Historiography of the Philippines

The historiography of the Philippines includes historical and archival research and writing on the history of the Philippine archipelago including the islands of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.[1][2]

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Prehistoric period (pre-900)

Events/Artifacts
Precolonial period (900–1565)
Historically documented states/polities

(north to south)

Events/Artifacts
Spanish colonial period (1565–1898)
Events

Artifacts
American colonial period (1898–1946)
Post-independence (1946–1965)
Marcos era (1965–1986)
Contemporary period (1986–present)
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Before the arrival of Spanish colonial powers the Philippines did not actually exist. Southeast Asia is classified as part of the Indosphere[3][4] and the Sinosphere.[5][6] The archipelago has direct contact with China during Song dynasty (960-1279)[7] and has been a part of the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires.[8]

Overview

Historiography of the Philippines refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to study the history of the Philippines. The Philippine archipelago has been part of many empires before the Spanish empire has arrived in the 16th century.

The pre-colonial Philippines uses the Abugida writing system that has been widely used in writing and seals on documents though it was for communication and no recorded writings of early literature or history [9] Ancient Filipinos usually write documents on bamboo, bark, and leaves which did not survive unlike inscriptions on clays, metals, and ivories did like the Laguna Copperplate Inscription and Butuan Ivory Seal. The discovery of the Butuan Ivory Seal also proves the use of paper documents in ancient Philippines.

The arrival of the Spanish colonizers, pre-colonial Filipino manuscripts and documents were gathered and burned to eliminate pagan beliefs. This has been the burden of historians in the accumulation of data and the development of theories that gave historians many aspects of Philippine history that were left unexplained.<ref=SebastianUndated / /> The interplay of pre-colonial events, the use of secondary sources written by historians to evaluate the primary sources, do not provide a critical examination of the methodology of the early Philippine historical study.[10]

Organizations

Scholarly organizations and societies have been formed which usually hold conferences, publish journals and promote historical knowledge and studies.

Government agency
Main article: National Historical Commission of the Philippines

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is a government agency of the Philippines whose mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works and aims to inculcate awareness and appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and other illustrious Filipinos, to instill pride in the Filipino people and to rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history.

Professional association
Main article: Philippine Historical Association

The Philippine Historical Association is the largest professional association of historians in the Philippines founded in 1955 by a group of prominent Filipino historians which includes Encarnacion Alzona, Gabriel Fabella, Gregorio Zaide, Nicolas Zafra, Celedonio Resurreccion, Teodoro Agoncillo and Esteban de Ocampo.

Non-governmental organization

The Philippine Association for the Study of Culture, History and Religion is a Non-governmental organization founded in 2013. This group initiates, facilitates, and organizes conferences and other academic events. They disseminate information on scholarship and research opportunities and publication of journals, books, and newsletters in the national and international communities to increase awareness about Philippine culture, history, and religion.

Pre colonial period
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
Butuan Ivory Seal
Monreal stone
Pre-colonial Filipino noble couple

Indian culture has long reached the archipelago during the period of Pallava dynasty and the Gupta Empire that led to the Indianized kingdoms established in the Philippines.[11][12] A clear evidence is the use of pre-colonial Philippines use of honorific titles. No other significant historical documents from this period except for Laguna Copperplate Inscription, a legal document inscribed on a copper plate dated 900 CE which is the earliest known calendar dated document found in the Philippines.[13][14]

Ma-i, an ancient sovereign state located in what is now the Philippines is notable in the history of the Philippines for being the first place in the archipelago ever to be mentioned in any foreign account which was first documented in 971 AD, in the Song dynasty documents known as the History of Song.[15][16][17] Its existence was also mentioned in the 10th-century records of the Sultanate of Brunei.[18]

Until the year 1000 CE, maritime societies exists in the archipelago but there was no significant political state unifying the entire Philippines.[19] The region included only numerous small administrative divisions (ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus, rajahs, sultans or lakans.[20]

Colonial period
Main article: Historiography of early Philippine settlements § Early Chroniclers

The first recorded document that mentions the archipelago was Antonio Pigafetta's chronicle Report of the first trip around the world on his narrative record of the journey of a Spanish expedition in search of the Spice Islands published sometimes between 1524-1525.[21]

Another notable document was Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas published in 1609 based on the author's personal experience and documentations from eye-witnesses of the survivors of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition.

Documents published are chronicles by the early Spanish explorers and navigators and religious records of Spanish friars of their Catholic mission during the Spanish colonial period.[22]

Early chroniclers
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
Boxer Codex Illustrations of tattooed Cebuanos

Colonial Era Historians

Post colonial period

The historiography of the post-colonial period focused on the Philippine revolutions and the Philippine–American War as historians saw the colonial era as a prelude. The critical role played by the Filipinos in shaping the Philippine national history in this period is well highlighted and analyzed based on the accounts on the revolution and the Philippine–American War as it describes the social, economic, political, and cultural conditions of the Philippines.[23]

Historian Reynaldo C. Ileto in his seminal work on Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, the historiography of the Philippine Revolution was explored in a new meaning. Historian Vicente L. Rafael introduced poststructuralist theories in the analysis of the colonial society on his Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule.[24]

Main article: Historiography of early Philippine settlements § Key figures in the Historiography of early Philippine settlements

Writers and Historians from the Nationalist History tradition

Historians from the Critical Historiography tradition

Writers from the Folkloristics tradition

Historians and Writers from the Postmodern, Local/Ethnic History, and Religious History traditions

References
  1. Foronda, Marcelino A. (1972). Some Notes on Philippine Historiography. United Publishing Company. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  2. Sebastian, Raul Roland R. "Philippine Historiography: Issues and Trends" (PDF). Polytechnic University of the Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2019.
  3. Sagar, Krishna Chandra (2002). An Era of Peace. Northern Book Centre. pp. 39–51. ISBN 9788172111212. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  4. Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Australian National University Press. ISBN 9780824800710. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  5. Lynn, Pan (1994). Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora. Kodansha International. p. 418. ISBN 9781568360324. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  6. Fogel, Joshua A. (2009). Articulating the Sinosphere: Sino-Japanese Relations in Space and Time. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674053823. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  7. Wickberg, Edgar (2000). The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 9789715503525. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. Francisco, Juan R. (1964). Indian Influences in the Philippines: With Special Reference to Language and Literature. University of the Philippines. p. 310. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  9. Rodríguez, Rebeca Ferndández (9 July 2013). "Early writing and printing in the Philippines". History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  10. Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 9789715501354. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  11. Philippine Journal of Linguistics – 23 – p. 67
  12. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History by Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson p.186
  13. Postma, Antoon (April–June 1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203. JSTOR 42633308.
  14. Tiongson, Jaime F. (August 8, 2010). "Laguna Copperplate Inscription: A New Interpretation Using Early Tagalog Dictionaries". Bayang Pinagpala. Retrieved on 2011-11-18. Archived September 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  15. Valdes, Cynthia O.; Long, Kerry Nguyen; Barbosa, Artemio C. (1992). A Thousand Years of Stoneware Jars in the Philippines. Jar Collectors (Philippines) with the support of Eugenio Lopez Foundation Incorporated and. p. 71. ISBN 9789719132905. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  16. Go 2005.
  17. Scott 1989.
  18. Scott 1989, p. 79.
  19. de San Agustin, G.; Díaz, C.; Bardón, T.L. (1975). Conquistas de las islas Filipinas: la temporal, por las armas del señor don Phelipe Segundo el Prudente; y la espiritval, por los religiosos del orden de nuestro padre San Augustin: fvndacion, y progressos de sv provincia del santissimo nombre de Jesus ... (in Spanish). L.N. de Gaviria. pp. 374–376.
  20. http://ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/asp/article/view/5493/4927 Victor Estella, The Death of Gold in Early Visayan Societies: Ethnohistoric Accounts and Archaeological Evidences.
  21. PIGAFETTA, ANTONIO (1524). Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo  – via Wikisource.
  22. Blair, E. H. "The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803: explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century, Volume III, 1569–1576". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  23. Gealogo, Francis A. (2003). "Katagalugan Historiography: Historical Sources, Current Trends, and Future Prospects". The Journal of History. 49 (1–4): 1. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  24. Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo; Nagano, Yoshiko (7 June 2007). "Philippine Historiography and Colonial Discourse: Eight Selected Essays on Postcolonial Studies in the Philippines (An Introduction to the Japanese Translation) by Yoshiko Nagano (translated into English by Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes)". Retrieved 2 October 2019.

Works cited
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