Lithopone

Lithopone
Names
	Other names Barium zinc sulfate sulfide, Enamel White, Pigment white 5, CI Pigment white 5, Barium zinc sulfate, Barium zinc sulfide, Lithopone B301, ZNS 28-30%, Lithopone 28-30%, LithoponeB311, Zinc sulfide, Barium sulfate Mixture, Pigment White 5 (77115), Becton White, Charlton White, Zincolith
Identifiers
CAS Number	1345-05-7;
ChemSpider	27472957;
EC Number	215-715-5;
PubChem CID	56846444;
Properties
Chemical formula
Molar mass	330.80 g/mol
Appearance	White powder
Odor	odorless
Density	Approx. 4.36 g/mL
Melting point	ZnS > 1,180°C ; BaSO4 > 1,350 °C
Solubility in water	Insoluble
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H302, H332
Precautionary statements	P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P312, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Lithopone, C.I. Pigment White 5, is a mixture of inorganic compounds, widely used as a white pigment powder. It is composed of a mixture of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide. These insoluble compounds blend well with organic compounds and confer opacity. It was made popular by the cheap production costs, greater coverage. Related white pigments include titanium dioxide, zinc oxide ("zinc white"), zinc sulfide, and white lead.[1]

History

Lithopone was discovered in the 1870s by DuPont. It was manufactured by Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company and other companies.[2] The material came in different "seals", which varied in the content of zinc sulfide. Gold seal and Bronze seals contain 40-50% zinc sulfide, offering more hiding power and strength.[3] Although its popularity peaked around 1920, approximately 223,352 tons were produced in 1990. It is mainly used in paints, putty, and in plastics.[1]

Stability and darkening

Although barium sulfate is almost completely inert, zinc sulfide degrades upon exposure to UV light, leading to darkening of the pigment. The severity of this UV reaction is dependent on a combination of two factors; how much zinc sulfide makes up the pigments formulation, and its total accumulated UV exposure. Depending on these factors the pigment itself can vary in shade over time, ranging from pure white all the way to grey or even black. To suppress this effect, a dopant may be used, such as a small amount of cobalt salts, which would be added to the formulation. This process creates cobalt-doped zinc sulfide. The cobalt salts help to stabilize zinc sulfide so it will not have as severe a reaction to UV exposure.

Production

Lithopone is produced by coprecipitation of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide. Most commonly coprecipitation is effected by combining equimolar amounts of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide:

BaS + ZnSO₄→ ZnS · BaSO₄

This route affords a product that is 29.4 wt % ZnS and 70.6 wt % BaSO₄. Variations exist, for example, more ZnS-rich materials are produced when zinc chloride is added to the mixture of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide.[1]

Barium sulfide is produced by carbothermic reduction of barium sulfate. Zinc sulfate is obtained from a variety of zinc products, often waste, by treatment with sulfuric acid.

Safety

Lithopone is rather nontoxic, due to the insolubility of its components. It has been used in medicine as a radiocontrast agent. Lithopone is allowed to be in contact with foodstuffs in the US and Europe.[1]

References

Völz, Hans G. et al. "Pigments, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2.
"Krebs Pigment & Chemical Company". DuPont. Retrieved 2011-10-24. Founded in 1902 by Henrick J. Krebs, Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company produced lithopone, a widely used white paint pigment also manufactured by DuPont. But Krebs' company had another asset of special interest to DuPont. ...
Booge, J. E. (1929). "Lithopone Composition and Process of Making Same". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Historical references

Ralston, O.C. (1921). Electrolytic Deposition and Hydrometallurgy of Zinc. New York: McGraw Hill..
O'Brien, W.J. (1915). "The Study of Lithopone". J. Phys. Chem. 19 (2): 113–144. doi:10.1021/j150155a002..
US 1478347, Mitchell John L, "Apparatus for calcining lithopone", published Dec 18, 1923, assigned to Mitchell John L
Goshorn, J.H.; Black, C.K. (1929). "The study of lithopone darkening". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 21 (4): 348–9. doi:10.1021/ie50232a021.
Sachtleben. "Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2014..
Trott, L.H. (1927). Lithopone and Its Part in Paints. The New Jersey Zinc Company..

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[Ullmann-1] Völz, Hans G. et al. "Pigments, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2.

[kreb-2] "Krebs Pigment & Chemical Company". DuPont. Retrieved 2011-10-24. Founded in 1902 by Henrick J. Krebs, Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company produced lithopone, a widely used white paint pigment also manufactured by DuPont. But Krebs' company had another asset of special interest to DuPont. ...

[Booge-3] Booge, J. E. (1929). "Lithopone Composition and Process of Making Same". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)