List of sunken battleships

Sunken battleships are the wrecks of large capital ships built from the 1880s to the mid-20th century that were either destroyed in battle, mined, deliberately destroyed in a weapons test, or scuttled. The battleship, as the might of a nation personified in a warship, played a vital role in the prestige, diplomacy, and military strategies of 20th century nations. The importance placed on battleships also meant massive arms races between the great powers of the 20th century such as the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, United States, France, Italy, Russia, and the Soviet Union.

A list of sunken battleships. Red symbols sunken battleships, purple symbols denote battleships sunk as aircraft carriers, and stars denote more than one battleship in an area.

The term "battleship" first entered common parlance to describe certain types of ironclad warships in the 1880s,[1] now referred to as pre-dreadnoughts. The commissioning and putting to sea of HMS Dreadnought, in part inspired by the results of the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905,[2] marked the dawn of a new era in naval warfare and defining an entire generation of warships: the battleships. This first generation, known as the "Dreadnoughts", came to be built in rapid succession in Europe, the Americas, and Japan with ever more tension growing between the major naval powers. However, despite the enormous sums of money and resources dedicated to the construction and maintenance of the increasing number of battleships in the world, they typically saw little combat. With the exception of the naval battles of the Russo-Japanese War and Jutland, which would be one of the last large-scale battles between capital ships,[3] no decisive naval battles between battleships were fought. When the First World War ended in 1918, much of the German High Seas Fleet was escorted to Scapa Flow, where almost all of the fleet was scuttled to prevent its being divided amongst the victorious Allies. Numerous other battleships were scuttled for similar reasoning.

Between the wars, the Washington Naval Treaty and the subsequent London Naval Treaty limited the tonnage and firepower of capital ships permitted to the navies of the world. The United Kingdom and the United States scrapped many of their aging dreadnoughts, while the Japanese began converting battlecruisers into fast battleships in the 1930s. In 1936, Italy and Japan refused to sign the Second London Naval Treaty and withdrew from the earlier treaties, prompting the United States and the United Kingdom to invoke an escalator clause in the treaty that allowed them to increase the displacement and armament of planned ships. The naval combat of World War II saw many battleships belonging to the various nations destroyed as air power began to be realized as being crucial to naval warfare, rather than massive capital ships. As the battleship began to fall out of favor, some captured capital ships were decommissioned, stripped, and deliberately sunk in nuclear weapons tests.

Losses

Much like battlecruisers, battleships typically sank with large loss of life if and when they were destroyed in battle. The first battleship to be sunk by gunfire alone,[4] the Russian battleship Oslyabya, sank with half of her crew at the Battle of Tsushima when the ship was pummeled by a seemingly endless stream of Japanese shells striking the ship repeatedly, killing crew with direct hits to several guns, the conning tower, and the water line or below it, which became the cause of the ship's sinking.[5][6] Battleships also proved to be very vulnerable to mines, as was evidenced in the Russo-Japanese War and both World Wars. After the Battle of Port Arthur,[7] a number of Russian and Japanese vessels were struck by mines and either sank or were scuttled to prevent their capture. A decade later, the Marine Nationale and Royal Navy lost three battleships, HMS Irresistible, HMS Ocean, and Bouvet, to Turkish mines in the waters of the Dardanelles. Torpedoes were also very capable of sinking battleships. On 21 November 1944, USS Sealion sank Kongō with over 1200 casualties.[8] HMS Barham was struck by three torpedoes fired from German submarine U-331.[lower-alpha 1] Barham could not make an attempt to dodge the incoming torpedoes and sank with 862 fatalities as a result of several magazine explosions that occurred after she had initially been hit by U-331's torpedoes.[11]

Although mines and torpedoes constantly threatened the battleship's dominance, it was the refinement of aerial technology and tactics that led to the replacement of the battleship with the aircraft carrier as the most important naval vessel. Initially, the large scale use of aircraft in naval combat was underrated and the idea that they could destroy battleships was dismissed. Still, the United States and the Japanese Empire experimented with offensive roles for aircraft carriers in their fleets.[12] One pioneer of aviation in a naval role was US Army General Billy Mitchell, who commandeered SMS Ostfriesland for testing of his theory in July 1921. Though these tests did not impress his contemporaries, they forced the US Navy to begin diverting some of its budget towards researching the matter further.[13] The belief that the aircraft carrier was junior to the battleship began to evaporate when the Imperial Japanese Navy, in a surprise attack, nearly destroyed the United States Pacific Fleet while it was at anchor at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.[14] The captain of the Bismarck, Ernst Lindemann, had almost dodged the Royal Navy until he was undone by British reconnaissance aircraft. Although almost every sea battle in World War II involved gunfire between surface warships to some degree, their time as the senior ship of a nation's fleet had run its course.[15]

Those battleships belonging to the Central Powers that survived World War I often did not survive its aftermath. The German High Seas Fleet was scuttled at Scapa Flow by its sailors in June 1919 following their surrender and internment the previous November.[16] On 1 November 1918, as the Austrian battleship Viribus Unitis was being transferred to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, she was mined and sunk at Pola by two Italian frogmen, Raffaele Paolucci and Raffaele Rossetti, who were unaware of the transfer.[17] On 27 November 1942 the Vichy French government scuttled the majority of the French fleet at Toulon.[18]

Sunk in combat
Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Relics Image
Poltava[lower-alpha 2]  Imperial Russian Navy
—
 5 December 1904[19] Port Arthur[19] Scrapped[23]
—
Pobeda[lower-alpha 3]  Imperial Russian Navy
—
 7 December 1904[26] Port Arthur[19] Scrapped[26]
—
Oslyabya  Imperial Russian Navy 470–514 killed[lower-alpha 4] 27 May 1905[4] Tsushima Strait[28] Unknown
—
Imperator Aleksandr III  Imperial Russian Navy Lost with all hands[29] 27 May 1905[30] Tsushima Strait[31] Unknown
—
Borodino  Imperial Russian Navy 854 killed, 1 captured[31] 27 May 1905[32] Tsushima Strait[30] Unknown
—
Knyaz Suvorov  Imperial Russian Navy 908 killed, 20 captured[29] 27 May 1905[33] Tsushima Strait[30] Unknown
—
Navarin  Imperial Russian Navy 741 killed, 1 captured[34][35] 28 May 1905[36] Tsushima Strait[35] Unknown
—
Sissoi Veliky  Imperial Russian Navy 47 killed, 613 captured[37] 28 May 1905[38] Tsushima Strait[30] Unknown
—
HMS Formidable  Royal Navy 547 killed[39] 1 January 1915[39] 50°13′N 3°4′W Off Portland Bill, English Channel[39] Unknown
—
HMS Irresistible  Royal Navy 150 killed[40] 18 March 1915[41] Dardanelles[12] Unknown
—
HMS Goliath  Royal Navy 570 killed[42] 13 May 1915[42] Dardanelles[42] Unknown
—
HMS Triumph[lower-alpha 5]  Royal Navy 78 killed[44] 25 May 1915[44] Near Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli Peninsula[44] Unknown
—
HMS Majestic  Royal Navy 40–49 killed[lower-alpha 6] 27 May 1915[46] 40°02′30″N 26°11′02″E Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula[46] Unknown
—
Barbaros Hayreddin[lower-alpha 7]  Ottoman Navy 258 killed[48] 8 August 1915[49] Dardanelles[50] Unknown
—
SMS Pommern  Imperial German Navy Lost with all hands[51] 1 June 1916[51] North Sea[52] Unknown
—
Suffren  French Navy Lost with all hands[53] 26 November 1916[53] 39°10′N 10°48′W Off Lisbon, Portugal[53] Unknown
—
Gaulois  French Navy Four killed[54] 27 December 1916[55] 36°15′N 23°42′E Off Cape Maleas, Aegean Sea[54] Unknown
—
HMS Cornwallis  Royal Navy 15 killed[56] 9 January 1917[57] 35°06′N 15°11′E Off Malta[57][58] Unknown
—
Danton  French Navy 296 killed[59] 19 March 1917[59] 38°45′35″N 8°3′30″E Mediterranean Sea[59] Upright under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water.[59]
—
SMS Szent István  Austro-Hungarian Navy 89 killed[60] 10 June 1918[60] 44°12′07″N 14°27′05″E Premuda, Adriatic Sea Capsized under 66 meters (217 ft) of water.[61]
—
SMS Viribus Unitis  Austro-Hungarian Navy 300 killed[62] 1 November 1918[62] 44°52′9″N 13°49′9″E Pula, Croatia[62] Unknown
—
HMS Britannia  Royal Navy 50 killed, 80 injured[63] 9 November 1918[64] 35°53′N 5°53′W Off Cape Trafalgar, Strait of Gibraltar[64] Unknown
—
HMS Royal Oak  Royal Navy 833 killed[65] 14 October 1939[66] 58°55′N 2°59′W Scapa Flow[67] Capsized under 33 meters (108 ft) of water.[68] Royal Oak's bell is the centerpiece to a memorial to those who died aboard Royal Oak at St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.[69]
Bretagne  French Navy 977 killed[70] 3 July 1940[71] Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria[71] Scrapped[72]
—
Kilkis[lower-alpha 8]  Royal Hellenic Navy
—
 23 April 1941[74] Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis[74] Scrapped[75]
—
Lemnos[lower-alpha 9]  Royal Hellenic Navy
—
 23 April 1941[74] Salamis Naval Base, near Salamis[74] Scrapped[77]
—
Bismarck  Kriegsmarine 2,086 killed, 115 captured.[78] 27 May 1941[79] 48°10′N 16°12′W 650 kilometers (400 mi) from Brest, North Atlantic[80] Bismarck was found in great condition. She sank after being heavily bombarded by English ships. Bismarck sank stern first in her plunge to the ocean floor. Her bridge and stern ripped away as she spiraled downwards, and as she settled on the side of a extinct underwater volcano, the down blast from all the water she displaced hit her and caused her to slide down the volcano on a water avalanche of sorts. Soon a mud slide occurred due to the shifting of the soil caused by the massive ship and it began to carry her down. She finally settled upright under 4,791 meters (15,719 ft) of water. She slid half a mile.[80]
—
Marat[lower-alpha 10]  Soviet Navy 326 killed[83] 23 September 1941[83] Leningrad[83] Scrapped[82]
—
HMS Barham  Royal Navy 862 killed[84][85] 25 November 1941[86] 32°34′N 26°24′E Off Egypt[84] Unknown
—
USS Arizona  United States Navy 1,177 killed[87] 7 December 1941[88] 21°21′53″N 157°57′0″W Pearl Harbor[87] Heavily damaged as a result of the attack on Pearl Harbor. After being struck off the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1942, Arizona was found to be in such terrible condition that she could not be made serviceable again even after salvaging.[89] Arizona's surviving superstructure was removed in 1942, followed by her main armament over the next year and a half.[90] The amidships section had served as a ceremonial platform on the wreck but was cut away to make room for today's overlying memorial. One of the ship's bells is at the University of Arizona,[91] an anchor and a restored gun barrel is located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza, and several of her guns were later used aboard USS Nevada.[92] Other artifacts from the ship, such as items from the ship's silver service, are on permanent exhibit in the Arizona State Capitol Museum.[93]
USS Utah  United States Navy 64 killed[94] 7 December 1941[94] 21°22′7″N 157°57′44″W Pearl Harbor Utah capsized during the attack, and was partially salvaged but not recovered.[95] Utah's wreck is almost completely submerged, with a small amount of highly corroded superstructure visible above the surface.[94] In 1972, a memorial consisting of a 70 ft (21 m) walkway from nearby Ford Island that terminates in a platform with a flagpole and a plaque.[96] Other relics of the Utah are preserved at the Utah State Capitol and are regularly on display.[97]
HMS Prince of Wales  Royal Navy 327 killed[98] 10 December 1941[99] 3°33′36″N 104°28′42″E South China Sea[100] Capsized under 71 meters (233 ft) of water. Reported to have been heavily salvaged.[100] Prince of Wale's bell was recovered, restored, and displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool.[100]
Asahi  Imperial Japanese Navy 16 killed[101] 25 May 1942[102] 10°N 110°E 100 miles (160 km) from Cape Paderan, Vietnam[102] Unknown
—
Hiei  Imperial Japanese Navy 188 killed[103] 13 November 1942[103] 9°N 159°E Off Guadalcanal[104] Capsized under 900 meters (3,000 ft) of water.[105]
—
Kirishima  Imperial Japanese Navy 212 killed[106] 15 November 1942[106] Off Guadalcanal[104] Capsized under 1,100 meters (3,600 ft) of water.[107]
—
Roma  Regia Marina 1,393 killed[108] 9 September 1943[109] 41°9′28″N 8°17′35″E 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Sardinia Capsized and blown in half under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).[110]
—
Scharnhorst  Kriegsmarine 1,932 killed, 36 captured[111] 26 December 1943[112] 72°16′N 28°41′E near the Norwegian North Cape[113] Capsized under 290 meters (950 ft).[114]
—
Strasbourg  French Navy
—
 18 August 1944[115] Bay of Lazaret[115] Scrapped[115]
—
Jean Bart[lower-alpha 11]  French Navy
—
 28 August 1944[117] Toulon, France[117] Scrapped[118]
—
Musashi  Imperial Japanese Navy 1,023 killed[119] 24 October 1944[120] 13°7′N 122°32′E Sibuyan Sea[121] Heavily damaged and in multiple pieces under 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of water.[122][123]
—
Fusō  Imperial Japanese Navy 1,620 killed[124] 25 October 1944[124] Surigao Strait[124] Capsized 185 meters (607 ft) of water with pagoda mast snapped off.[125]
—
Yamashiro  Imperial Japanese Navy 1,626 killed[126] 25 October 1944[127] Surigao Strait[127] Capsized in 191 meters (627 ft) of water with bow folded back over the keel of the rest of the hull, and engine room collapsed.[128]
—
Tirpitz  Kriegsmarine 950–1,204 killed[lower-alpha 12] 12 November 1944[113] 69°38′50″N 18°48′30″E Håkøybotn Bay, Norway[134] Somewhat salvaged after the Second World War.[131]
—
Kongō  Imperial Japanese Navy 1250 killed[106] 21 November 1944[135] 26°9′N 121°23′E Taiwan Strait[135] Unknown
—
Conte di Cavour  Regia Marina
—
 23 February 1945[136] Taranto Harbor[137] Scrapped[138]
—
Yamato  Imperial Japanese Navy 3,055[139] 7 April 1945[140] 30°22′N 128°4′E East China Sea[141] Broken in half under 340 meters (1,120 ft) of water.[141]
—
Haruna  Imperial Japanese Navy 65 killed[106] 24 July 1945[106] Kure, Japan[106] Scrapped[106]
—
Settsu  Imperial Japanese Navy
—
 29 July 1945[142] Kure, Japan[142] Scrapped[142]
—
Ise  Imperial Japanese Navy 50 killed[143] 28 July 1945[143] Kure, Japan[143] Scrapped[143]
—
Hyūga  Imperial Japanese Navy 200+ killed[144] 1 August 1945[144] 34°10′N 132°33′E Kure, Japan[144] Scrapped[144]
—

Converted battleships
Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Image
Kaga  Imperial Japanese Navy 811 killed[145] 4 June 1942[146] 30°23′N 179°17′W Unknown
HMS Eagle  Royal Navy 131 killed[147] 11 August 1942[147] 38°3′0″N 3°1′12″E near Majorca[147] Unknown
Shinano  Imperial Japanese Navy 1435 killed[148] 29 November 1944[148] 32°7′N 137°4′E 105 kilometers (65 mi) south of mainland Japan.[148] Unknown

Lost at sea
Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Image
Petropavlovsk  Imperial Russian Navy 679 killed[149] 13 April 1904[150] Yellow Sea[151] Unknown
Hatsuse  Imperial Japanese Navy 496 killed[152] 15 May 1904[153] 38°37′N 121°20′E Yellow Sea[154] Unknown
Yashima  Imperial Japanese Navy
—
 15 May 1904[155] 38°34′N 121°40′E Yellow Sea[156] Unknown
HMS Montagu  Royal Navy
—
 30 May 1906[157] Lundy Island, England[157] Almost entirely salvaged.[158]
Iéna  French Navy 120 killed[159] 12 March 1907[160] Toulon, France[160] Scrapped[161]
Liberté  French Navy 250 killed[162] 25 September 1911[162] Toulon, France[163] Scrapped[163]
HMS Audacious  Royal Navy One killed[164] 27 October 1914[164] 55°32′16″N 7°24′33″W 39 kilometers (24 mi) of Tory Island[165] Capsized under 64 meters (210 ft) of water.[166][165]
HMS Bulwark  Royal Navy 736 killed[167] 26 November 1914[167] 51°25′N 0°39′E Off Sheerness, England[167] Unknown
HMS Ocean  Royal Navy Unknown 18 March 1915[168] Dardanelles[168] Unknown
Bouvet  French Navy 639 killed[55] 18 March 1915[169] 40°01′15″N 26°16′30″E Dardanelles[169] Unknown
Benedetto Brin  Regia Marina 454 killed[170] 27 September 1915[170] Brindisi, Italy[170] Unknown
HMS King Edward VII  Royal Navy
—
 6 January 1916[171] Off Cape Wrath, Scotland.[171] Capsized under 108 meters (354 ft) of water.[172]
HMS Russell  Royal Navy 125 killed[173] 27 April 1916[174] 35°54′N 14°36′E Off Valletta, Malta[173][174] Capsized under 110 meters (360 ft) of water.[173][174]
Leonardo da Vinci  Regia Marina 448 killed[175] 2 August 1916[176] Taranto, Italy[177] Scrapped[176][178]
Imperatritsa Mariya  Imperial Russian Navy 228 killed[179] 20 October 1916[180] Sevastopol, Ukraine[180] Scrapped[181]
Regina Margherita  Regia Marina 675 killed[182] 12 December 1916[183] Off Valona, Albania[183] Laying on her starboard side under 68 meters (223 ft).[184]
Peresvet[lower-alpha 13]  Imperial Russian Navy 116–167 killed[lower-alpha 14] 4 January 1917[187] Off Port Said, Egypt[187] Unknown
HMS Vanguard  Royal Navy 843 killed[189] 9 July 1917[190] 58°51′24″N 3°6′22″W Scapa Flow[190] Unknown, rests under 14.2 meters (47 ft) of water.[190]
Kawachi  Imperial Japanese Navy 600–700 killed[lower-alpha 15] 2 July 1918[193] 34°0′N 131°36′E Partially salvaged.[195]
HMS Prince George[lower-alpha 16]  Royal Navy
—
 30 December 1921[196] 52°44′5″N 4°38′23″E Off Camperduin, the Netherlands[196] Upright and visible from shore, partially scrapped.[196]
France  French Navy Three killed[197] 26 August 1922[197] 47°27′6″N 3°2′0″W Quiberon Bay, France[197] Unknown
España  Spanish Navy
—
 26 August 1923[198] Cape Tres Forcas, Morocco[198] Somewhat salvaged, including a 305 mm (12.0 in) and a 102 mm (4.0 in) gun, but mostly destroyed by severe storms.[198]
Alfonso XIII[lower-alpha 17]  Spanish Navy Five killed[200] 30 April 1937[200] 43°31′26″N 3°40′44″W Off Santander, Spain[200] Unknown
Jaime I  Spanish Republican Navy
—
 17 June 1937[201] Cartagena, Spain Scrapped[202]
Schlesien  Kriegsmarine
—
 3 May 1945[203] Off Zinnowitz, Germany[203] Scrapped[204][203]
Mutsu  Imperial Japanese Navy 1121 killed[205] 8 June 1943[206] 33°58′N 132°24′E Seto Inland Sea[206] Due to salvaging efforts that ceased in the 1990s,[206] the only major piece of the wreckage that remains is a 35-meter (115 ft) stretch of the hull from the bridge to turret No. 1 at a depth of about 12 meters (39 ft).[207]
USS Oklahoma  United States Navy
—
 17 May 1947[208] Unknown, northeast of Hawaii[208] Capsized in Pearl Harbor Attack. Salvaged.
São Paulo  Brazilian Navy
—
 November 1951[209] Unknown Unknown
Novorossiysk[lower-alpha 18]  Soviet Navy 608 killed[211] 29 October 1955 44°37′7″N 33°32′8″E Sevastopol, Ukraine Scrapped[212]

Scuttled battleships
Name Navy Casualties Date sunk Location Condition Relics Image
Sevastopol  Imperial Russian Navy 11 killed[213] 2 January 1905[214] Port Arthur[213] Unknown
—
HMS Hood  Royal Navy
—
 4 November 1914[215] 50°34′9″N 2°25′16″W Portland Harbour[215]
—
—
Masséna  French Navy
—
 9 November 1915[216] Cape Helles, Gallipoli[216] Unknown
—
Slava  Imperial Russian Navy Three killed[217] 17 October 1917[218] Moon Sound, Estonia[218] Scrapped[219]
—
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya[lower-alpha 19]  Imperial Russian Navy
—
 18 June 1918[181] 44°42′23″N 37°48′43″E Novorossiysk, Russia[181] Unknown
—
SMS König  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[222] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[222] Capsized under about 35 meters (115 ft) of water.[223] Somewhat damaged by metal scavenging.[224]
—
Kronprinz Wilhelm  Imperial German Navy One killed[225] 21 June 1919[225] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[225] Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water.[226]
—
SMS Markgraf  Imperial German Navy Two killed[227] 21 June 1919[227] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[227] Capsized under about 45 meters (148 ft) of water.[228]
—
SMS Kaiser  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[229] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[229] Scrapped[229]
—
SMS Friedrich der Grosse  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[229] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[229] Scrapped[229] Friedrich der Grosse's bell was returned to the Federal Republic of Germany and today is on display at the German Navy sea base at Glücksburg.[229]
SMS Kaiserin  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[229] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[229] Scrapped[229]
—
SMS Prinzregent Luitpold  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[229] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[229] Scrapped[229]
—
SMS König Albert  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[229] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[229] Scrapped[229]
—
SMS Grosser Kurfürst  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[222] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[222] Scrapped[222] Grosser Kurfürst's bell was purchased at auction by the National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, Hampshire.[230]
SMS Bayern  Imperial German Navy
—
 21 June 1919[231] Gutter Sound, Scapa Flow[231] Scrapped[231] Bayern's bell is on display at the Kiel Fördeklub.[231]
Rostislav  Imperial Russian Navy
—
 November 1920[232] 45°25′0″N 36°37′43″E Strait of Kerch[232] Partially salvaged, reported to be extant albeit sinking into silt.[233]
—
Dunkerque  French Navy
—
 27 November 1942[234] Toulon, France[234] Scrapped[234]
—
Provence  French Navy 27 November 1942[72] Toulon, France[72] Scrapped[72]
—
HMS Centurion  Royal Navy
—
 9 June 1944[235] Off Normandy[235] Unknown HMS Centurion's badge is on display at Shugborough Hall.[236]
Courbet  French Navy
—
 9 June 1944[237] Off Sword Beach, Normandy[237] Scrapped[237]
—
Schleswig-Holstein  Kriegsmarine
—
 21 March 1945[238] Off Osmussaar, Gulf of Finland[239] Wreckage buried in 1966.[240] Schleswig-Holstein's bell is on display in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden as of 1990.[204]
Gneisenau  Kriegsmarine
—
 27 March 1945[241][242] Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland[242] Scrapped[243] Her aft main turret was removed and placed at Austrått Fort, near Trondheim, as the coastal gun "Orlandert."[242]
Zähringen  Kriegsmarine
—
 26 March 1945[244] Gotenhafen (Gdynia), Poland[244] Scrapped[244]
—

Expended as targets
Name Navy Date sunk Location Condition Image
USS Texas[lower-alpha 20]  United States Navy 22 March 1912[246] 37°43′10″N 76°05′0″W Tangier Sound, Chesapeake Bay[246] Remains demolished and buried[247]
HMS Empress of India  Royal Navy 4 November 1913[248] Lyme Bay[248] Capsized under about 32 meters (105 ft) of water.[249]
Iki[lower-alpha 21]  Imperial Japanese Navy 3 October 1915[250] Unknown Unknown
USS Indiana  United States Navy 1 November 1920[251] Chesapeake Bay[251] Scrapped[251]
USS Massachusetts  United States Navy January 1921[252] Off Pensacola, Florida[253] Sunk as an artificial reef[253]
SMS Ostfriesland  Imperial German Navy 21 July 1921[254] 37°9′8″N 74°34′3″W Chesapeake Bay[254] Lying upside down under 370 feet of water.[255]
SMS Baden  Imperial German Navy 16 August 1921[256] 49°49′42″N 2°23′21″W Hurd Deep, English Channel[256] Unknown, under 180 meters (590 ft) of water.[256]
USS Alabama  United States Navy 27 September 1921[257] Chesapeake Bay[257] Scrapped[257]
SMS Prinz Eugen  Austro-Hungarian Navy June 1922[258] Near Toulon[258] Unknown
USS Iowa[lower-alpha 22]  United States Navy 23 March 1923[259]

[260]

 Gulf of Panama[259] Unknown
USS New Jersey  United States Navy 5 September 1923[261] Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras[261] Upside down in 320 feet of water.[262]
USS Virginia  United States Navy 5 September 1923[263] Diamond Shoals, Cape Hatteras[263] Upside down under 385 feet of water.[264]
Hizen[lower-alpha 23]  Imperial Japanese Navy 25 July 1924[265] Bungo Channel[266] Unknown
Iwami[lower-alpha 24]  Imperial Japanese Navy 10 July 1924[267] Off Jōgashima, Tokyo Bay[267] Unknown
Aki  Imperial Japanese Navy 2 September 1924[194] 35°1′30″N 139°51′22″E Tokyo Bay[194] Unknown
Satsuma  Imperial Japanese Navy 7 September 1924[268] Bōsō Peninsula, Tokyo Bay[268] Unknown
HMS Monarch  Royal Navy 21 January 1925[269] Hurd's Deep[269] Unknown
HMS Emperor of India  Royal Navy 6 June 1931[270] Owers Bank[270] Scrapped[271]
USS Arkansas  United States Navy 25 July 1946[272] Bikini Atoll[273] Capsized under 180 feet (55 m) of water.[273] Participated in Operation Crossroads.[272]
Nagato  Imperial Japanese Navy 30 July 1946[274] Bikini Atoll[275] Capsized under 33.5 meters (110 ft) of water.[276] Participated in Operation Crossroads.[274]
USS Pennsylvania  United States Navy 10 February 1948[277] Off Kwajalein Atoll[277] Participated in Operation Crossroads[277]
USS New York  United States Navy 8 July 1948[278] Pacific Ocean[278] Participated in Operation Crossroads[278]
USS Nevada  United States Navy 31 July 1948[279] About 60–65 miles (97–105 km) off Pearl Harbor[279] Participated in Operation Crossroads, but was sunk by naval aircraft.[280]

See also

Notes

Footnotes
  1. U-331's captain, Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen, believed that only one of his torpedoes struck Barham.[9] von Tiesenhausen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for this action.[10]
  2. Poltava was sunk by Japanese artillery 5 December 1904 during the Siege of Port Arthur,[19] then she was captured, refloated, given the Japanese name Tango, and refitted.[20][21][22] She was sold back to the Russian Empire during World War I and renamed Chesma.[21][23]
  3. Pobeda, like Poltava, was sunk by Japanese artillery at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904,[24] but was refloated by the Japanese and given the name Suwo, and also refitted.[25]
  4. McLaughlin gives a death toll of 470 men,[27] while Campbell gives 514.[6] Neither Forczyk nor McLaughlin give numbers for the amount of sailors rescued,[4] but Campbell states that 385 men were saved by Russian destroyers.[6]
  5. Originally, Triumph was built for the Chilean Navy and christened Libertad, or Liberty.[43]
  6. R. A. Burt's British Battleships 1889–1904 states 49 men died in HMS Majestic's sinking,[45] while according to Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921, only 40 men were killed.[46]
  7. SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm was sold to the Ottoman Empire in 1910, and she was renamed Barbaros Hayreddin.[47]
  8. Prior to her service in the Hellenic Navy, Kilkis was the American battleship USS Mississippi.[73]
  9. Before being purchased by the Greek government and renamed, Lemnos was the American battleship USS Idaho.[76]
  10. Formerly known as Petropavlovsk, later renamed to Marat, after the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat,[81] and later to Volkhov.[82]
  11. In 1936, Jean Bart was renamed the Océan to free the name up for the Richelieu-class battleship of the same name, then under construction.[116]
  12. Ranges for casualties aboard the Tirpitz range wildly. William Garzke and Robert Dulin place fatalities at "about 950";[129] Siegfried Breyer and Erich Gröner give a sum of 1204 deaths;[130][131] Niklas Zetterling and Michael Tamelander estimated nearly 1000 fatalities;[132] and John Sweetman gives 1000 out of a crew of 1900 as lost with the Tirpitz.[133]
  13. The ship launched as Peresvet and was scuttled by the Russian Empire at the Siege of Port Arthur on 7 December 1904, but was raised and put to sea again by the Japanese and christened the Sagami.[185] The Japanese then sold the ship back to the Russians, who gave her the name Chesma.[186]
  14. Antony Preston gives the death toll of the ship's second (and final) sinking at 167[187] while McLaughlin, in Russian & Soviet Battleships, gives a more modest 116 fatalities.[188]
  15. The number of casualties that resulted from the explosion of the Kawachi are high, they are disputed amongst the sources provided. Hans Lengerer's journal Battleships Kawachi and Settsu says that 600 men died,[191] and Sander Kingsepp tacks on an additional 18 fatalities.[192] Gardiner and Gray and Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, however, agree on a figure of 700 killed.[193][194]
  16. Sometime in mid-1918, Prince George was renamed Victoria II,[196] after her sister ship HMS Victorious,[46] but her name reverted to Prince George in February 1919.[46]
  17. The Alonso XIII was renamed the España,[199] the name of her sister ship, which had foundered in 1923,[198] after the unpopular king of Spain had been exiled.[199]
  18. Former Italian battleship Giulio Cesare given to the Soviet Union after World War II.[210][211]
  19. Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya was laid down as Ekaterina II, but this was only a formality.[220] Later, she was renamed Svobodnaya Rossiya (Russian: Free Russia) by February Revolutionists.[221]
  20. USS Texas was renamed the San Marcos 15 February 1911 to free the name for USS Texas.[245]
  21. Formerly Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I and was renamed Iki on 6 June 1905.[250]
  22. On 30 April 1919, the Iowa was renamed Coast Battleship No. 4 to free her name for one of the six new South Dakota-class battleships,[259] which would be abandoned.
  23. After being raised and put into Japanese service, the former Russian Retvizan was renamed the Hizen.[265]
  24. After being captured by the Japanese, the former Russian Oryol was given the name Iwami.[267]

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  • Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0.
  • Grant, R.G. (18 August 2008). Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7566-3973-0.
  • Giorgerini, Giorgio (1980). "The Cavour & Duilio Class Battleships". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship IV. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-205-6.
  • Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6. OCLC 22101769.
  • Hafsten, Bjørn (1991). Flyalarm: Luftkrigen over Norge 1939–1945. Sem & Stenersen. ISBN 82-7046-058-3.
  • Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.
  • Hocking, Charles (1990). Dictionary of Disasters at Sea During The Age of Steam. The London Stamp Exchange. ISBN 0-948130-68-7.
  • Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads: An Illustrated History of Battleships From 1860 to the First World War. Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
  • Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-470997-0.
  • Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work. George H. Doran Company. OCLC 13614571.
  • Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
  • Jones, Geoffrey P. (1979). Battleship Barham. William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0416-0.
  • Jordan, John; Dumas, Robert (2009). French Battleships 1922–1956. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-034-5.
  • Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-610-1.
  • Le Masson, Henri (1969). The French Navy 1. Navies of the Second World War. Doubleday.
  • Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.
  • MacDonald, Rod (1998). Dive Scapa Flow. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1-85158-983-8.
  • Mattesini, Francesco (2002). La Marina e l'8 settembre (in Italian). Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. OCLC 61487486.
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (2000). Preston, Antony (ed.). The Retvizan: An American Battleship for the Czar. Warship. Vol. 2000–2001. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-791-0.
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-481-4.
  • Melnikov, R. M. (2006). Eskadrenny bronenosets "Rostislav" (1893–1920) (Эскадренный броненосец "Ростислав" (1893–1920)) (in Russian). M. A. Leonov. ISBN 5-902236-34-7.
  • Newell, Gordon (1957). Pacific Tugboats. Superior Publishing.
  • Para, Andy (23 September 2015). Call the Hands. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-326-40929-6.
  • Parshall, Jonathan; Tully, Anthony (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-923-0.
  • Platón, Miguel (2001). Hablan los militares: testimonios para la historia, 1939–1996 (in Spanish). Planeta. ISBN 84-08-03783-8.
  • Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
  • Reilly, John C.; Scheina, Robert L. (1980). American Battleships 1896–1923: Predreadnought Design and Construction. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-524-7.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.
  • Schleihauf, William (2007). "The Baden Trials". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship 2007. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84486-041-8.
  • Schultz, Willi (1992). Linienschiff Schleswig-Holstein: Flottendienst in drei Marinen (in German). Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-7822-0502-2.
  • Slavick, Joseph P. (2003). The Cruise of the German Raider Atlantis. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-537-8.
  • Smith, Peter C. (1995). Eagle's War: War Diary of an Aircraft Carrier. Crécy Books. ISBN 0-947554-60-2.
  • Sondhaus, Lawrence (2014). The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03690-1.
  • Staff, Gary (2008). Battle for the Baltic Islands 1917: Triumph of the Imperial German Navy. Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-787-7.
  • Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (1). Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-467-1.
  • Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
  • Stillwell, Paul (1991). Battleship Arizona: An Illustrated History. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-023-8. OCLC 2365447.
  • Sweetman, John (2004). Tirpitz: Hunting the Beast. Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-0-7509-3755-9.
  • Taras, Alexander (2000). Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг [Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy 1892–1917]. Library of Military History (in Russian). Minsk: Kharvest. ISBN 978-985-433-888-0.
  • Tully, Anthony P. (2009). Battle of Surigao Strait. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35242-2.
  • Vinogradov, Sergei; Fedechkin, Aleksei (2011). Bronenosnyi kreyser "Bayan" i yego potomki. Od Port-Artura do Moonzunda (in Russian). Yauza / EKSMO. ISBN 978-5-699-51559-2.
  • Warner, Denis; Warner, Peggy (2002). The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 (2nd ed.). Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
  • Wheeler, Keith (1980). War Under the Pacific. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3376-1.
  • Whitley, M. J. (1998). Battleships of World War II. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.
  • Wildenberg, Thomas (2014). Billy Mitchell's War with the Navy: The Army Air Corps and the Challenge to Seapower. United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-332-4.
  • Williams, Mike (2009). Jordan, John (ed.). Mutsu – An Exploration of the Circumstances Surrounding Her Loss. Warship 2009. Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-089-0.
  • Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Tirpitz: The Life and Death of Germany's Last Super Battleship. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-935149-18-7.

Journals
  • Allen, M. J. (1964). "The Loss & Salvage of the "Leonardo da Vinci"". Warship International. Naval Records Club. I (Reprint).
  • Allen, Francis J. (1993). ""Old Hoodoo": The Story of the U.S.S. Texas". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXX (3). ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Fernández, Rafael; Mitiukov, Nicholas; Crawford, Kent (March 2007). "The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. 44 (1): 106. ISSN 0043-0374. OCLC 1647131.
  • Windsor, H. H., ed. (November 1911). "French Battleship Blown up in Toulon Harbor". Popular Mechanics. 16 (5).
  • Kingsepp, Sander (March 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Reader Reactions and Questions". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper II).(subscription required)
  • Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Kawachi and Settsu". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I).(subscription required)
  • Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Tango (ex-Poltava)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
  • Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Hizen (ex-Retvizan)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
  • Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Sagami (ex-Peresvet) and Suwō (ex-Pobeda)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
  • Lengerer, Hans (September 2008b). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Iwami (ex-Orël)". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V): 64–66.(subscription required)
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Peresvet and Pobéda". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V).(subscription required)
  • "Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 66. 1940.
  • Sieche, Erwin F. (1991). "S.M.S. Szent István: Hungaria's Only and Ill-Fated Dreadnought". Warship International. International Warship Research Organization. XXVII (2). ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Wright, Christopher C., ed. (March 2002). "The US Navy's Study of the Loss of the Battleship Arizona". Warship International. International Naval Research Organization. XXXIX–XL (3–4, 1). ISSN 0043-0374.

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