Demographics of Tajikistan

The Demographics of Tajikistan is about the demography of the population of Tajikistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

"Tajikistani" redirects here. For other uses, see Tajik (disambiguation).

Demographics of Tajikistan
Population pyramid of Tajikistan in 2020
Population10,077,600 (2023)
Growth rate1.4% (2022 est.)
Birth rate20.73 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy69.36 years
 • male66.2 years
 • female72.69 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate2.45 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate32.33 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years31.43%
65 and over3.63%
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.04 male(s)/female
65 and over0.48 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityTajikistani
Language
OfficialTajik
Tajikistan's population and rural population 1958–2005 (millions).
A Tajik man in traditional headgear (2005).
A Tajik woman and her son.

Tajikistan's main ethnic group are the Tajiks, with minorities such as the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, and a small Russian minority. Because not everyone in Tajikistan is an ethnic Tajik, the non-Tajik citizens of the country are referred to as Tajikistani. The official nationality of any person from Tajikistan is a Tajikistani, while the ethnic Tajik majority simply call themselves Tajik.

Contemporary Tajiks are an Iranian people. In particular, they are descended from ancient Eastern Iranian peoples of Central Asia, such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians as well as non-Iranian peoples.[1]

Until the 20th century, people in the region used two types of distinction to identify themselves: way of life - either nomadic or sedentary - and place of residence. By the late nineteenth century, the Tajik and Uzbek peoples, who had lived in proximity for centuries and often used each other's languages, did not perceive themselves as two distinct nationalities. The modern labels were imposed artificially when Central Asia was divided into five Soviet republics in the 1920s.[1]

Historically, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan were also home to Bukharan Jews, who trace their ancestry to the Lost Tribes of Israel taken captive by the Babylonians in the 7th century BC, but almost no Bukharian Jews are left in Tajikistan.[2]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
Tajik children

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook,[3] unless otherwise indicated.

Ethnic groups
Further information: List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan
Two young Tajik women

Ethnic makeup according to the population censuses from 1926 to 2010 (in thousands)[4][5][6]
Note: The category Tajiks also includes approximately 135,000 ethnic Pamiris, of which 65% are Shughni speakers, 13% are Rushani speakers, 12% speak Wakhi, 5% are Bartangi speakers, 3% are Yazgulyami speakers, 1.5% speak Khufi, and 0.8% are Ishkashimi speakers. In addition there are 5,000 speakers of Yagnobi. According to the 2000 census, excluding the people whose native languages are Pamiri or Yagnobi, Tajiks account for 77.6% of the population.

Population of Tajikistan according to ethnic group 1926–2010
Ethnic
group		 census 19261 census 19392 census 19593 census 19704 census 19795 census 19896 census 2000 census 20108
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Tajiks 617,125 74.6 883,966 59.5 1,051,164 53.1 1,629,920 56.2 2,237,048 58.8 3,172,420 62.3 4,898,400 79.9 6,373,834 84.3
Yagnobi 1,829 0.2
Uzbeks 175,627 21.2 353,478 23.8 454,433 23.0 665,662 23.0 873,199 22.9 1,197,841 23.5 1,012,500 16.5 926,344 12.2
Kyrgyz 11,410 1.4 27,968 1.9 25,635 1.3 35,485 1.2 48,376 1.3 63,832 1.3 65,500 1.1 60,715 0.8
Russians 5,638 0.7 134,916 9.1 262,610 13.3 344,109 11.9 395,089 10.4 388,481 7.6 68,200 1.1 34,838 0.5
Turkmen 4,148 0.5 4,040 0.3 7,115 0.4 11,043 0.4 13,991 0.4 20,487 0.4 20,300 0.3 15,171 0.2
Tatars 950 0.1 18,296 1.2 56,893 2.9 70,803 2.4 79,529 2.1 79,442 1.6 19,000 0.3 6,495 0.1
Arabs 3,260 0.4 2,290 0.2 1,297 0.1 248 0.0 176 0.0 276 0.0 14,500 0.2 4,184 0.1
Others 7,180 0.9 60,137 4.0 120,750 6.1 142,332 4.9 158,812 4.2 169,824 3.3 29,100 0.5 142,921 1.9
Total 827,167 1,485,091 1,979,897 2,899,602 3,806,220 5,092,603 6,127,500 7,564,502
1 Source: . 2 Source: . 3 Source: . 4 Source: . 5 Source: . 6 Source: 7 including 51,000 Lakai, 15,100 Kongrat, 4,900 Katagan, 3,700 Barlos and 1,100 Yuz. 8 Source: , p. 7. 9 including 65,555 Lakai, 38,078 Kongrat, 7,601 Katagan, 5,271 Barlos and 3,798 Yuz .

Languages

Several dialects of Persian (Central Asian dialects of Persian) are spoken in Tajikistan and it is one of the two official languages of Tajikistan (officially referred to as Tajik).[7] Russian is the official interethnic language and is widely used in both government and business. The different ethnic minorities speak different languages, for instance Uzbek, Turkmen, Kyrgyz and Khowar.[8] In the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, Shughni as well as other Pamir languages are spoken. In the northern Yaghnob valley, the Yaghnobi language is still spoken.

Religion
Religion in Tajikistan (2020) by ARDA[9]
Religion Percent
Sunni Islam
 
 87.55%
Shia Islam
 
 9.9%
No religion
 
 1.67%
Other
 
 1.19%
Christianity
 
 0.69%
A religious scholar from Tajikistan (2005)
Main article: Religion in Tajikistan

Religious demographics in 2020

Population

9,275,787 (2019 est.) According to Worldmeters

Age structure

0–14 years: 34.3% (male 1,282,681/female 1,238,607)
15–64 years: 62.1% (male 2,260,552/female 2,303,034)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 112,334/female 151,937) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate

1.88% (2009 est.)

2.21% (2013-2014 est.) (source:www.stat.tj)

Net migration rate

-1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 65.33 years
male: 62.29 years
female: 68.52 years (2009 est.)

Education

Education is required through high school (11 years of schooling) but completion rate is under 90%;

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.5%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2000 census)

Vital statistics

UN estimates
Period[10] Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950-1955 74 000 20 000 54 000 42.7 15.4 27.3 5.40
1955-1960 89 000 26 000 63 000 47.9 15.8 32.1 6.20
1960-1965 111 000 30 000 81 000 47.9 14.7 33.2 6.80
1965-1970 110 000 30 000 80 000 43.6 12.8 30.8 7.00
1970-1975 127 000 30 000 97 000 41.5 11.6 29.9 6.83
1975-1980 138 000 33 000 105 000 39.7 10.5 29.2 5.90
1980-1985 164 000 34 000 130 000 42.0 10.2 31.8 5.60
1985-1990 198 000 34 000 164 000 42.8 9.7 33.1 5.50
1990-1995 206 000 52 000 154 000 37.4 9.6 27.8 4.88
1995-2000 195 000 49 000 146 000 32.7 7.8 24.9 4.29
2000-2005 185 000 45 000 140 000 28.5 6.4 22.1 3.60
2005-2010 187 000 43 000 144 000 29.5 5.7 23.8 3.50
2010-2015 30.2 5.3 24.9 3.50
2015-2020 27.9 5.1 22.8 3.28
2020-2025 24.9 5.0 19.9 3.09
2025-2030 22.4 5.1 17.3 2.93
2030-2035 21.3 5.3 16.0 2.79
2035-2040 20.9 5.6 15.3 2.66
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Births and deaths[11][12][13]

Average population Live births in thousands Deaths in thousands Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) TFR
1950 1,531,700 46,571 12,543 34,028 30.4 8.2 22.2
1951 1,586,800 48,407 12,384 36,023 30.5 7.8 22.7
1952 1,642,500 54,931 12,562 42,369 33.4 7.6 25.8
1953 1,685,800 54,697 14,530 40,167 32.4 8.6 23.8
1954 1,731,700 56,946 13,045 43,901 32.9 7.5 25.4
1955 1,782,800 60,335 15,812 44,523 33.8 8.9 25.0
1956 1,838,400 62,960 10,894 52,066 34.2 5.9 28.3
1957 1,900,400 62,966 10,838 52,128 33.1 5.7 27.4
1958 1,955,000 56,826 11,548 45,278 29.1 5.9 23.2
1959 2,011,400 60,978 11,024 49,954 30.3 5.5 24.8
1960 2,082,500 69,715 10,670 59,045 33.5 5.1 28.4
1961 2,165,900 73,653 11,035 62,618 34.0 5.1 28.9
1962 2,255,900 75,909 13,001 62,908 33.6 5.8 27.8
1963 2,341,800 80,733 13,042 67,691 34.5 5.6 28.9
1964 2,426,100 84,300 13,132 71,168 34.7 5.4 29.3
1965 2,512,400 92,448 16,474 75,974 36.8 6.6 30.2
1966 2,594,200 91,825 15,491 76,334 35.4 6.0 29.4
1967 2,673,800 93,988 17,546 76,442 35.2 6.6 28.6
1968 2,761,000 101,462 16,577 84,885 36.7 6.0 30.7
1969 2,851,500 98,831 17,390 81,441 34.7 6.1 28.6
1970 2,942,100 102,201 18,686 83,515 34.8 6.4 28.4
1971 3,044,400 111,839 17,173 94,666 36.8 5.7 31.1
1972 3,148,200 111,069 19,895 91,174 35.3 6.3 29.0
1973 3,244,400 115,157 23,343 91,814 35.5 7.2 28.3
1974 3,344,800 123,338 24,923 98,415 36.9 7.5 29.4
1975 3,446,600 127,464 27,965 99,499 37.0 8.1 28.9
1976 3,549,300 135,243 30,101 105,142 38.2 8.5 29.7
1977 3,652,900 132,875 32,110 100,765 36.4 8.8 27.6
1978 3,752,700 140,622 31,048 109,574 37.5 8.3 29.2
1979 3,852,200 145,431 29,822 115,609 37.8 7.7 30.1
1980 3,954,500 146,422 31,830 114,592 37.0 8.0 29.0
1981 4,060,400 155,508 31,637 123,871 38.3 7.8 30.5
1982 4,173,200 159,571 32,053 127,518 38.2 7.7 30.5
1983 4,293,100 164,710 32,553 132,157 38.3 7.6 30.7
1984 4,419,900 176,197 32,872 143,325 39.8 7.4 32.4 5.494
1985 4,558,100 182,716 32,014 150,702 40.0 7.0 33.0 5.498
1986 4,707,900 198,647 31,993 166,654 42.1 6.8 35.3 5.698
1987 4,861,600 204,450 33,543 170,907 41.9 6.9 35.0 5.662
1988 5,013,000 201,864 35,334 166,530 40.2 7.0 33.2 5.348
1989 5,165,900 200,430 33,395 167,035 38.7 6.5 32.3 5.104
1990 5,302,400 205,813 33,020 172,793 38.8 6.2 32.6 5.091
1991 5,433,300 212,598 33,067 179,531 39.1 6.1 33.0 5.094
1992 5,536,400 179,534 36,718 142,816 32.4 6.6 25.8 4.205
1993 5,573,400 186,504 49,326 137,178 33.5 8.9 24.6 4.320
1994 5,606,800 191,596 39,943 151,653 34.2 7.1 27.0 4.355
1995 5,667,700 193,182 34,274 158,908 34.1 6.0 28.0 4.385
1996 5,735,300 172,341 31,792 140,549 30.0 5.5 24.5 3.931
1997 5,822,500 178,127 28,710 149,417 30.6 4.9 25.7 4.064
1998 5,938,600 185,733 27,397 158,336 31.3 4.6 26.7 4.068
1999 6,064,100 180,888 25,495 155,393 29.8 4.2 25.6 3.852
2000 6,196,500 167,246 29,387 137,859 27.0 4.7 22.3 3.493
2001 6,317,900 171,623 32,015 139,608 27.2 5.1 22.1 3.487
2002 6,429,200 175,599 31,142 144,457 27.3 4.8 22.4 3.471
2003 6,543,000 177,938 33,185 144,753 27.1 5.1 22.0 3.420
2004 6,658,900 179,563 29,741 149,822 26.8 4.4 22.3 3.354
2005 6,780,600 180,790 31,520 149,270 26.4 4.6 21.8 3.274
2006 6,903,900 186,463 31,990 154,473 26.7 4.6 22.1 3.266
2007 7,031,200 200,010 33,686 166,324 28.1 4.7 23.3 2.349
2008 7,173,800 203,332 31,996 171,336 27.9 4.4 23.5 2.677
2009 7,334,100 199,826 32,332 167,504 26.8 4.3 22.5 2.655
2010 7,519,300 239,805 33,343 206,462 31.7 4.4 27.3 2.905
2011 7,714,200 224,178 33,855 190,323 29.1 4.4 24.7 2.766
2012 7,897,300 219,281 33,972 185,309 27.8 4.3 23.5 2.611
2013 8,074,300 209,417 31,706 177,711 25.9 3.9 22.0 2.616
2014 8,246,000 229,460 32,879 196,581 27.8 4.0 23.8 2.980
2015 8,551,200 237,500 33,500 204,000 28.1 4.0 24.1 3.064
2016 8,742,800 229,998 34,102 195,896 26.6 3.9 22.7 2.930
2017 8,931,200 224,100 32,000 192,000 25.4 3.6 21.7 2.830
2018 9,121,600 231,000 32,700 198,300 25.6 3.6 22.0
2019 9,313,800 234,400 33,500 200,900 25.4 3.6 21.8
2020 9,506,300 243,000 42,600 200,400 25.8 4.5 21.3
2021 39,100 22.1 4.0 18.1
2022 230,654 31,103 199,551

Life Expectancy
Life expectancy in Tajikistan since 1950
Life expectancy in Tajikistan since 1960 by gender
Period[14] Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 53.1 1985–1990 64.1
1955–1960 55.1 1990–1995 62.3
1960–1965 57.2 1995–2000 64.5
1965–1970 59.3 2000–2005 66.4
1970–1975 60.8 2005–2010 68.7
1975–1980 62.1 2010–2015 70.4
1980–1985 63.2

Fertility rate

Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):[15]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
2012 33.9 3.8 (3.3) 28.9 3.3 (2.9) 35.6 3.9 (3.4)
2017 33.4 3.8 (3.5) 25.6 3.0 (2.8) 36.1 4.0 (3.7)

Population pyramids

Source:[16]

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2012)
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3 987 517 3 909 796 7 897 313 100
0-4 555 543 522 110 1 077 653 13.65
5-9 437 711 414 701 852 412 10.79
10-14 440 884 419 105 859 989 10.89
15-19 436 357 420 499 856 856 10.85
20-24 429 738 424 831 854 569 10.82
25-29 363 432 358 886 722 318 9.15
30-34 271 966 265 850 537 816 6.81
35-39 225 366 227 780 453 146 5.74
40-44 202 816 208 317 411 132 5.21
45-49 181 790 189 145 370 934 4.70
50-54 156 158 160 512 316 669 4.01
55-59 100 176 104 798 204 974 2.60
60-64 64 192 67 836 132 028 1.67
65-69 36 014 33 300 69 314 0.88
70-74 38 813 38 360 77 172 0.98
75-79 24 913 28 119 53 032 0.67
80-84 14 691 16 110 30 801 0.39
85-89 5 432 6 682 12 114 0.15
90-94 1 211 2 114 3 324 0.04
95-99 268 491 758 0.01
100+ 52 257 309 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 1 434 138 1 355 916 2 790 054 35.33
15-64 2 431 985 2 428 447 4 860 432 61.55
65+ 121 394 125 433 246 827 3.13
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013)
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 4 078 857 3 995 409 8 074 266 100
0-4 564 736 528 451 1 093 187 13.54
5-9 453 224 428 754 881 978 10.92
10-14 437 293 415 432 852 725 10.56
15-19 440 389 422 520 862 909 10.69
20-24 428 230 422 055 850 284 10.53
25-29 382 376 379 040 761 416 9.43
30-34 286 675 279 681 566 356 7.01
35-39 230 478 231 505 461 983 5.72
40-44 206 328 211 812 418 139 5.18
45-49 184 234 191 988 376 222 4.66
50-54 163 910 168 577 332 487 4.12
55-59 108 532 113 347 221 879 2.75
60-64 69 788 74 346 144 133 1.79
65-69 37 799 36 790 74 589 0.92
70-74 37 495 36 388 73 883 0.92
75-79 25 173 28 084 53 256 0.66
80-84 14 482 16 838 31 319 0.39
85-89 6 091 7 046 13 136 0.16
90-94 1 301 2 108 3 408 0.04
95-99 262 434 696 0.01
100+ 69 218 287 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 1 455 253 1 372 637 2 827 890 35.02
15-64 2 500 932 2 494 866 4 995 798 61.87
65+ 122 672 127 906 250 578 3.10
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[17]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 724 044 4 589 723 9 313 767 100
0–4 604 646 538 522 1 143 168 12.27
5–9 572 947 528 515 1 101 462 11.83
10–14 486 486 459 827 946 313 10.16
15–19 430 596 408 418 839 014 9.01
20–24 433 864 421 271 855 135 9.18
25–29 427 540 419 755 847 295 9.10
30–34 398 523 400 106 798 629 8.57
35–39 304 697 298 972 603 669 6.48
40–44 237 475 237 835 475 310 5.10
45–49 208 346 214 686 423 032 4.54
50–54 183 206 192 067 375 273 4.03
55–59 166 874 175 280 342 154 3.67
60–64 114 298 121 451 235 749 2.53
65-69 70 002 76 881 146 883 1.58
70-74 35 648 38 794 74 442 0.80
75-79 24 460 25 412 49 872 0.54
80-84 14 826 18 668 33 494 0.36
85-89 6 462 9 532 15 994 0.17
90-94 2 337 2 337 4 930 0.05
95-99 741 1 088 1 829 0.02
100+ 70 50 120 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 664 079 1 526 864 3 190 943 34.26
15–64 2 905 419 2 889 841 5 795 260 62.22
65+ 154 546 173 018 327 564 3.52

Birth rate
Group of boys in Tajikistan

There were slightly over 224 thousand births in Tajikistan in 2017, down from 230 thousand in 2016.[18] Most births occurred in Khatlon Region (89 thousand births), followed by Sughd Region (61 thousand births) and the Districts of Republican Subordination (53 thousand births). The fewest births is recorded in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in eastern Tajikistan, with around 5,700 births. Dushanbe city recorded approximately 15,500 births in 2017.

The crude birth rate for Tajikistan was 25.4‰ in 2017, down from 28.1‰ two years earlier (in 2015). Khatlon Region has the highest birth rate (28.1‰) in 2017, while the city of Dushanbe has the lowest birth rate with 18.8‰.

Crude birth rate by division from 2000 to 2018[19]
Division2000200220042006200820102012201420162018
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region17.420.319.223.817.318.419.821.923.723.5
Sughd Region25.125.423.924.025.829.427.628.224.924.2
Khatlon Region28.629.031.929.430.531.129.431.130.028.5
Dushanbe city28.525.620.920.425.624.122.816.517.518.4
Districts of Republican Subordination28.128.826.027.928.830.228.527.527.525.9
Tajikistan27.027.326.826.727.929.427.827.826.625.6

See also

References
  1. "Library of Congress Country Studies - Tajikistan - Historical & Ethnic Background - 1996". Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  2. "Jewish music of Bukhara? Alaev Family's got it". August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  3. "Central Asia: Tajikistan". CIA The World Factbook. 11 October 2022. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
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  5. Spoorenberg, Thomas (2013). "Fertility changes in Central Asia since 1980". Asian Population Studies. 9 (1): 50–77. doi:10.1080/17441730.2012.752238. S2CID 154532617.
  6. Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Explaining recent fertility increase in Central Asia". Asian Population Studies. 11 (2): 115–133. doi:10.1080/17441730.2015.1027275. S2CID 153924060.
  7. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, November 6, 1994, Article 2.
  8. "Ethnologue report for Languages of Tajikistan". SIL International. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  9. "World Religion Database at the ARDA website, 2023-08-03". Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  10. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011.
  11. "Socio-demographic sector Basic social indicators, 2000–2021 (Official Tajikistan Government Statistics)".
  12. "UN Demographic Yearbook System". Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  13. Естественное движение населения республик СССР, 1935 [Natural population growth of the Republics of the USSR, 1935] (in Russian). Demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  14. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  15. http://www.dhsprogram.com/ Archived 2015-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (Demographic Health Survey)
  16. "Demographic Yearbook". UN Data. United Nations. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  17. "Demographic Yearbook - 2020". New York: United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  18. "Number of births, 2000-2017". Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  19. Birth rate Archived 2020-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
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