Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It is a white solid with low solubility in water (Ksp = 5.61×10−12).[5] Magnesium hydroxide is a common component of antacids, such as milk of magnesia.

Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium hydroxide
Other names
Magnesium dihydroxide
Milk of Magnesia
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.792
EC Number
  • 215-170-3
E number E528 (acidity regulators, ...)
485572
KEGG
RTECS number
  • OM3570000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/Mg.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2 checkY
    Key: VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
  • InChI=1/Mg.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
    Key: VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-NUQVWONBAW
  • [Mg+2].[OH-].[OH-]
Properties
Mg(OH)2
Molar mass 58.3197 g/mol
Appearance White solid
Odor Odorless
Density 2.3446 g/cm3
Melting point 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) decomposes
  • 0.00064 g/100 mL (25 °C)
  • 0.004 g/100 mL (100 °C)
5.61×10−12
−22.1×10−6 cm3/mol
1.559[1]
Structure
Hexagonal, hP3[2]
P3m1 No. 164
a = 0.312 nm, c = 0.473 nm
Thermochemistry
77.03 J/mol·K
64 J·mol−1·K−1[3]
−924.7 kJ·mol−1[3]
−833.7 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
A02AA04 (WHO) G04BX01 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark[4]
Warning[4]
H315, H319, H335[4]
P261, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P405, P501[4]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
1
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
8500 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions
 Magnesium oxide
Other cations
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)
Infobox references

Preparation

Treating the solution of different soluble magnesium salts with alkaline water induces the precipitation of the solid hydroxide Mg(OH)2:

Mg2+ + 2 OH− → Mg(OH)2

As Mg2+
 is the second most abundant cation present in seawater after Na+
, it can be economically extracted directly from seawater by alkalinisation as described here above. On an industrial scale, Mg(OH)2 is produced by treating seawater with lime (Ca(OH)2). A volume of 600 m3 (160,000 US gal) of seawater gives about one tonne of Mg(OH)2. Ca(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.02×10−6)[6] is far more soluble than Mg(OH)2 (Ksp = 5.61×10−12) and drastically increases the pH value of seawater from 8.2 to 12.5. The less soluble Mg(OH)
2 precipitates because of the common ion effect due to the OH−
 added by the dissolution of Ca(OH)
2:[7]

Mg2+ + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + Ca2+

Uses

Precursor to MgO

Most Mg(OH)2 that is produced industrially, as well as the small amount that is mined, is converted to fused magnesia (MgO). Magnesia is valuable because it is both a poor electrical conductor and an excellent thermal conductor.[7]

Medical

Only a small amount of the magnesium from magnesium hydroxide is usually absorbed by the intestine (unless one is deficient in magnesium). However, magnesium is mainly excreted by the kidneys; so long-term, daily consumption of milk of magnesia by someone suffering from kidney failure could lead in theory to hypermagnesemia. Unabsorbed magnesium is excreted in feces; absorbed magnesium is rapidly excreted in urine.[8]

Bottle used for Phillips' Leche de Magnesia (Milk of Magnesia) in the Amber Museum, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Antacid

As an antacid, magnesium hydroxide is dosed at approximately 0.5–1.5 g in adults and works by simple neutralization, in which the hydroxide ions from the Mg(OH)2 combine with acidic H+ ions (or hydronium ions) produced in the form of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach, to produce water.

Laxative

As a laxative, magnesium hydroxide is dosed at 5-10 g, and works in a number of ways. First, Mg2+ is poorly absorbed from the intestinal tract, so it draws water from the surrounding tissue by osmosis. Not only does this increase in water content soften the feces, it also increases the volume of feces in the intestine (intraluminal volume) which naturally stimulates intestinal motility. Furthermore, Mg2+ ions cause the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which results in intraluminal accumulation of water and electrolytes, and increased intestinal motility. Some sources claim that the hydroxide ions themselves do not play a significant role in the laxative effects of milk of magnesia, as alkaline solutions (i.e., solutions of hydroxide ions) are not strongly laxative, and non-alkaline Mg2+ solutions, like MgSO4, are equally strong laxatives, mole for mole.[9]

History of milk of magnesia

On May 4, 1818, American inventor Koen Burrows received a patent (No. X2952) for magnesium hydroxide.[10] In 1829, Sir James Murray used a "condensed solution of fluid magnesia" preparation of his own design[11] to treat the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquess of Anglesey, for stomach pain. This was so successful (advertised in Australia and approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1838)[12] that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two subsequent Lords Lieutenant, and knighted. His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his death, in 1873.[13]

The term milk of magnesia was first used by Charles Henry Phillips in 1872 for a suspension of magnesium hydroxide formulated at about 8% w/v.[14] It was sold under the brand name Phillips' Milk of Magnesia for medicinal usage.

USPTO registrations show that the terms "Milk of Magnesia"[15] and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia"[16] have both been assigned to Bayer since 1995. In the UK, the non-brand (generic) name of "Milk of Magnesia" and "Phillips' Milk of Magnesia" is "Cream of Magnesia" (Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture, BP).

As food additive

It is added directly to human food, and is affirmed as generally recognized as safe by the FDA.[17] It is known as E number E528.

Magnesium hydroxide is marketed for medical use as chewable tablets, as capsules, powder, and as liquid suspensions, sometimes flavored. These products are sold as antacids to neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion and heartburn. It also is a laxative to alleviate constipation. As a laxative, the osmotic force of the magnesia acts to draw fluids from the body. High doses can lead to diarrhea, and can deplete the body's supply of potassium, sometimes leading to muscle cramps.[18]

Some magnesium hydroxide products sold for antacid use (such as Maalox) are formulated to minimize unwanted laxative effects through the inclusion of aluminum hydroxide, which inhibits the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract,[19] thereby counterbalancing the contractions induced by the osmotic effects of the magnesium hydroxide.

Other niche uses

Magnesium hydroxide is also a component of antiperspirant.[20] Magnesium hydroxide is useful against canker sores (aphthous ulcer) when used topically.[21]

Waste water treatment

Magnesium hydroxide powder is used industrially to neutralize acidic wastewaters.[22] It is also a component of the Biorock method of building artificial reefs. The main advantage of Mg(OH)
2 over Ca(OH)
2, is to impose a lower pH better compatible with that of seawater and sea life: pH 10.5 for Mg(OH)
2 in place of pH 12.5 with Ca(OH)
2.

Fire retardant

Natural magnesium hydroxide (brucite) is used commercially as a fire retardant. Most industrially used magnesium hydroxide is produced synthetically.[23] Like aluminum hydroxide, solid magnesium hydroxide has smoke suppressing and flame retardant properties. This property is attributable to the endothermic decomposition it undergoes at 332 °C (630 °F):

Mg(OH)2 → MgO + H2O

The heat absorbed by the reaction retards the fire by delaying ignition of the associated substance. The water released dilutes combustible gases. Common uses of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant include additives to cable insulation, insulation plastics, roofing, and various flame retardant coatings.[24][25][26][27][28]

Mineralogy
Brucite crystals (mineral form of Mg(OH)2) from the Sverdlovsk Region, Urals, Russia (size: 10.5 × 7.8 × 7.4 cm).

Brucite, the mineral form of Mg(OH)2 commonly found in nature also occurs in the 1:2:1 clay minerals amongst others, in chlorite, in which it occupies the interlayer position normally filled by monovalent and divalent cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. As a consequence, chlorite interlayers are cemented by brucite and cannot swell nor shrink.

Brucite, in which some of the Mg2+ cations have been substituted by Al3+ cations, becomes positively charged and constitutes the main basis of layered double hydroxide (LDH). LDH minerals as hydrotalcite are powerful anion sorbents but are relatively rare in nature.

Brucite may also crystallize in cement and concrete in contact with seawater. Indeed, the Mg2+ cation is the second most abundant cation in seawater, just behind Na+ and before Ca2+. Because brucite is a swelling mineral, it causes a local volumetric expansion responsible for tensile stress in concrete. This leads to the formation of cracks and fissures in concrete, accelerating its degradation in seawater.

For the same reason, dolomite cannot be used as construction aggregate for making concrete. The reaction of magnesium carbonate with the free alkali hydroxides present in the cement porewater also leads to the formation of expansive brucite.

MgCO3 + 2 NaOH → Mg(OH)2 + Na2CO3

This reaction, one of the two main alkali–aggregate reaction (AAR) is also known as alkali–carbonate reaction.

See also

References
  1. Patnaik, Pradyot (2003). Handbook of inorganic chemicals. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. OCLC 50252041.
  2. Toshiaki Enoki and Ikuji Tsujikawa (1975). "Magnetic Behaviours of a Random Magnet, NipMg(1−p)(OH)2". J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 39 (2): 317–323. Bibcode:1975JPSJ...39..317E. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.317.
  3. Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  4. "Magnesium Hydroxide". American Elements. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  5. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (76th ed.). CRC Press. 12 March 1996. ISBN 0849305969.
  6. Rumble, John (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN 978-1138561632.
  7. Margarete Seeger; Walter Otto; Wilhelm Flick; Friedrich Bickelhaupt; Otto S. Akkerman. "Magnesium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_595.pub2.
  8. "magnesium hydroxide". Global Library of Women's Medicine. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 2023-03-14.
  9. Tedesco, Frances J.; DiPiro, Joseph T (1985). "Laxative use in constipation". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 80 (4): 303–309. PMID 2984923.
  10. Patent USX2952 - Magnesia, medicated, liquid - Google Patents
  11. Michael Hordern, A World Elsewhere (1993), p. 2.
  12. "Sir James Murray's condensed solution of fluid magnesia". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. 21, no. 2928. October 7, 1846. p. 1, column 4.
  13. Ulster History. Sir James Murray – Inventor of Milk of Magnesia. 1788 to 1871 Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, 24 February 2005
  14. When was Phillips' Milk of Magnesia introduced? Archived 2017-06-22 at the Wayback Machine FAQ, phillipsrelief.com, accessed 4 July 2016
  15. results from the TARR web server: Milk of Magnesia
  16. results from the TARR web server: Phillips' Milk of Magnesia
  17. "Compound Summary for CID 14791 - Magnesium Hydroxide". PubChem.
  18. Magnesium Hydroxide – Revolution Health
  19. Washington, Neena (2 August 1991). Antacids and Anti Reflux Agents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-8493-5444-7.
  20. Milk of Magnesia Makes Good Antiperspirant
  21. Canker sores, 2/1/2009
  22. Aileen Gibson and Michael Maniocha White Paper: The Use Of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry For Biological Treatment Of Municipal and Industrial Wastewater, August 12, 2004
  23. Rothon, RN (2003). Particulate Filled Polymer Composites. Shrewsbury, UK: Rapra Technology. pp. 53–100.
  24. Hollingbery, LA; Hull TR (2010). "The Thermal Decomposition of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review". Thermochimica Acta. 509 (1–2): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2010.06.012.
  25. Hollingbery, LA; Hull TR (2010). "The Fire Retardant Behaviour of Huntite and Hydromagnesite - A Review". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 95 (12): 2213–2225. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.019.
  26. Hollingbery, LA; Hull TR (2012). "The Fire Retardant Effects of Huntite in Natural Mixtures with Hydromagnesite". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 97 (4): 504–512. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.024.
  27. Hollingbery, LA; Hull TR (2012). "The Thermal Decomposition of Natural Mixtures of Huntite and Hydromagnesite". Thermochimica Acta. 528: 45–52. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2011.11.002.
  28. Hull, TR; Witkowski A; Hollingbery LA (2011). "Fire Retardant Action of Mineral Fillers". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 96 (8): 1462–1469. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.006. S2CID 96208830.
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