North-West Frontier Province

The northwestern frontier areas were annexed by the East India Company after the Second Sikh War (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province.[4] This region, along with the 'Frontier Tribal Areas', acted as a buffer zone with Afghanistan.

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  The Punjab in 1880 (included areas of the later North-West Frontier Province)
• 
  Map of the North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir from The Imperial Gazetteer of India (1907-1909)
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  Map of the North-West Frontier Province and neighbouring regions (National Geographic, 1946)

Before the Partition of India, the 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. However, the then Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib, along with his brother Bacha Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.[5][6]

As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of West Pakistan, under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed as the 'Khyber Pakhtunkhwa' province.

The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke either Pashto or Lahnda/Western Punjabi (primarily Hindko and Saraiki). Prior to the arrival of the British, the official language, for governmental uses and such, was Persian.

Religious counts below is for the entirety of NWFP (Hazara, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan). The Agencies and Tribal Areas constituted a separate administrative division where religious composition was not enumerated, except at small Trans-Frontier Posts in the region.

Religion in North–West Frontier Province (1881–1941)

Religious group	1881[8]: 95		1891[8]: 95		1901[8]: 95		1911[8]: 307–308		1921[9]: 345–346		1931[10]: 373–375		1941[11]: 22
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Islam	1,451,444	92.1%	1,714,490	92.3%	1,882,294	92.2%	2,039,994	92.86%	2,062,786	91.62%	2,227,303	91.84%	2,788,797	91.8%
Hinduism	111,892	7.1%	118,881	6.4%	128,617	6.3%	119,942	5.46%	149,881	6.66%	142,977	5.9%	180,321	5.94%
Sikhism	7,880	0.5%	18,575	1%	26,540	1.3%	30,345	1.38%	28,040	1.25%	42,510	1.75%	57,939	1.91%
Christianity	4,728	0.3%	5,573	0.3%	6,125	0.3%	6,585	0.3%	10,610	0.47%	12,213	0.5%	10,889	0.36%
Others	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	67[lower-alpha 4]	0.003%	23[lower-alpha 5]	0.001%	73[lower-alpha 6]	0.003%	121[lower-alpha 3]	0.004%
Total Population	1,575,943	100%	1,857,519	100%	2,041,534	100%	2,196,933	100%	2,251,340	100%	2,425,076	100%	3,038,067	100%

Adherents of Islam who were indigenous to frontier regions that continued to have relatively large Hindu populations, and who were also relatively recent converts, were influenced by some traditions of Hinduism; in contrast, Muslims in frontier regions that had been further influenced by orthodox Islam and converted at a much earlier date were noted in their relatively different cultural habits.

"The high road, along which the Mohammedan conquerors and rulers of India passed and repassed lay through the north (the Khyber, Kurram and other routes); and it is probable that Islam never took so firm a hold of the inhabitants of the southern district as of the people to the north of them. In this connection it is interesting to notice that the Mussalman of the Derajat is less strict in his observance of the duties of his religion, such as fasts, prayers and the like, than his northern neighbours. Through Hazara lay the road by which the Emperors of Delhi went to and fro between the capital and their summer retreat in Kashmir, and it was natural that Islam should thoroughly permeate the district. Similarly Kohat, from its situation with regard to the Kurram Valley, which at no very distant period was, nominally at least, a portion of the Afghan kingdom, has been more influenced in the past by its Mohammedan neighbours to the west than have the districts to the south of it. There is no need to consider here the probable date at which the bulk of the Pathans living in the Province, or rather their ancestors, were converted to Islam. It is enough to notice that they had long been Mohammadan when they settled in their present homes, and that their fanaticism and intolerance, especially in the districts where they are strongest, rendered the Province no very inviting place of residence for settlers of a different creed. If no fanaticism in its inhabitants acted as a bar to the settlement of Hindus in Hazara, the absence of any large trade centres was at least equally efficacious. The only other district in which there is a non-Pathan element in the population in any way commensurate to that of Hazara is Dera Ismail Khan. The population here is mainly composed of tribes of Indian origin. Its conversion to Islam is of much later data; fanaticism does not exist, and no particular dislike to the Hindu seems to have existed." [8]^: 64–65

— Excerpt from the Census of India (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD

Similarly, adherents of Hinduism who belonged to the various castes and tribes who were indigenous to the frontier regions had considerable Islamic influence, owing to their status as a religious minority in the region for centuries, and thus formed religious syncretism that incorporated aspects from both faiths into their cultures and traditions.

"Hinduism, as it exists in the North-West Frontier Province, is but a pale reflection of the system which flourishes in the United Provinces and other areas to the east. Even of the Derajat, where, as we have seen, the Hindu population is proportionately most numerous, the writer of the Dera Ismail Khan Gazetteer notes, "the Hindus of this district are less particular in the matter of caste prejudices and observances than down country Hindus. Most of them will drink water that has been carried in Mussaks (skins for carrying water) or out of lotas detached from a working well. They habitually ride on donkeys and do a multitude of other things which an orthodox Hindu would shrink from. All idolatrous observances are kept very much in the background. Except a few small images (thakurs) kept in their mandirs they have no idols at all. Nor is it their habit to take their gods about in procession. No one, in fact, sees anything of their worship. They burn their dead, and throw the ashes into the Indus. They always keep a few of the bones, and take them, when the opportunity offers, to the Ganges... There are a good many dharamsalas, mandirs, and dawaras at Dera Ismail Khan and in the cis-Indus tehsils." [8]^: 93

— Excerpt from the Census of India (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD

Lastly, decadal census reports throughout the colonial era frequently detailed the difficulty of differentiating adherents of Hinduism with adherents of Sikhism, owing to the traditional ability of the former in assimilating and integrating followers of varied thought into Hinduism.

"The Sikh religion was born out of Hinduism, and fears have been expressed of its being reabsorbed into it. Truly wonderful is the strength and vitality of Hinduism. It is like the boa constrictor of the Indian forests; when a petty enemy appears to worry it, it winds round its opponent, crushes it in its folds, and finally causes it to disappear in its capacious interior. In this way, many centuries ago, Hinduism on its own ground disposed of Buddhism which was largely a Hindu reformation in this way in a prehistoric period it absorbed the religion of the Scythian invaders of Northern India; in this way it has converted educated Islam in India into a semi-paganism; and in this way it is disposing of the reformed and once hopeful religion of Baba Nanak. Hinduism has embraced Sikhism in its folds; the still comparatively young religion is making a vigorous struggle for life, but its ultimate destruction is, it is apprehended, inevitable without State support. Notwithstanding the Sikh Guru's powerful denunciation of Brahmans, secular Sikhs now rarely do anything without their assistance. Brahmans help them to be born, help them to wed, help them to die and help their souls after death to obtain a state of bliss. And Brahmans, with all the deftness of Roman Catholic missionaries in Protestant countries have partially succeeded in persuading the Sikhs to restore to their niches the images of Devi, the Queen of Heaven, and the Saints and gods of the ancient faith." [8]^: 62

— Excerpt from the Census of India (North-West Frontier Province), 1911 AD)

With rapid population growth occurring across all districts in the province, Mardan District was added to the North–West Frontier Province in 1941.

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1941)[11]^: 22–23

District	Islam		Hinduism		Sikhism		Christianity		Others[lower-alpha 7]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	769,589	90.35%	51,212	6.01%	24,030	2.82%	6,890	0.81%	112[lower-alpha 8]	0.01%	851,833	100%
Hazara District	756,004	94.95%	30,267	3.8%	9,220	1.16%	737	0.09%	2[lower-alpha 9]	0.0003%	796,230	100%
Mardan District	483,575	95.47%	10,677	2.11%	11,838	2.34%	449	0.09%	0	0%	506,539	100%
Dera Ismail Khan District	255,757	85.79%	39,167	13.14%	2,390	0.8%	810	0.27%	7[lower-alpha 10]	0.002%	298,131	100%
Bannu District	257,648	87.06%	31,471	10.63%	6,112	2.07%	699	0.24%	0	0%	295,930	100%
Kohat District	266,224	91.99%	17,527	6.06%	4,349	1.5%	1,304	0.45%	0	0%	289,404	100%
Total	2,788,797	91.8%	180,321	5.94%	57,939	1.91%	10,889	0.36%	121[lower-alpha 3]	0.004%	3,038,067	100%

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1931)[10]^{: 373–375}

District	Islam		Hinduism		Sikhism		Christianity		Others[lower-alpha 7]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	898,683	92.24%	42,321	4.34%	24,271	2.49%	8,974	0.92%	72[lower-alpha 11]	0.01%	974,321	100%
Hazara District	636,794	95.03%	25,260	3.77%	7,630	1.14%	432	0.06%	1[lower-alpha 12]	0.0001%	670,117	100%
Dera Ismail Khan District	235,707	86%	35,822	13.07%	1,878	0.69%	657	0.24%	0	0%	274,064	100%
Bannu District	237,674	87.93%	26,181	9.69%	5,482	2.03%	964	0.36%	0	0%	270,301	100%
Kohat District	218,445	92.45%	13,393	5.67%	3,249	1.38%	1,186	0.5%	0	0%	236,273	100%
Total	2,227,303	91.84%	142,977	5.9%	42,510	1.75%	12,213	0.5%	73[lower-alpha 6]	0.003%	2,425,076	100%

Religion in the Districts of North–West Frontier Province (1921)[9]^{: 344–346}

District	Islam		Hinduism		Sikhism		Christianity		Others[lower-alpha 7]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Peshawar District	836,222	92.16%	48,144	5.31%	15,326	1.69%	7,652	0.84%	23[lower-alpha 5]	0.003%	907,367	100%
Hazara District	591,058	94.97%	26,038	4.18%	4,850	0.78%	403	0.06%	0	0%	622,349	100%
Dera Ismail Khan District	218,315	83.72%	39,311	15.08%	1,904	0.73%	1,237	0.47%	0	0%	260,767	100%
Bannu District	219,695	89.04%	23,509	9.53%	3,286	1.33%	244	0.1%	0	0%	246,734	100%
Kohat District	197,496	92.23%	12,879	6.01%	2,674	1.25%	1,074	0.5%	0	0%	214,123	100%
Total	2,062,786	91.62%	149,881	6.66%	28,040	1.25%	10,610	0.47%	23[lower-alpha 5]	0.001%	2,251,340	100%