Ingrian dialects
Ingrian dialects (Finnish: Inkerin suomalaismurteet) are the Finnish dialects spoken by Ingrian Finns around Ingria in Russia. Today, the Ingrian dialects are still spoken in Russia, Finland and Sweden.[1] In 2010 there were only 20 300 Ingrian Finns left in Russia.[2] The Ingrian dialects are gradually dying out, as primarily elderly people speak them anymore,[3] and unlike Standard Finnish, the dialects are not taught in schools.[4]
| Ingrian Finnish | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Ingria |
| Ethnicity | Ingrian Finns |
Native speakers | ? (A few older people) |
Uralic
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 | |
History
After Sweden annexed Ingria in 1617, many people moved to Ingria from Finland, at the time part of Sweden. After Russia annexed it again around 1700, many Russians moved in. However the Finnish language stayed because of the Lutheran church; the difference of religion made mixed marriages rare.
In 1900 the situation changed a lot. At first, minority languages were supported; however, around 1930 Finnish was banned and the Ingrian Finns were deported (Deportation of the Ingrian Finns, Genocide of the Ingrian Finns). Because of this, language communities broke and Russian influence became larger.[5]
Grammar
The dialects' personal pronouns differ significantly from the standard language. Follows a comparison with the Karelian language and Standard Finnish:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | mie | myö |
| Second Person | sie | työ |
| Third Person | hiä | hyö |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | mie | myö |
| Second Person | sie | työ |
| Third Person | hiän | hyö |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First Person | minä | me |
| Second Person | sinä | te |
| Third Person | hän | he |
Phonology
The phonology of Ingrian Finnish is very much alike that of the neighbouring Ingrian and Votic languages.
One process present in the dialects is the deletion of final front vowels and their replacement by palatisation, much like in Ala-Laukaa Ingrian and Votic:[4]
- äitj ([æi̯tʲ], "mother") for Standard Finnish äiti ([ˈæi̯ti])
- vesj ([ʋes̠ʲ], "water") for Standard Finnish vesi ([ˈʋes̠i])
- mäkj ([mækʲ], "hill") for Standard Finnish mäki ([ˈmæki])
- kylj ([kylʲ], "village") for Standard Finnish kylä ([ˈkylæ])
Another is the diphthongation of historically long vowels in initial syllables, much like in the Karelian language:[4]
- piä ([piæ̯], "head") for Standard Finnish pää ([pæː])
- kualj ([kuɑ̯lʲ], "cabbage") for Standard Finnish kaali ([ˈkɑːli])
Like in the Ingrian language, Standard Finnish morphological -d- is often replaced by -v-, -vv- and -ij-:[4]
- sovan ([ˈs̠oʋɑn], "war", gen) for Standard Finnish sodan ([ˈs̠od̪ɑn]
- pöyvvän ([ˈpøy̯ʋːæn], "table", gen) for Standard Finnish pöydän ([pøy̯d̪æn])
Finally, a shift of the diphthongs [ie̯], [uo̯] and [yø̯] to [iɑ̯] ([iæ̯] in front-vocalic stems), [uɑ̯] and [yæ̯] respectively is present:[6]
- piänj ([piæ̯nʲ], "small") for the Standard Finnish pieni ([pie̯ni]).
Vocabulary
Historically, multiple Swedish loanwords have appeared in Ingrian Finnish. Furthermore, the dialects have borrowed extensively from the neighbouring Finnic languages. In more recent years, it has also borrowed extensively from the Russian language:[4]
- latjjat ([ˈlɑtʲjɑt̪], "dress") from Russian платье (plat'je)
- liäppä ([ˈliæ̯pːæ], "hat") from Russian шляпа (šljapa)
Example
Follows a sample text in Ingrian Finnish:[6]
| Ingrian Finnish | IPA | UPA | Standard Finnish | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oli yks mies elläi Mäni metsää hulkkumaa Ja öksy Ja siis jäi yöks makkaamaa Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi makkaamaa. |
[ˈoli ˈʔyks ˈmie̯s̠ ˈelːæi̯] [ˈmæni ˈmet͡s̠æː ˈhulkːuˌmɑː] [jɑ ˈʔøks̠y] [jɑ ˈs̠iːs̠ ˈjæi̯ ˈyø̯ks̠ ˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː] [ˈteki ˈpuːn ˈɑlːɒ ˈtulen] [jɑ ˈkæʋi ˈmɑkːɑːˌmɑː] |
oli üks mies elläi mäni metsä̀ hulkkumà ja öksü ja siis jäi üöks makkàmà teki pūn allɒ tulen ja kävi makkàmà |
Oli (yksi) mies eli Meni metsään hölskymään Ja eksyi Ja siinä jäi yöksi nukkumaan Teki puun alla tulen Ja kävi nukkumaan. |
There lived a man He drifted into the forest And got lost And there he stayed to sleep for the night He made a fire under a tree And went to sleep. |
References
- "KIRJAT | Inkeriläisten hajaantumisen aika Inkerin suomi elää yhä Venäjällä, Suomessa, Ruotsissa ja Kanadassa". Helsingin Sanomat. July 29, 1996.
- "Inkerinsuomalaiset: 40%n vajaus kahdeksassa vuodessa" [Ingrian Finns: A decline of 40% in the twentieth century] (PDF). Inkeri (in Finnish). 3 (78). 2012.
- "Pietarin alkuperäiskansan kulttuuri vaarassa kuolla vanhan sukupolven mukana". Yle Uutiset. April 10, 2015.
- Olga Konkova; Vladimir Kokko (2009). Ингерманландские Финны: Очерки истории и культуры [The Ingrian Finns: Sketches of a history and culture] (PDF) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. ISBN 978-5-88431-143-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "Miten suomea puhutaan Inkerinmaalla? – Kielenkäytön muutoksia jäljittämässä". Kieliverkosto. May 10, 2013.
- Pertti Virtaranta (1955). "Näytteitä Inkerin murteista 2" [Some samples of the Ingrian dialect]. Virittäjä (in Finnish). 59 (1): 41. ISSN 2242-8828.