Sholom Rivkin

Sholom Rivkin was born June 6, 1926, at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem.[2][3] His father was Rabbi Moshe Ber Rivkin, a protégé and beloved chasid [4] of Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (also known as “the Rashab”), the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement. His mother was Nacha Rivkin (née Heber) of Kalisz, Poland. Rabbi Moshe Ber and Nacha married in 1920 and their daughter, Ella, was born in 1921. In 1924, Moshe Ber Rivkin was sent by the Rashab to Palestine to be the dean of a rabbinical school, the Yeshivas Toras Emes in Jerusalem, where their son, Sholom, was born.[3][5]

Following the 1929 Palestine riots, Rivkin's family emigrated to the United States and settled in Borough Park, Brooklyn, where Rivkin's father become the dean of Yeshiva Torah Vodaath.[1] His mother was one of the founders of the Shulamith School for Girls in Borough Park, Brooklyn, the first girls’ yeshiva in the United States.[5] She became a renowned Hebrew textbook author and Jewish educator, championing day school education for Orthodox Jewish girls.[2][3]

Rivkin became a rabbinical scholar at the Yeshiva Torah Vodaath and Beth Medrash Elyon and was an exemplary student of Rabbis Shlomo Heiman and Reuvain Grozovsky.[6] He received his rabbinic ordination at Yeshiva Torah Vodaath.[3] and a second, advanced semicha from Rabbi Moshe Binyamin Tomashoff, who, when he was ordained, called him "among the most gifted of his generation."[2]

Part of a series on
Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim)
Rebbes of Chabad Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Alter Rebbe) Dovber Schneuri (Mitteler Rebbe) Menachem M. Schneersohn (Tzemach Tzedek) Shmuel Schneersohn (Rebbe Maharash) Sholom Dovber Schneersohn (Rebbe Rashab) Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (Rebbe Rayatz) Menachem M. Schneerson (the Rebbe)
Schneersohn family Chaim S. Z. of Liadi (1814–1880) Yitzchak Dovber of Liadi (1833–1910) Chana Schneerson (1880–1964) Chaya M. Schneersohn (d. 1860) Chaya M. Schneerson (1901–1988) Levi Y. Schneerson (1878–1944) Moshe Schneersohn (ca. 1784–before 1853) Sheina Horenstein (d. 1942) Shlomo Zalman Schneersohn (1830–1900) Shmaryahu Noah Schneersohn (1842–1924) Yehuda Leib Schneersohn (1808–1866)
Rabbonim Avraham Osdoba Chaim Gutnick Mordechai Ashkenazi Mordechai Gutnick Moshe Gutnick Pinhas Hirschprung Shneur Z. Fradkin Yaakov Schwei Yehuda K. Marlow Abraham Hecht Yitzchak Hendel Yosef Heller Yosef Y. Braun Zalman Dworkin Zelig Sharfstein Shmuel L. Medalia Shmarya Y. L. Medalia Sholom Rivkin
Mashpiim and scholars Aaron of Staroselye Shmuley Boteach Herman Branover Yehuda Chitrik Levi Cooper Manis Friedman Mendel Futerfas Yitzchak Ginsburgh Menachem Z. Greenglass Moshe Gutnick Moshe Havlin Zalman M. HaYitzchaki Aizel Homiler Simon Jacobson Yisroel Jacobson Yosef Y. Jacobson Yoel Kahn Abraham Y. Khein Yehoshua Mondshine Avraham C. Naeh Nissan Neminov Hillel Paritcher Ezra Schochet Adin Steinsaltz Shais Taub Sholom Dov Wolpo Shlomo Y. Zevin
Mazkirus and other leaders Leib Groner Jacob J. Hecht Chaim M. A. Hodakov Yehuda Krinsky Nissan Mindel Dovid Raskin Abraham Shemtov
Shluchim Menachem Brod Azriel Chaikin Shlomo Cunin Pinchus Feldman Gershon Garelik Yitzchok D. Groner Hanoch Hecht Gavriel Holtzberg Berel Lazar Shimon Lazaroff Chezki Lifshitz David Masinter Yitzchok Moully Zalman I. Posner Menachem S. D. Raichik Aaron Raskin Arie Z. Raskin Shlomo Sawilowsky Mordechai Scheiner Abraham Shemtov Levi Shemtov Yehudah Teichtal Simcha Weinstein Manis Friedman
Other notable figures Avraham Fried Benny Friedman Aharon Gurevich Joseph Gutnick Moshe Hecht Shea Hecht Bernard Levy Hendel Lieberman Michoel Muchnik Mendy Pellin Zvi Yair
Controversies Chabad messianism Chabad offshoot groups Barry Gurary Public menorah The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference
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In 1947, at age 21, Rivkin was appointed a rosh yeshiva (dean) at Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin school in Brooklyn.[2] However, in 1949, at the encouragement of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, Rivkin moved to St. Louis, Missouri, to become the rabbi of the Nusach Ha'Ari congregation.[6] He also became the Jewish chaplain at the Veterans Administration Hospital at Jefferson Barracks and an administrator and counselor at Epstein Hebrew Academy.[1][2][3]

In 1954 married Paula Zuckerman, the only child of Rabbi Dov Berish Zuckerman and Hinda Zuckerman. Paula's family had fled Austria after the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938. They subsequently had two children, Bentzion and Yocheved.[2][3]

In 1959, the family moved to Seattle, where Rivkin became the rabbi of Congregation Bikur Cholim. In 1970, they moved to Queens, N.Y., where Rivkin served as rabbi of Young Israel of Wavecrest and Bayswater.[1][2][3]

After moving to Queens, Rivkin was appointed chief judge (dayan) of the Beth Din (Court of Jewish Law) of America Rabbinical Council of America. He held this post for 15 years.[3]

Rabbi Rivkin was known for his compassion and sensitivity in dealing with often sensitive issues. He was a renowned expert in halakha (Jewish law), and an international authority on Jewish divorce law. Rabbis and rabbinical courts from all over the world consulted him on these matters. He also traveled to the Soviet Union to perform Jewish religious divorces. Rivkin was often at the forefront of dealing with new issues in the area of Jewish family law. For example, in the 1980s, he decided to allow a Jewish woman to undergo in vitro fertilization and this decision subsequently influenced others in the area of Jewish medical ethics.[1]

The Vaad Hoeir (community council) of St. Louis invited Rivkin to return to St. Louis as Chief Rabbi, following the death in 1981 of the previous chief rabbi, Rabbi Menachem Eichenstein, who had served in that position since 1941. In 1983, Rivkin succeeded Eichenstein as Chief Rabbi.[2][3][7]

For the next 22 years, Rivkin presided as Chief Rabbi over the St. Louis Rabbinical Court and led the Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis, a council that supervises facets of Jewish observance ranging from kosher practice to education to religious divorce. He was the final arbiter of all cases of Jewish law of the Rabbinical Court, and both his scholarship and care for others were noted as hallmarks of his term of office.[1][2]

In 2005, Rivkin retired as Chief Rabbi due to ill health and he was named Chief Rabbi Emeritus. No new appointment was made to fill his position.[1][2][3]

The institution of Chief Rabbi was rare in the United States and existed only in a few U.S. cities; St. Louis was the last city in which a chief rabbi led the Orthodox Jewish community, and Rivkin was thus the last chief rabbi of a city in the United States.[1][2][8]

After their marriage in 1954, Paula (Pepi) Rivkin became a clinical psychologist. She was an advocate for women and a co-founder of the Jewish Council Against Family Violence. She was also a community leader, serving as a member of the board of directors of the Jewish Federation of St. Louis, the board and advisory committee of the St. Louis Jewish Light, and as a driving force behind the renovation of the community mikveh. The couple was married for 56 years, until Paula died January 7, 2011, aged 78.[1][2][9]

Their son, Rabbi Benzion Rivkin, was the 41st in a continuous line of rabbis in the Rivkin family.[1] Their daughter Yocheved (Jacqueline) Rivkin Rubin is a journalist living in New York City. Jacqueline's husband, attorney Edward Rubin, is deceased. The Rivkins had two grandchildren, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Rivkin (wife, Sarah) and Nacha Rivkin Rubin; and two great-grandchildren, Bracha Rivkin and Yakov Moshe Rivkin. A third greatgrandchild was born in December 2011 and is named Tova Pesia, after her great-grandmother, the rebbetzin.[1][2][3]

Rivkin died on October 1, 2011, of complications from Parkinson's disease. He was 85 years old.[1] Three memorial services were held: one at Young Israel in St. Louis, in keeping with the tradition that the funeral of the Gadol Ha’ir (the rabbinic leader of the city) take place inside a synagogue;[10] a second at Yeshivah Torah Vodaath in New York, and the third in Jerusalem. Rivkin was buried next to his wife, parents and grandparents at the Mount of Olives Cemetery in Jerusalem.[2]