Great Northern route

The network consists of all local and semi-fast services on these lines:

• East Coast Main Line south of Peterborough
• Northern City Line
• Hertford Loop Line
• Cambridge Line

Additionally, the main service on the Fen Line is provided as part of the route. All services are provided by EMUs.

At privatisation the services became part of West Anglia Great Northern, becoming their sole route in 2004 when the West Anglia services were transferred to 'one'. In April 2006 the services became the responsibility of First Capital Connect. In September 2014, the Department for Transport transferred the new Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise to Govia Thameslink Railway.[3] In 2018, with the completion of the Thameslink Programme, many services on the route became part of the Thameslink network, running through central London to destinations south of the River Thames.

The term Great Northern is related to the Great Northern Railway, the original builders of the line.

The July 1922 Bradshaw's Railway Guide stated a typical rail service on the Cambridge Line as follows:[4]

• London King's Cross to Cambridge - Six stopping and two (three on Saturday) semi-fast services from Monday to Saturday, one northbound and two southbound stopping services on Sunday. The fastest service took about 1 hour 30 minutes.
• London King's Cross to Royston - Two (three on Wednesday) additional services from Monday to Saturday, one additional service on Sunday.
• London King's Cross to Baldock - Seven additional services from Monday to Saturday.
• London King's Cross to Letchworth - Three additional services from Monday to Saturday. The last service on Wednesday ran past midnight into Thursday morning.

Since the 1960s, Great Northern has been used to describe the suburban part of the East Coast Main Line, south of Peterborough and south of Royston. The Great Northern Railway had proposed electrification of part of the line in 1903, but it was not until 1971 that a scheme to electrify the line from London King's Cross and Moorgate was authorised.[5]

The Inner Suburban Lines to Welwyn Garden City and Hertford North were electrified in 1976 with Class 313 EMUs. In 1978 the electrification was complete to Royston with Class 312 EMUs providing the service. The route was then promoted as the Great Northern Electrics.[5] The route between Hertford and Langley Junction, south of Stevenage, was also electrified but not regularly used by electric trains until 1979, when one Moorgate - Hertford service per hour was extended to Letchworth Garden City; prior to this DMUs provided an infrequent service over this route, running between Hertford and Huntingdon / Peterborough. From 1979 until 1987 DMUs provided the service between Hitchin and Huntingdon/Peterborough. DMUs also provided a shuttle service between Royston and Cambridge between 1978 and 1988, connecting with the electric trains and replacing the former through Cambridge buffet expresses between Kings Cross and the university city.

In 1982 Watton-at-Stone station was reopened between Hertford and Stevenage. A new station also opened at Welham Green in 1986.

With the further electrification of the East Coast Main Line between 1986 and 1988, electric services could be extended to Peterborough and the outer suburban service was changed from Class 312 to Class 317, some of which were cascaded from the newly created Thameslink route, with the remainder newly built.

In 1984[6] it was decided to electrify the line between Royston and Shepreth Branch Junction, a junction on the West Anglia Main Line north of Shelford, allowing the reinstatement of through services to Cambridge from London King's Cross via the East Coast Main Line, which was faster than the conventional route from Liverpool Street via the West Anglia Main Line. This electrification was completed in 1988. Later the track between these points was also upgraded with welded joint track instead of the jointed track that had existed, and the maximum line speed was raised to 90 mph.

Rapid growth on the route, especially on the Cambridge Line resulted in consultation on a new service pattern,[7] which was then implemented at the timetable change in Spring 2009. During the peak hours, the route is now saturated and can support no further service improvements.

The Great Northern off-peak service pattern, as of May 2023, with frequencies in trains per hour (tph), consists of the following:[14][15]

In addition, Great Northern also runs 3 peak hour extras in each direction between Peterborough and King's Cross every day.

As of 2021, the Great Northern fleet consists of Class 387s and Class 717s, the former operating services from London King's Cross and the latter from Moorgate. Class 700s also operate on the route on Thameslink services.

Prior to the introduction of Class 387s and Class 717s in 2016 and 2019 respectively, Class 313s, Class 317s, Class 321s, and Class 365s were used. Of these, Class 365s lasted until 15 May 2021,[16] at which point they were replaced by Gatwick Express Class 387/2 units which were being used by Southern while the service was suspended.

Current fleet

Family	Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Carriages	Routes operated	Built
				mph	km/h
Bombardier Electrostar	387		EMU	110	177	39	4[17]	Great Northern express services between London King's Cross & Ely / King's Lynn / Peterborough	2014–2017
Siemens Desiro	717 Desiro City[18]			85	137	25	6	Northern City Line services between Moorgate & Welwyn Garden City / Stevenage via Hertford North	2018

Past fleet

Trains formerly used on the Great Northern Route include, but are not limited to, the following:

Family	Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Cars	Number	Routes operated	Built	Withdrawn	Notes
				mph	km/h
BREL 1972	313		EMU	75	120	3	44	Northern City Line: Services between London Moorgate and Welwyn Garden City / Hertford North / Watton-at-Stone	1976–1977	2019	Replaced by Class 717
BR Second Generation (Mark 3)	317			100	160	4	12	Semi-Fast and Express services between London King's Cross and Peterborough / Cambridge	1981–1982	2017	Replaced by Class 387
	321			100	160	4	13	Semi-Fast and Express services between London King's Cross and Peterborough / Cambridge	1989–1990	2016	Replaced by Class 387
Networker	365 Networker Express			100	160	4	40	Semi-fast services between London King's Cross and Ely / Peterborough	1994–1995	2021	Replaced by Class 387
Bombardier Electrostar	387/2			110	177	4	8	Semi-fast services between London King's Cross & Ely / Peterborough	2016–2017	2022	Replaced by Class 387/3

• Perren, Brian (30 November – 13 December 1989). "Great Northern reliability". RAIL. No. 110. EMAP National Publications. pp. 24–27. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699.

• Official website