Joshua 2

Joshua 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Joshua in the Hebrew Bible or in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1] According to Jewish tradition, the book was attributed to the Joshua, with additions by the high priests Eleazar and Phinehas,[2][3] but modern scholars view it as part of the Deuteronomistic History, which spans the books of Deuteronomy to 2 Kings, attributed to nationalistic and devotedly Yahwistic writers during the time of the reformer Judean king Josiah in 7th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter focuses on the spies sent by Joshua to Jericho and their encounter with Rahab,[5] a part of a section comprising Joshua 1:1–5:12 about the entry to the land of Canaan.[6]

Joshua 2
The pages containing the Book of Joshua in Leningrad Codex (1008 CE).
BookBook of Joshua
Hebrew Bible partNevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategoryFormer Prophets
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part6

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including XJoshua (XJosh, X1; 50 BCE) with extant verses 4–5.[8][9][10] and 4Q48 (4QJoshb; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 11–12.[8][9][11][12]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[13][lower-alpha 1] Fragments of the Septuagint Greek text containing this chapter is found in manuscripts such as Washington Manuscript I (5th century CE), and a reduced version of the Septuagint text is found in the illustrated Joshua Roll.[15][16]

New Testament references

Analysis

The narrative of Israelites entering the land of Canaan comprises verses 1:1 to 5:12 of the Book of Joshua and has the following outline:[18]

A. Preparations for Entering the Land (1:1–18)
1. Directives to Joshua (1:1–9)
2. Directives to the Leaders (1:10–11)
3. Discussions with the Eastern Tribes (1:12–18)
B. Rahab and the Spies in Jericho (2:1–24)
1. Directives to the Spies (2:1a)
2. Deceiving the King of Jericho (2:1b–7)
3. The Oath with Rahab (2:8–21)
4. The Report to Joshua (2:22–24)
C. Crossing the Jordan (3:1–4:24)
1. Initial Preparations for Crossing (3:1–6)
2. Directives for Crossing (3:7–13)
3. A Miraculous Crossing: Part 1 (3:14–17)
4. Twelve-Stone Memorial: Part 1 (4:1–10a)
5. A Miraculous Crossing: Part 2 (4:10b–18)
6. Twelve-Stone Memorial: Part 2 (4:19–24)
D. Circumcision and Passover (5:1–12)
1. Canaanite Fear (5:1)
2. Circumcision (5:2–9)
3. Passover (5:10–12)

Rahab welcomes the spies (2:1–7)
Rahab Receiveth and Concealeth the Spies by Frederick Richard Pickersgill (1881)

The narrative in this chapter seems to be an interruption, but actually provides a background material for the stories of the crossing of the Jordan River and the Battle of Jericho.[19] The sending out of spies follows Moses's example (Numbers 13, Deuteronomy 1:21–23; cf. Joshua 7:2–3),[19] but unlike the earlier mission, which had resulted in failure to take the promised land because of fear (Numbers 13–14), this time the spies encouraged the people to march forward (verse 24; contrast Numbers 13:31–33).[20] Rahab becomes the center of the narrative, being the only named person in the whole story,[19] and practically in control of the whole actions in the narrative: she provides the spies information, protection and advice for their safety, whereas the spies, the king of Jericho and his officers were as passive objects.[21]

Verse 1
And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim two men to spy secretly, saying, Go view the land, even Jericho. And they went, and came into an harlot's house, named Rahab, and lodged there.[22]
  • "Shittim": identified as modern "Tell el-Ḥammām", on the eastern bank of Jordan river, opposite Jericho.[23] Here it is written in the same short form as in Numbers 25:1, not in the longer form as in Numbers 33:49.[24]

The promise to Rahab (2:8–24)
"Rahab lets the spies escape", 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld

Rahab's confessions of faith (verses 8–11) encouraged the spies of God's promise (cf. Exodus 23:27; Numbers 22:3), as she reminds them of the victories in Transjordan as evidence that they will succeed in Canaan (Deuteronomy 3:21-2), and therefore she demands the life of herself and her family to be 'dealt kindly' (Hebrew: hesed; verse 12) with the expected loyalty in a covenant relationship (cf. 1 Samuel 20:8).[20] The spies agrees, swearing on their own lives to guarantee those of Rahab and family (verse 14,19), provided she does not 'tell this business of ours' (verses 14, 20), in spite of the Holy War concept which demands the killing of every people in Jericho (Deuteronomy 2:32–37; 7:1–5; 20:16–18).[20]

Verse 14
And the men said to her, “Our life for yours even to death! If you do not tell this business of ours, then when the LORD gives us the land we will deal kindly and faithfully with you.”[25]
  • "Business of ours" refers mainly to the activities of the spies, not the imminent conquest, as the latter is a common knowledge among all Canaanites (verses 9–11).[26]

See also

Notes
  1. The whole book of Joshua is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[14]

References
  1. Halley 1965, pp. 157–158.
  2. Talmud, Baba Bathra 14b-15a)
  3. Gilad, Elon. Who Really Wrote the Biblical Books of Kings and the Prophets? Haaretz, June 25, 2015. Summary: The paean to King Josiah and exalted descriptions of the ancient Israelite empires beg the thought that he and his scribes lie behind the Deuteronomistic History.
  4. Coogan 2007, p. 314 Hebrew Bible.
  5. Coogan 2007, p. 316 Hebrew Bible.
  6. McConville 2007, p. 158.
  7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
  8. Ulrich 2010, p. 247.
  9. Dead sea scrolls - Joshua
  10. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 162.
  11. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
  12. 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  13. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  14.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  15. "Discrepancies in manuscripts show how Old Testament scribes edited the Book of Joshua". University of Helsinki. January 29, 2018.
  16. Rösel, Martin (January 1, 2002). "The septuagint-version of the book of Joshua". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 16 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1080/09018320210000329. S2CID 161116376 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  17. Joshua 2, Berean Study Bible
  18. Firth 2021, p. 27.
  19. Coogan 2007, p. 318 Hebrew Bible.
  20. McConville 2007, p. 161.
  21. Rösel 2011, p. 48.
  22. Joshua 2:1 KJV
  23. Rösel 2011, p. 45.
  24. Rösel 2011, pp. 45–46.
  25. Joshua 2:14 ESV
  26. Rösel 2011, p. 51.

Sources
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