write Sanskrit texts, inscriptions on copper plates and stones of Hindu temples and monasteries.[10][5] It was also used for classical Manipravalam – a language that is a blend of Sanskrit and Tamil.[11] From it evolved Middle Grantha by the 7th century, and Transitional Grantha by about the 8th century, which remained in use until about the 14th century. Modern Grantha has been in use since the 14th century and into the modern era, to write classical texts in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages.[10][5] It is also used to chant hymns and in traditional Vedic schools.[12]

Grantha script
𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
7th-century inscription in Grantha script at the Mandagapattu Hindu temple
Script type
Time period
7th century CE - present[1][2] (excluding Pallava Grantha)
Directionleft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesTamil and Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Malayalam
Saurashtra
Tigalari[4]
Dhives Akuru
Sister systems
Tamil, Old Mon, Khmer, Cham, Kawi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Gran (343), ​Grantha
Unicode
Unicode alias
Grantha
U+11300–U+1137F
The theorised Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic

The Tamil purist movement of the colonial era sought to purge the Grantha script from use and use the Tamil script exclusively. According to Kailasapathy, this was a part of Tamil nationalism and amounted to regional ethnic chauvinism.[13]

History

In Sanskrit, grantha is literally 'a knot'.[14] It is a word that was used for books, and the script used to write them. This stems from the practice of binding inscribed palm leaves using a length of thread held by knots. Grantha was widely used to write Sanskrit in the Tamil-speaking parts of South Asia from about the 5th century CE into modern times.[10][5]

A Chera era Grantha inscription.

The Grantha script was also historically used for writing Manipravalam, a blend of Tamil and Sanskrit which was used in the exegesis of Manipravalam texts. This evolved into a fairly complex writing system which required that Tamil words be written in the Tamil script and Sanskrit words be written in the Grantha script. By the 15th century, this had evolved to the point that both scripts would be used within the same word – if the root was derived from Sanskrit it would be written in the Grantha script, but any Tamil suffixes which were added to it would be written using the Tamil script. This system of writing went out of use when Manipravalam declined in popularity, but it was customary to use the same convention in printed editions of texts originally written in Manipravalam until the middle of the 20th century.

In modern times, the Tamil-Grantha script is used in religious contexts by Tamil-speaking Hindus. For example, they use the script to write a child's name for the first time during the naming ceremony, for the Sanskrit portion of traditional wedding cards, and for announcements of a person's last rites. It is also used in many religious almanacs to print traditional formulaic summaries of the coming year.

8th century Velvikudi grant inscription in the Grantha script (Sanskrit language).

Types of Grantha
Pratyāhāra Sūtras in Grantha Script

Grantha script may be classified as follows:

Pallava Grantha
Main article: Pallava script

An archaic and ornamental variety of Grantha is sometimes referred to as Pallava Grantha. It was used by the Pallava in some inscriptions from the 4th century CE[9] to the 7th century CE, in India.[2] Examples are the Mamallapuram Tiruchirapalli Rock Cut Cave Inscriptions and Kailasantha Inscription.

Middle Grantha

Middle Granta first appeared in the Kuram copper plates, dating from around 675 CE, and was used until the end of the 8th century CE.[1][2]

Transitional Grantha

Transitional Grantha is traceable from the 8th or 9th century CE, until around the 14th century CE.[1][2] The Tulu-Malayalam script is derivative of Transitional Grantha dating to the 8th or 9th century CE, which later split into two distinct scripts – Tigalari and Malayalam.[1][2]

Modern Grantha

Grantha in the present form dates from the 14th century CE. The oldest modern manuscript has been dated to the end of the 16th century CE. Two varieties are found in modern era Grantha texts: the 'Brahmanic' or square form used by Hindus, and the 'Jain' or round form used by Jains.[1][2]

Modern Grantha typeface

The Grantha script has evolved over time. The modern Grantha is illustrated below and shares similarities with the Modern Tamil Script.[15]

The word 'Grantha' in modern Grantha typeface

Vowels

Consonants

As with other Abugida scripts Grantha consonant signs have the inherent vowel /a/. Its absence is marked with Virāma:

Each letter below includes the inherent vowel:

For other vowels diacritics are used:

Sometimes ligatures of consonants with vowel diacritics may be found, e.g.:

There are also a few special consonant forms with Virāma:

Consonant clusters

Grantha has two ways of representing consonant clusters. Sometimes, consonants in a cluster may form ligatures.

Ligatures are normally preferred whenever they exist. If no ligatures exist, "stacked" forms of consonants are written, just as in Kannada and Telugu, with the lowest member of the stack being the only "live" consonant and the other members all being vowel-less. Note that ligatures may be used as members of stacks also.

Special forms:

⟨ya⟩ when final in a cluster, and ⟨ra⟩ when non-initial become and respectively. These are often called "ya-phalaa" and "ra-vattu" in other Indic scripts.

⟨ra⟩ as initial component of a cluster becomes (called Reph as in other Indic scripts) and is shifted to the end of the cluster but placed before any "ya-phalaa".

Numerals

Below is an image of a palm leaf manuscript with Sanskrit written in Grantha script:

A manuscript page
A Vedic text's palm leaf manuscript (Samaveda) in Grantha script

Text samples

Kālidāsa's Kumārasambhavam:

Transliterated into Latin (ISO 15919),

astyuttarasyāṁ diśi devatātmā himālayo nāma nagādhirājaḥ.
pūrvāparau toyanidhī vigāhya sthitaḥ pr̥thivyā iva mānadaṇḍaḥ.

Transliterated into Devanāgarī script,

अस्त्युत्तरस्यां दिशि देवतात्मा हिमालयो नाम नगाधिराजः।
पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी विगाह्य स्थितः पृथिव्या इव मानदण्डः॥

Comparison with other South Indian scripts

Vowel signs

Grantha script vowel comparison with Malayalam, Tamil, Sinhala]:

Note: As in Devanāgarī ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ in Grantha stand for [eː] and [oː]. Originally also Malayāḷam and Tamiḻ scripts did not distinguish long and short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩, though both languages have the phonemes /e/ /eː/ and /o/ /oː/. The addition of extra signs for /eː/ and /oː/ is attributed to the Italian missionary Constanzo Beschi (1680–1774), who is also known as Vīramāmunivar.

Consonant signs

The letters ழ ற ன and the corresponding sounds occur only in Dravidian languages.

Another table that compares the consonants ka , kha, ga , gha, ṅa with other Southern Indic scripts such as Grantha, Tigalari, Malayalam, Kannada and Sinhala.

Unicode
Main article: Grantha (Unicode block)

Grantha script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. The Unicode block for Grantha is U+11300–U+1137F:

Grantha[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+1130x 𑌀 𑌁 𑌂 𑌃 𑌅 𑌆 𑌇 𑌈 𑌉 𑌊 𑌋 𑌌 𑌏
U+1131x 𑌐 𑌓 𑌔 𑌕 𑌖 𑌗 𑌘 𑌙 𑌚 𑌛 𑌜 𑌝 𑌞 𑌟
U+1132x 𑌠 𑌡 𑌢 𑌣 𑌤 𑌥 𑌦 𑌧 𑌨 𑌪 𑌫 𑌬 𑌭 𑌮 𑌯
U+1133x 𑌰 𑌲 𑌳 𑌵 𑌶 𑌷 𑌸 𑌹 𑌻 𑌼 𑌽 𑌾 𑌿
U+1134x 𑍀 𑍁 𑍂 𑍃 𑍄 𑍇 𑍈 𑍋 𑍌 𑍍
U+1135x 𑍐 𑍗 𑍝 𑍞 𑍟
U+1136x 𑍠 𑍡 𑍢 𑍣 𑍦 𑍧 𑍨 𑍩 𑍪 𑍫 𑍬
U+1137x 𑍰 𑍱 𑍲 𑍳 𑍴
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Unification with Tamil

Some proposed to reunify Grantha and Tamil;[16][17] however, the proposal triggered discontent by some.[18][19] Considering the sensitivity involved, it was determined that the two scripts should not be unified, except for the numerals.[20]

Notes
  1. "Grantha alphabet (writing system) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  2. Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 411.
  3. Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.28
  4. Grantha, Omniglot (2014)
  5. Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
  6. J. G. de Casparis (1975). Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500. BRILL Academic. pp. 12–17. ISBN 90-04-04172-9.
  7. Patricia Herbert; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 127–129. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
  8. Pierre-Yves Manguin; A. Mani; Geoff Wade (2011). Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 283–285, 306–309. ISBN 978-981-4311-16-8.
  9. Grifiths, Arlo (2014). "Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1998). Grantha alphabet (Alternative title: Grantha script). Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  11. Giovanni Ciotti; Hang Lin (2016). Tracing Manuscripts in Time and Space through Paratexts. Walter De Gruyter. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-3-11-047901-0.
  12. Singh, Upinder (1 January 2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131711200.
  13. K. Kailasapathy (1979), The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-evaluation, Social Scientist, Vol. 7, No. 10, pp. 23-27
  14. MACDONNELL, ARTHUR. A HISTORY OF SANSKRIT LITERATURE. 1. LONDON: MOTILAL BANARASIDASS, 1900. 15. Print.
  15. Grantha Alphabet, Omniglot (2017), The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages
  16. Sharma, Shriramana. (2010a). Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil.
  17. Sharma, Shriramana. (2010b). Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R.
  18. Eraiyarasan, B. (2011). Dr. B.Eraiyarasan’s comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals.
  19. Nalankilli, Thanjai. (2018). Attempts to "Pollute" Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters. Tamil Tribune. Retrieved 13 May 2019 from https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html
  20. Government of India. (2010). Unicode Standard for Grantha Script.

See also

References
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