List of Khmu animal common names
The following list of Khmu (Kammu Yuan dialect[1] of Luang Namtha Province, Laos) animal names is from Svantesson et al. (2013).[2]
Insects
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| àay ɛ̀ɛt | longhorn beetle | beetles | ||
| hŋkúul kók | rhinoceros beetle | Trichogomphus | food | beetles |
| hŋkúul rháaŋ | rhinoceros beetle | Eupatorus | food | beetles |
| hŋkúul ˀyíak lèe | dung beetle | food | beetles | |
| ìŋ-kíi | stag beetle | food | beetles | |
| kmɔ́ɔt | woodworm | beetles | ||
| kńtàp càm (cf. tàp) | diving beetle | food | beetles | |
| kŕnòon | scarab beetle | Holotrichia | food | beetles |
| lìit-lɔ̀ɔy | firefly | beetles | ||
| lìit-lɔ̀ɔy sɨáŋ | firefly | beetles | ||
| lìit-théeŋ | jewel beetle | beetles | ||
| pràac pràaŋ | blister beetle | beetles | ||
| rmkúum rháaŋ | bamboo weevil | Cyrtotrachelus | food | beetles |
| rmkúum tʔó | palm weevil | Rhynchophorus | food | beetles |
| rŋkə̀ pr̀lɨ̀a | leaf chafer | food | beetles | |
| yà híc | click-beetle | beetles | ||
| àam-pláam | butterfly, moth | butterflies and moths | ||
| cńtrə̀əy | atlas moth | Attacus atlas | spiritual world | butterflies and moths |
| kɔ́ɔk èes | Saturniid larva | butterflies and moths | ||
| kɔ́ɔk kńtòoy | hawkmoth larva | butterflies and moths | ||
| kɔ́ɔk lɔ́ɔt | rice stem borer | butterflies and moths | ||
| kɔ́ɔk srtà | looper | butterflies and moths | ||
| kŕwàaŋ lɔ̀ɔl | stinging caterpillar | butterflies and moths | ||
| yɔ̀ɔr | cockroach | cockroaches | ||
| cḿrɔ̀ ŋɔ́ | dragonfly | dragonflies | ||
| kńtɔ̀ɔy plɔ̀ɔŋ | dragonfly nymph | food | dragonflies | |
| kɔ́ɔk ráaŋ | dragonfly nymph | food | dragonflies | |
| smpùt-húl | dragonfly nymph | dragonflies | ||
| tŕlìit-tíit | dragonfly, damselfly | dragonflies | ||
| ìip-àap | earwig | earwigs | ||
| tmá | flea | fleas | ||
| cńʔùur | paper wasp | food | Hymenoptera | |
| cńʔùur màr | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| cńʔùur rŋkə̀ | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| hpɔ́ɔt | honey bee | Apis | Hymenoptera | |
| hpɔ́ɔt pté | honey bee | food, medicinal use | Hymenoptera | |
| hpɔ́ɔt sʔɔ́ɔŋ | Asiatic honey bee | Apis cerana | food | Hymenoptera |
| húut | stingless bee | Trigona | Hymenoptera | |
| khú | weaver ant | Oecophylla smaragdina | food | Hymenoptera |
| kùuy | carpenter bee | Xylocopa | Hymenoptera | |
| kʔáañ | hornet | food, spiritual world | Hymenoptera | |
| kʔáañ pòok | hornet | food | Hymenoptera | |
| kʔɔ́ɔl | potter wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| lɛ̀ɛl | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| lɔ̀ɔp | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| lùuy-làay | winged ant | food | Hymenoptera | |
| múuc | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| múuc lə̀əc | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| múuc mùum | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| múuc ŋà | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| múuc rɛ̀ɛc | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| múuc tŕlɔ̀h rùŋ | ant | food | Hymenoptera | |
| múuc yɨ̀m | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| ɔ̀ɔŋ | hornet | food | Hymenoptera | |
| ɔ̀ɔŋ káar | hornet | food | Hymenoptera | |
| ɔ̀ɔŋ kúŋ | Asian giant hornet | Vespa soror | food | Hymenoptera |
| pñèe | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| pŋ̀ rɔ̀ɔŋ kʔɔ́ɔl | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| sís smŋì | wasp | Hymenoptera | ||
| smrì | winged form of the weaver ant | food | Hymenoptera | |
| tŋían | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| tɔ̀ɔs | ant | Hymenoptera | ||
| tr̀háay klàaŋ | Himalayan cliff honey bee | Apis laboriosa | Hymenoptera | |
| tr̀háay kɔ̀ɔy | dwarf honey bee | Apis florea | food | Hymenoptera |
| tr̀háay sʔɔ́ɔŋ | giant honey bee | Apis dorsata | food | Hymenoptera |
| sé | head louse | lice | ||
| tlúc | chicken louse | lice | ||
| tm̀rìñ | body louse | lice | ||
| tók-ŋòl | mantis | food | Mantodea | |
| tók-ŋòl rwàay | mantis | Mantodea | ||
| yà pùh rùk | antlion | net-winged insects | ||
| cáŋ-cáŋ | grasshopper | Sasuma | Orthoptera | |
| cɛ́ɛl | true cricket | Orthoptera | ||
| cíi-rɔ̀ɔ | mole cricket | Orthoptera | ||
| cɔ̀ɔm-cɔ̀ | bush-cricket | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs kìŋ | grasshopper | Aularches miliaris | Orthoptera | |
| hɔ́ɔs kóoŋ | grasshopper | food | Orthoptera | |
| hɔ́ɔs màt pɛ̀ | migratory locust | Locusta migratoria | Orthoptera | |
| hɔ́ɔs plɔ̀ | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs pr̀yɔ̀ɔŋ | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs pr̀yɔ̀ɔŋ | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs tŕlèŋ-téŋ | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs trú | grasshopper | food | Orthoptera | |
| hɔ́ɔs túus | grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| hɔ́ɔs ˀyíak sár | monkey grasshopper | Orthoptera | ||
| kḿñàam | cricket | food | Orthoptera | |
| sə̀ŋ pók mùh (cf. pók) | cricket | food | Orthoptera | |
| sŋmə̀əy | grasshopper | food | Orthoptera | |
| stmìat | bush-cricket | food | Orthoptera | |
| stmìat pr̀yɔ̀ɔŋ | bush-cricket | food | Orthoptera | |
| tḿràac | bush-cricket | food | Orthoptera | |
| kɔ́ɔŋ kák kɔ́ɔŋ mìaŋ | stick insect | Phasmatodea | ||
| prɛ́ɛs rháaŋ | stick insect | spiritual world | Phasmatodea | |
| tók-ŋòl lá | leaf insect | Phyllium | Phasmatodea | |
| kláap | winged termite | termites | ||
| kláap hntrɔ̀ɔy | winged termite | termites | ||
| kláap ìɨr | winged termite | termites | ||
| lkùun trùuñ | soldier termite | termites | ||
| trùuñ | termite | termites | ||
| àar | amazing cicada | Tosena splendida | true bugs | |
| clél | cicada | Macrosemia chantrainei | true bugs | |
| hɨ́ŋ | bug | true bugs | ||
| hɨ́ŋ hmpíir | pumpkin bug | food | true bugs | |
| hɨ́ŋ kàaŋ | bedbug | true bugs | ||
| hɨ́ŋ klár wàr | shield bug | true bugs | ||
| hɨ́ŋ páac | shield bug | food | true bugs | |
| hɨ́ŋ rwàay | shield bug | true bugs | ||
| hɨ́ŋ skó | shield bug | food | true bugs | |
| hɨ́ŋ trú | Pygoplatys auropunctatus | food | true bugs | |
| híŋ twé | leaf-footed bug | true bugs | ||
| ìi-lèk | Tonkinian cicada | Macrosemia tonkiniana | true bugs | |
| kŕwàaŋ | black-winged cicada | Tosena albata | true bugs | |
| kŕwàaŋ | black-winged cicada | Tosena melanoptera | true bugs | |
| mà cnɨ́m | lac insect | true bugs | ||
| mɛ̀ɛŋ dáa | giant waterbug | Lethocerus indicus | food | true bugs |
| pɛ̀ tlóh | thorn bug, treehopper | true bugs | ||
| pŋ̀rɔ̀ɔŋ hmràŋ | cicada | Ayuthia spectabile | true bugs | |
| pr̀wɛ̀ɛw | cicada | Aola bindusara | true bugs | |
| rɛ̀ɛt | cicada | Meimuna duffelsi | food | true bugs |
| sés-wɛ̀ɛs | bird cicada | Meimuna tavoyana | true bugs | |
| ták kwàac | backswimmer | true bugs | ||
| tm̀ pɔ́h sɨ́aŋ | water scorpion | Pomponia | true bugs | |
| yà klɛ́h | flatid planthopper | medicinal use | true bugs | |
| yèl-yèl | cicada | true bugs | ||
| yɛ̀ɛr | cicada | Dundubia spiculata | spiritual world | true bugs |
| èem pèet èem pɔ̀ɔy | fly | true flies | ||
| hmràay | maggot | true flies | ||
| kɔ́ɔk páay kɔ́ɔk sɛ́ɛ | mosquito larva | true flies | ||
| krìil | black fly | true flies | ||
| lmñàay | black fly | true flies | ||
| mòop | horsefly | true flies | ||
| rɔ̀ɔy | fly | true flies | ||
| rɔ̀ɔy hmràŋ | fly | true flies | ||
| rɔ̀ɔy múu | fly | true flies | ||
| rɔ̀ɔy pàh | blowfly | true flies | ||
| sə̀ŋ pók (cf. pók) | mosquito | Aedes; Anopheles | true flies | |
| mà kmúul | silverfish | Lepisma saccharina | Zygentoma | |
| kɔ́ɔk | caterpillar, grub, larva | unclassified | ||
| mɨ̀l | root-eating grub | unclassified |
Other arthropods
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cǹtáh | shrimp | food | other arthropods | |
| kléc-wèc | millipede | Diplopoda | other arthropods | |
| ktáam | crab | food | other arthropods | |
| ktáam pìas | land crab | food, medicinal use | other arthropods | |
| ktáam ràŋ | aquatic crab | other arthropods | ||
| kʔíip | centipede | other arthropods | ||
| kʔíip stɔ́ɔŋ | centipede | other arthropods | ||
| mɛ̀ɛŋ pɔ́ɔŋ | scorpion | other arthropods | ||
| rmŋɛ̀ɛs | tick | other arthropods | ||
| sé kḿpɨ̀ar | woodlouse | other arthropods | ||
| snwà | spider | other arthropods | ||
| snwà húal | tarantula | medicinal use | other arthropods | |
| snwà kàaŋ | spider | spiritual world | other arthropods | |
| snwà Ñàaŋ Pèeŋ | golden silk orb-weaver | Nephila | other arthropods | |
| snwà ŋɔ́ | spider | spiritual world | other arthropods | |
| tá càac-càac | harvestman | Opiliones | other arthropods | |
| tɛ̀ɛn-ɛ̀ɛ | tick | other arthropods | ||
| tm̀kɨ́ | tick | other arthropods |
Other invertebrates
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lɔ̀ɔr-pɛ̀ɛr | flatworm | flatworms | ||
| tíɨk | tapeworm | flatworms | ||
| hntáak lìik | slug | molluscs | ||
| klɔ́ | snail | molluscs | ||
| klɔ́ màam | snail | molluscs | ||
| klɔ́ ték | snail | molluscs | ||
| plà | bivalve, mussel | molluscs | ||
| róoc | sea snail | molluscs | ||
| clìa | leech | ringed worms | ||
| plíiŋ | leech | ringed worms | ||
| plɨ́am | land leech | ringed worms | ||
| tíak | leech | ringed worms | ||
| wàak | earthworm | ringed worms | ||
| sáan | trichina | Trichinella spiralis | roundworms | |
| wàak | intestinal roundworm | roundworms | ||
| wɔ̀ɔc-wɔ̀ɔŋ | worm | roundworms |
Fish
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cŕlɔ̀ɔŋ-tɔ̀ɔŋ | freshwater garfish | Xenentodon cancila | food | |
| ká | fish | food | ||
| ká cáat | carp | food | ||
| ká kɨ́an | fish | food | ||
| ká klóm | Garra | food | ||
| ká kĺʔàak | carp | |||
| ká lá | sheatfish | |||
| kɨ̀r tòor | gourami | |||
| klúat | fish | |||
| láañ | spiny eel | |||
| lə̀ən | goby | food, spiritual world | ||
| lmɛ̀ɛr | airbreathing catfish | Clarias | spiritual world | |
| páa bɨ́k | giant catfish | Pangasianodon gigas | ||
| páa dɛ́ɛŋ | carp | |||
| páa khɛ́ɛ | catfish | |||
| plèek | eel | |||
| sdét | fish | |||
| sŋplák | catfish | Hemibagrus | ||
| srlɛ̀ɛŋ àar | tigerfish | Datnioides | ||
| ták-ták klàaŋ | hillstream loach | Balitora | ||
| tŕlə̀əy | hillstream loach | Schistura | food |
Amphibians and reptiles
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ckrée | crocodile | crocodiles | ||
| clù | frog | food | frogs | |
| cɔ́ɔ-ɛ̀ | frog | food | frogs | |
| ə̀əc-prə̀əc | frog | food | frogs | |
| ɛ̀ɛŋ | frog | frogs | ||
| ìɨŋ | bullfrog | food | frogs | |
| káak-káak | frog | frogs | ||
| kɨ̀r tɔ̀ɔr | frog | frogs | ||
| kḿpàay | tadpole | food | frogs | |
| kóp | frog | frogs | ||
| kɔ́ɔt | frog | food | frogs | |
| ŋɛ̀ɛt | frog | food | frogs | |
| òr | treefrog | frogs | ||
| púuk-àak | frog | frogs | ||
| ròk | toad | food | frogs | |
| sís | frog | food | frogs | |
| sŋcáŋ | tadpole | food | frogs | |
| táak-táak | frog | food | frogs | |
| trák-pə̀k | treefrog | frogs | ||
| tríik | frog | food | frogs | |
| wàl | tadpole | frogs | ||
| màr | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr cŋáar | Asian pit viper | Trimeresurus | lizards and snakes | |
| màr hrnɔ̀ɔm klə̀ róoy | green vine snake | Ahaetulla nasuta | lizards and snakes | |
| màr kìaŋ | king cobra | Ophiophagus hannah | spiritual world | lizards and snakes |
| màr kìaŋ kràŋ | monocled cobra | Naja kaouthia | lizards and snakes | |
| màr kìaŋ kŕlìiŋ | green cat snake | Boiga cyanea | lizards and snakes | |
| màr kḿʔùuk | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr kùun | Indian python | Python molurus | food | lizards and snakes |
| màr kùun | reticulated python | Python reticulatus | food | lizards and snakes |
| màr kùun kĺtàak | short-tailed python | Python curtus | lizards and snakes | |
| màr plàas | sand snake | Psammophis condanarus | food | lizards and snakes |
| màr plɔ̀ɔŋ | rat snake | Elaphe | food | lizards and snakes |
| màr pnɨ̀m | cobra | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr pǹlùun | blind snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr rkpɔ̀ɔk snáat | krait | Bungarus | lizards and snakes | |
| màr sáaŋ-ràa | cobra | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr smrə̀əŋ | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr snlɔ̀ | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr tlɔ̀ɔŋ | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| màr tŕlə̀əy | water snake | Xenochrophis piscator | lizards and snakes | |
| màr tŕlòk | snake | lizards and snakes | ||
| pák-pə́ə | tokay gecko | Gekko gecko | medicinal use | lizards and snakes |
| tàaŋ cr̀là | Calotes lizard | Calotes | lizards and snakes | |
| tàaŋ lʔìar | skink | lizards and snakes | ||
| tàaŋ pát róoŋ | flying lizard | Draco | lizards and snakes | |
| tàaŋ wèk | house gecko | Hemidactylus frenatus | lizards and snakes | |
| tr̀kɔ́ɔt | monitor lizard | Varanus | food | lizards and snakes |
| tr̀kɔ́ɔt lá tráañ | monitor lizard | food | lizards and snakes | |
| tàaŋ ká | newt | salamanders | ||
| táw | tortoise, turtle | food | turtles | |
| tm̀ pá | Asian leaf turtle | Cyclemys dentata | turtles |
Birds
Mammals
| Kammu name | English name | Scientific name | Uses | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hntɨ́ar | bat | food | bats | |
| hntɨ́ar kɔ̀ɔy | bat | food | bats | |
| hntɨ́ar sɔ́ | bat | bats | ||
| pòl | bamboo bat | Tylonycteris | bats | |
| tɛ̀ɛñ | mouse-eared bat | Myotis | bats | |
| hmròk | dhole | Cuon alpinus | food | carnivorans |
| hŋkáar | yellow-throated marten | Martes flavigula | carnivorans | |
| húal | sun bear | Ursus malayanus | food, medicinal use | carnivorans |
| húal | Asian black bear | Ursus thibetanus | food, medicinal use | carnivorans |
| húal wàk | binturong | Arctictis binturong | food, medicinal use | carnivorans |
| kɔ̀ɔy lwàaŋ | weasel | Mustela | spiritual world | carnivorans |
| mɛ̀ɛw | cat | carnivorans | ||
| nàak | small-clawed otter | Aonyx cinerea | carnivorans | |
| pàŋ-pɔ̀ɔn | mongoose | carnivorans | ||
| prùul séey-séey | ferret badger | Melogale | carnivorans | |
| prùul sɨ́aŋ | hog badger | Arctonyx collaris | food | carnivorans |
| ràaŋ klà | crab-eating mongoose | Herpestes urva | carnivorans | |
| rwàay | tiger, feline | food, spiritual world | carnivorans | |
| rwàay nám | tiger | Panthera tigris | carnivorans | |
| rwàay pùuk | fishing cat | Prionailurus viverrinus | carnivorans | |
| rwàay srmìñ | leopard | Panthera pardus | carnivorans | |
| rwàay srmìñ | clouded leopard | Neofelis nebulosa | carnivorans | |
| rwàay srmìñ | marbled cat | Pardofelis marmorata | carnivorans | |
| rwàay srmìñ | leopard cat | Prionailurus bengalensis | carnivorans | |
| rwàay yíaŋ | black panther | Panthera pardus | carnivorans | |
| rwàay yɨ̀m | Asiatic golden cat | Catopuma temminckii | spiritual world | carnivorans |
| rwàay yìm | jungle cat | Felis chaus | spiritual world | carnivorans |
| sár | little civet | Viverricula indica | food | carnivorans |
| sár sór | large Indian civet | Viverra zibetha | carnivorans | |
| síŋ tóo | lion | carnivorans | ||
| sɔ́ | dog | spiritual world | carnivorans | |
| tmɔ̀ɔŋ | Asian palm civet | Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | food | carnivorans |
| tmɔ̀ɔŋ | small-toothed palm civet | Arctogalidia trivirgata | food | carnivorans |
| tmɔ̀ɔŋ rúŋ | masked palm civet | Paguma larvata | food | carnivorans |
| scáaŋ | Asian elephant | Elephas maximus | spiritual world | elephants |
| kées | serow | Capricornis | food, medicinal use | even-toed ungulates |
| kɛ́ | sheep | Bos gaurus | even-toed ungulates | |
| ktíiŋ | gaur | Bos gaurus | food | even-toed ungulates |
| lmpò | cattle, ox, cow | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates | |
| lmpò prì | banteng | Bos javanicus | even-toed ungulates | |
| pàan kéey | mouse-deer | Tragulus | food | even-toed ungulates |
| pɛ̀ | goat | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates | |
| púas | barking deer | Muntiacus | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates |
| sɨ́aŋ | pig | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates | |
| sɨ́aŋ prì | wild boar | Sus scrofa | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates |
| tráak | water buffalo | Bubalus bubalis | food, spiritual world | even-toed ungulates |
| tráak prì | wild Asian water buffalo | Bubalus arnee | even-toed ungulates | |
| tyáak | sambar | Cervus unicolor | food | even-toed ungulates |
| tyáak | Eld's deer | Cervus eldii | food | even-toed ungulates |
| tyáak | hog deer | Axis porcinus | food | even-toed ungulates |
| ùut | camel | even-toed ungulates | ||
| pŕlɨ̀ak tí (cf. lɨ̀ak) | mole | insectivorans | ||
| sɛ́ɛŋ-sɛ́ɛŋ | pygmy shrew | Suncus | insectivorans | |
| ùt | lesser moonrat | Hylomys suillus | food | insectivorans |
| ktáay | Siamese hare | Lepus peguensis | lagomorphs | |
| hmràŋ | horse | spiritual world | odd-toed ungulates | |
| làa | donkey | odd-toed ungulates | ||
| lɔ̀ɔ | mule | odd-toed ungulates | ||
| rɛ̀ɛt | rhinoceros | Dicerorhinus; Rhinoceros | food, spiritual world | odd-toed ungulates |
| kḿpɨ̀ar | pangolin | Manis | food, spiritual world | pangolins |
| cháaŋ | langur | Trachypithecus | food | primates |
| cńtrɛ̀ɛk | young macaque | primates | ||
| ryòol | gibbon | Hylobates | primates | |
| wá | monkey, macaque | Macaca | food | primates |
| wá céeŋ | slow loris | Nycticebus | primates | |
| kár | mouse | Mus | food | rodents |
| khúat | brush-tailed porcupine | Atherurus macrourus | food | rodents |
| kné | rat | food | rodents | |
| kné cŋ̀ khál | white-bellied rat | Niviventer | food | rodents |
| kné cók | rat | food | rodents | |
| kné káan | rat | food | rodents | |
| kné kàaŋ | rat | Rattus | food | rodents |
| kné khɨ́aŋ | bandicoot rat | Bandicota | food | rodents |
| kné klàaŋ | long-tailed giant rat | Leopoldamys | food | rodents |
| kné pòok | rat | food | rodents | |
| kné tḿlès | pencil-tailed tree mouse | Chiropodomys | rodents | |
| kné ùŋ | rat | food | rodents | |
| kné yɨ̀m | red spiny rat | Maxomys surifer | rodents | |
| knú | rat | food | rodents | |
| lɨ́ak | giant flying squirrel | Petaurista | food | rodents |
| ñɨ̀ar | striped squirrel | Tamiops | food, spiritual world | rodents |
| pŋ̀kès | giant squirrel | Ratufa | food | rodents |
| prɔ́ɔk | squirrel | food | rodents | |
| prɔ́ɔk pté | red-cheeked squirrel | Dremomys | food | rodents |
| prɔ́ɔk ríaŋ | variable squirrel | Callosciurus finlaysonii | food | rodents |
| prɔ́ɔk tɨ́ɨr | flying squirrel | Hylopetes | rodents | |
| prɔ́ɔk yú | belly-banded squirrel | Callosciurus flavimanus | rodents | |
| ré | Malayan porcupine | Hystrix brachyura | food, medicinal use | rodents |
| tkán | bamboo rat | Cannomys; Rhizomys | food | rodents |
| kɔ̀ɔy | treeshrew | Tupaia | food | treeshrews |
References
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yuan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Raw Kam; Kristina Lindell; Håkan Lundstrom. 2013. Dictionary of Kammu Yuan Language and Culture. University of Hawai'i Press.
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