Tày language
Tày or Thổ (a name shared with the unrelated Thổ and Cuoi languages) is the major Tai language of Vietnam, spoken by more than a million Tày people in Northeastern Vietnam.
| Tày | |
|---|---|
| Tiểng Tày, Thổ | |
| Native to | Vietnam |
| Ethnicity | Tày |
Native speakers | 1.63 million (2009)[1] |
| Latin (modified Vietnamese alphabet) Chữ Nôm Tày Sawndip | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tyz |
| Glottolog | tayy1238 |
Distribution
- Vietnam: northern provinces (including Cao Bang Province and Quang Ninh Province)
- China: in the border area of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan and Guangxi (mainly Jingxi County)
- Laos: northern region.
Varieties
Tày linguistic varieties include the following:[2][3]
- Tày Bảo Lạc – spoken in Bảo Lạc District, western Cao Bang province.
- Tày Trùng Khánh – spoken in Trùng Khánh District, northeastern Cao Bang province.
- Thu Lao or Dai Zhuang varieties are considered to be a different language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | c | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | pʰʲ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɓʲ | ɗ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||
| lateral | ɬ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The Cao Bẳng Tày dialect is the only variety to have the sounds /j w r ɣ b d bʲ/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ | u | |
| High-mid | e | o | ||
| Mid | ə əː | |||
| Low-mid | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ | |
| Low | a | |||
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ie | ɯə | uo | |
- There are also three semivowels [u̯ i̯ ɯ̯] that mainly occur in syllable-coda position in combination with other vowel sounds. [u̯ i̯] are typically realized as consonant sounds [w j]. [u̯] follows front vowels /i e ɛ/ and central vowels /ə a ɐ/. [i̯] follows back vowels /u o ɔ/ as well as central vowels /ə a ɐ/. However, [ɯ̯] only follows /ə/.[4]
Vocabulary
| English | Tày | Zhuang | Thai | Vietnamese | Middle Chinese | Proto Tai |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | nâng, đeo, êt | it | nueng หนึ่ง | nừng (obsolete word meaning few)[5] | ʔiɪt̚ | *nɯːŋᴮ |
| two | sloong, nhỉ | ngeih | song สอง | ȵiɪH | *soːŋᴬ, from Middle Chinese 雙 (MC ʃˠʌŋ, “two”) | |
| three | slam | sam | sam สาม | sɑm | *saːm (“three”), from Middle Chinese 三 (MC sɑm, “three”) | |
| four | slí | seiq | si สี่ | siɪH | *siːᴮ (“four”), from Middle Chinese 四 (MC siɪH, “four”) | |
| five | hả | haj | ha ห้า | ŋaːʔ | *haːꟲ (“five”), from Old Chinese 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ, “five”) | |
| six | hốc, hôc, xốc | loek | hok หก | *ruɡ | *krokᴰ (“six”), from Old Chinese 六 (OC *ruɡ, “six”) | |
| seven | chêt | caet | chet เจ็ด | t͡sʰiɪt̚ | *cetᴰ (“seven”), from Middle Chinese 七 (MC t͡sʰiɪt̚, “seven”) | |
| eight | pet | bed | paet แปด | pˠɛt̚ | *peːtᴰ (“eight”), from Middle Chinese 八 (MC pˠat̚, “eight”) | |
| nine | cẩu | giuj | kao เก้า | kɨuX | *kɤwꟲ (“nine”), from Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX, “nine”) | |
| ten | slip | cib | sip สิบ | d͡ʑiɪp̚ | From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚, “ten”) | |
| hundred | pac | bak | roi ร้อย | pˠæk̚ | *roːjꟲ | |
| hundred and one | pac lình êt | bak lingz it | nueng roi et หนึ่งร้อยเอ็ด | |||
| thousand | xiên | cien | phan พัน | t͡sʰen | ||
| ten thousand | fản | fanh | muen หมื่น | mʉɐnH | From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mʉɐnH) | |
| language | tiểng | siang เสียง (sound) | tiếng | ɕiᴇŋ |
References
- Tày at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- "Map & Language Descriptions". Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
- Văn Ma, Hoàng (1997). "The Sound System of The Tày Language of Cao Bắng Province, Vietnam". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B. (eds.). Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 221–231.
- Nguyễn, Trãi. "Quốc âm thi tập".
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