Govia Thameslink Railway

Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) is a train operating company that operates the TSGN rail franchise in England. Within the franchise, GTR runs trains under the sub-brands Thameslink, Great Northern, Southern and Gatwick Express. GTR is a subsidiary of Govia, which is itself a joint venture between the British Go-Ahead Group (65%) and French company Keolis (35%).

This article is about the current train operating company. For other uses of the name, see Thameslink (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Thames Trains.

Govia Thameslink Railway
A Thameslink Class 700 at Shepreth Branch Junction, south of Cambridge in 2019
Overview
Franchise(s)
Main region(s)
  • South East England
  • Greater London
  • East Anglia
Stations operated238
Parent company
Reporting markGN, GX, SN, TL
Other
Websitegtrailway.com

The franchise was awarded, after repeated delays, to Govia Thameslink Railway on 23 May 2014. On 14 September 2014, GTR took over operations for the prior franchisee First Capital Connect; during July 2015, both Southern and Gatwick Express operations were integrated into GTR. This change made it the largest rail franchise in terms of passengers, staff and fleet in the UK. The franchise has an unusual structure involving a management contract that sees all fare revenues going straight to the Department for Transport (DfT), which in turn pays GTR fixed amounts that add up to £8.9 billion across its first seven years of operation.

GTR introduced several fleets of new trains, including the Class 387, Class 700, and Class 717. In terms of infrastructure, Govia planned to invest £50 million into the 239 stations it manages to improve accessibility, replace information systems, and increase staffing hours, alongside general redevelopment work. Various measures at increasing capacity and improving service were also planned, such as the doubling of overnight Thameslink services, half-hourly King's Lynn to London services, and extending the Oyster card network.

As early as June 2016, GTR was facing public criticism from officials over its performance, including calls from the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan for it to be stripped of the franchise. In May 2018, the company introduced a new timetable which included the first regular services through the Canal Tunnels and to other new destinations previously not served by Thameslink; however, an interim timetable that ran fewer trains had to be adopted due to frequent service issues. In response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the COVID-19 pandemic, GTR considerably curtailed its services by mid-2020. GTR is one of several train operators that are experiencing severe disruption of services due to the 2022–2023 United Kingdom railway strikes.

History

Background

During 2006, the Thameslink and Great Northern services were merged into a single franchise due to the upcoming Thameslink Programme. In 2012, the British government announced that services of First Capital Connect, Southern (with Gatwick Express) and some Southeastern routes would be merged into a single Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise (TSGN).[2] The Invitation to Tender was to have been issued in October 2012, with the successful bidder announced during Spring 2013 and TSGN originally due to start in September 2013. However, following the collapse of the InterCity West Coast re-franchising process, it was decided to enact a temporary freeze on all franchising competitions until January 2013.[3]

In January 2013, the government announced that it would extend the existing contract through to March 2014, and that it intended to negotiate with FirstGroup to operate the franchise under a management contract for up to two years.[4] In March 2013, the Secretary of State for Transport announced that the franchise would be extended again to run up to 13 September 2014, and that the future franchise would be a management-style contract due to the level of investment and change on the route.[5] During September 2013, a revised invitation to tender was issued.[6] On 23 May 2014, it was announced that Govia Thameslink Railway had been awarded the franchise.[7][8][9]

On 14 September 2014, Govia Thameslink Railway (GTR) took over services from First Capital Connect; at the commencement of operations, it served 122 stations and operated a fleet of 226 trains.[10] The separate Thameslink and Great Northern brands were maintained upon the GTR takeover. During December 2014, full control was taken of the Sevenoaks Thameslink service, previously operated jointly with Southeastern. During July 2015, both Southern and Gatwick Express became a part of GTR, making it the largest rail franchise in terms of passengers, staff and fleet in the UK.[11][12]

The franchise has an unusual structure: it is a management contract where fare income does not go to GTR. Under their original contract, the Department for Transport pays GTR £8.9 billion over the first seven-year period and receives all revenue.[13] Consequently, the company carries less revenue risk. This form of franchise was chosen because of long-term engineering works anticipated around London, which would be a significant challenge to organise within the normal form of franchise.[14][15]

Changes and disruptions

During December 2015, GTR announced that the majority of its ticket prices would be frozen, and that the average fare rise for the coming year would be only 0.8%.[16]

In June 2016, amongst criticism of the performance of its services, Go-Ahead warned of lower than anticipated profits on the franchises, leading to 18% drop in the Go-Ahead share price. Passengers had previously rated its Thameslink service as the worst in the country. Only 20% of Southern trains arrived on time in the year from April 2015 to March 2016, and there was an ongoing industrial dispute over driver-only operated trains.[17][18][19] On 12 July 2016, after 15% of Southern services were cancelled for a period of weeks to improve service reliability, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan called for GTR to be stripped of the franchise.[20] On 15 July 2016, citing the issues, Rail Minister Claire Perry resigned from her position.[21]

In response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the COVID-19 pandemic, GTR considerably curtailed its services by mid-2020.[22][23] Between 30 March 2020 and 3 April 2022, Gatwick Express services were suspended.[24][25]

In March 2022, following changes made due to COVID-19, the DfT gave GTR a direct-award contract expiring on 1 April 2028.[1]

GTR is one of several train operators impacted by the 2022–2023 United Kingdom railway strikes, which are the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades.[26] Its workers are amongst those who have voted in favour of taking industrial action due to a dispute over pay and working conditions.[27] GTR is only capable of operating a very minimal timetable on any of the planned dates for the strikes due to the number of staff involved.[28][29]

Main articles: Thameslink and Great Northern route

Govia Thameslink Railway has operated Thameslink and Great Northern services since 14 September 2014. Thameslink is a 68-station main-line route running 225 km (140 miles) north to south through London from Bedford to Brighton, serving both London Gatwick Airport and London Luton Airport, with a suburban loop serving Sutton, Mitcham and Wimbledon and on weekdays a suburban line via Catford and Bromley South to Sevenoaks. Great Northern is the name of the suburban rail services run on the southern end of Britain's East Coast Main Line and associated branches. Services operate to or from London King's Cross and Moorgate. Destinations include Hertford North, Welwyn Garden City, Stevenage, Peterborough, Cambridge and King's Lynn.

In May 2018, the company introduced a new timetable which included the first regular services through the Canal Tunnels and to other new destinations previously not served by Thameslink. However, due to frequent disruption of services on the whole network, Govia decided to create a new interim timetable with a reduced number of trains; this came into operation in July 2018.[30]

Off-peak

The Monday–Friday off-peak service pattern, with frequencies in trains per hour (tph), includes:

Thameslink Monday–Friday off-peak service pattern
RoutetphCalling at
Bedford to Brighton[31][32]2
Bedford to Three Bridges via Redhill[31][33]2
  • In the evening, this service only runs between Luton and Three Bridges
Peterborough to Horsham via Redhill[34][35]2
Cambridge to Brighton[34][32]2
London Blackfriars to Sevenoaks via Catford and Otford[36]2
Luton to Rainham via Greenwich[31][37]2
  • In the evening, this service only runs between Kentish Town and Rainham
St Albans City to Sutton via Wimbledon (loop)[31][38]2
  • Services then continue to/from St Albans City via Mitcham Junction (see below)
St Albans City to Sutton via Mitcham Junction (loop)[31][38]2
  • Radlett
  • Elstree & Borehamwood
  • Mill Hill Broadway
  • Hendon
  • Cricklewood
  • West Hampstead Thameslink
  • Kentish Town
  • London St Pancras International
  • Farringdon
  • City Thameslink
  • London Blackfriars
  • Elephant & Castle
  • Loughborough Junction
  • Herne Hill
  • Tulse Hill
  • Streatham
  • Mitcham Eastfields
  • Mitcham Junction
  • Hackbridge
  • Carshalton
  • Services then continue to/from St Albans City via Wimbledon (see above)

    Peak hours

    During peak hours, the two trains per hour London Blackfriars to Sevenoaks service (from the table above) is extended through the 'core tunnel' to/from Welwyn Garden City (though a few services originate at Finsbury Park), with extra calls at City Thameslink, Farringdon, St Pancras International, Finsbury Park, New Southgate, Oakleigh Park, New Barnet, Potters Bar and Hatfield.[36][39]

    As well as these services, during peak hours, several trains in each direction (approximately two trains per hour) run to/from Orpington (originating/terminating at either London Blackfriars, Luton, West Hampstead Thameslink or Kentish Town), all calling at Petts Wood in lieu of stations from St Mary Cray to Bat & Ball.[36]

    In addition, there are six trains per day in each direction that operate to/from East Grinstead (originating/terminating at either Bedford, West Hampstead Thameslink, St Pancras International or London Bridge), calling at Sanderstead, Riddlesdown, Upper Warlingham, Woldingham, Oxted, Hurst Green, Lingfield and Dormans.[40]

    Great Northern service pattern

    Since the introduction of regular services through the Canal Tunnels during May 2018, many GTR services on the East Coast Main Line were rebranded from Great Northern to Thameslink. Most of these services have been extended through central London and incorporated into the Thameslink network (as per above), although as of October 2019 some services are yet to be extended. The only services to retain the Great Northern brand are those on the Northern City Line, the stopping services to/from Cambridge and Letchworth Garden City and the express services to/from Cambridge, Ely and King's Lynn, as well as Peterborough at peak times.[41] The Great Northern off-peak service pattern, as of May 2023, with frequencies in trains per hour (tph), consists of the following:[42][43]

    RoutetphCalling at
    London King's Cross to Ely1
    London King's Cross to King's Lynn1
    London King's Cross to Letchworth Garden City 1 Finsbury Park, Alexandra Palace, Potters Bar, Hatfield, Welwyn Garden City, Welwyn North, Knebworth, Stevenage, Hitchin
    London King's Cross to Cambridge 1 Finsbury Park, Alexandra Palace, Potters Bar, Hatfield, Welwyn Garden City, Welwyn North, Knebworth, Stevenage, Hitchin, Letchworth Garden City, Baldock, Royston, Meldreth, Shepreth, Foxton
    Moorgate to Welwyn Garden City2
    Moorgate to Stevenage via Hertford North2

    Southern and Gatwick Express services
    Southern Class 377 at Watford Junction
    Main articles: Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway) and Gatwick Express

    The Southern and Gatwick Express brands joined Govia Thameslink Railway on 26 July 2015. Southern routes run from London Victoria and London Bridge through the South London suburbs of Battersea, Norbury, Peckham, Sydenham, Crystal Palace, Norwood, Croydon, Streatham, Purley and Sutton to towns surrounding London including Caterham, Epsom and Tadworth. Further afield, Southern also serve Redhill, Tonbridge, Uckfield, East Grinstead, Gatwick Airport, Brighton, Ashford (Kent), Worthing, Hastings, Portsmouth, Eastbourne, Horsham, Southampton, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis. Additionally, Southern run West London route services from Milton Keynes to South Croydon via Watford and Clapham Junction. Since 2008, Southern has operated the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport and Brighton.[44][45]

    Gatwick Express

    Gatwick Express operates an express commuter and airport transfer service between London Victoria, Gatwick Airport, Haywards Heath and Brighton. Between 6:00 am and 9:00 am on weekdays, northbound services call additionally at Preston Park, Hassocks and Burgess Hill. Services stop additionally at the same stations in the southbound direction between 5:00 pm and 8:00 pm.[46]

    As of May 2023, the off-peak Monday-Saturday, with frequencies in 'trains per hour' (tph), consists of:[46]

    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – Brighton2Gatwick Airport, Haywards Heath[47]

    On Sundays, Gatwick Express operates a half-hourly shuttle service between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport only.[46]

    Southern

    Details of each route, including maps and timetables, are on Southern's website (see External links below). As of May 2023, the off-peak Monday-Saturday service pattern, with frequencies in 'trains per hour' (tph), consists of:[48][49]

    Brighton Mainline
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – Littlehampton2
    London Victoria – Eastbourne1
    London Victoria – Ore1
    Arun Valley
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – Southampton Central via Crawley1
    London Victoria – Portsmouth & Southsea via Crawley1
    • Clapham Junction, East Croydon, Gatwick Airport, Three Bridges, Crawley, Horsham, Barnham, Chichester, Havant, Fratton
    London Victoria – Bognor Regis via Crawley2
    Coastway East
    RoutetphCalling at
    Brighton – Seaford2
    Brighton – Eastbourne1
    Brighton – Ore1
    Eastbourne – Ashford International1
    Coastway West
    RoutetphCalling at
    Brighton – Hove2Shuttle service
    Brighton – Southampton Central1
    Brighton – Portsmouth Harbour1
    Littlehampton – Portsmouth & Southsea1
    Littlehampton – Bognor Regis1
    • Ford, Barnham
    Barnham – Bognor Regis1Shuttle service
    Oxted
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – East Grinstead1
    London Bridge – Uckfield1
    Redhill
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – Reigate2
    Redhill – Tonbridge1
    West London
    RoutetphCalling at
    Watford Junction – East Croydon1
    Mole Valley line
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – Dorking via Carshalton1
    London Victoria – Horsham via Carshalton1
    London Victoria – Epsom Downs via Norbury2
    London Bridge – Epsom2
    • Norwood Junction, West Croydon, Waddon, Wallington, Carshalton Beeches, Sutton, Cheam, Ewell East
    Caterham and Tattenham Corner lines
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Bridge – Caterham2
    • This route splits/merges at Purley with the route to Tattenham Corner, see below.
    London Bridge – Tattenham Corner2
    • This route splits/merges at Purley with the route to Caterham, see above.
    London via Crystal Palace and/or Tulse Hill
    RoutetphCalling at
    London Victoria – West Croydon via Crystal Palace2
    London Victoria – London Bridge via Crystal Palace2
    London Bridge – East Croydon via Tulse Hill2
    London Bridge – Beckenham Junction via Tulse Hill and Crystal Palace2
    • South Bermondsey, Queens Road Peckham, Peckham Rye, East Dulwich, North Dulwich, Tulse Hill, West Norwood, Gipsy Hill, Crystal Palace, Birkbeck

    Franchise commitments
    An example of widescale upgrade works at Harpenden station including the extension of platforms for 12 carriage trains, a new footbridge with lifts, new waiting rooms, brighter lighting, new ticket gates and automatic passenger information screens

    This franchise is different from many other franchises let since the start of railway privatisation in 1996. Under the agreed terms of the franchise, the operator, in this case Govia, gives all revenue to the government, rather than paying set premiums. The Department for Transport will pay Govia, totalling around £8.9 billion over the franchise period of seven years, from the expected revenues of £12.4 billion. From these payments, Govia expects to generate a 3% profit, and the risks on operating costs will be Govia's, while the DfT will profit or lose from fluctuations in revenue.[50]

    Prior to the start of the franchise, Govia stated its plans to invest £50 million in all 239 stations that it would manage. The specifics of these plans include:[51]

    • Enhance all 239 stations including improving access, replace electronic information screens and working with local authorities on the redevelopment of St Albans and Luton stations.
    • Increase staffing hours at many stations, with the 100 busiest stations staffed from first to last train, like London Overground stations.
    • Extension of 'the key' smartcard which Southern has been introducing.
    • Provide 104 stations with free Wi-Fi.
    • £1.5 million on station access improvements including increased cycle storage and electrical vehicle charging points.

    Govia also stated its intention to bring about the following:[52]

    • Half-hourly King's Lynn to London services
    • Direct Peterborough, Cambridge, Welwyn Garden City and Finsbury Park to Tattenham Corner, Caterham, Horsham services.[53]
    • Increasing Great Northern suburban services to four trains per hour via Enfield Chase and New Barnet
    • Great Northern suburban services to run to Moorgate at weekends and on weekday evenings
    • 50% increase in capacity from Uckfield to London in the peaks.
    • Doubling overnight Thameslink services
    • Sevenoaks Thameslink services to run on Saturdays
    • Working to extend Oyster to Epsom, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport Parkway, Welwyn Garden City and Hertford North[54]
    • Class 387 Electrostars for King's Lynn express services, releasing Class 317s, 321s and some Class 365s for newly electrified routes elsewhere.[55]
    • Creating an alliance arrangement with Network Rail in 2016, like South West Trains.[56]

    Rolling stock

    In order to replace the Class 319 trains and to operate the expanded Thameslink network, a fleet of 115 eight- and twelve-car Class 700 trains had been procured during the franchise term of First Capital Connect. These entered service between 2016 and 2019.

    As a consequence of the delayed procurement of the Class 700 trains, 29 Class 387 trains had also been ordered for the Thameslink route to release the Class 319 trains to newly electrified routes. Deliveries were completed during 2014 and the trains entered service later that year.[6][57] It was originally planned that once the Class 700s began entering service, the Class 387s would be transferred to Great Western Railway for use on routes in the Thames Valley.[58] However, a change of plans saw GWR order an entirely new fleet of Class 387s, so the Thameslink units were instead cascaded to the Great Northern route following delivery of the Class 700s.[59][60]

    In addition to these, GTR ordered 25 new six-car trains to replace 40-year-old Class 313 units,[50] which were being run on the Great Northern suburban services out of Moorgate. During December 2015, Siemens was selected to provide these as a follow-on to the Class 700 order.[61][62] They were designated as the Class 717 in June 2016, and were first introduced in September 2018.[63][64]

    In May 2023 the Southern Class 313 units were withdrawn from service.[65]

    Current fleet
    Family Class Image Type Top speed Number Carriages Routes operated Built
    mph km/h
    Southern
    Bombardier Turbostar

    171

    		 DMU 100 161 11 2 Oxted line
    East Coastway line
    Marshlink line    		 2003–2004
    6 4

    Bombardier Electrostar

    377

    		 EMU 28 3 Entire Southern network apart from sections between Hurst Green and Uckfield & between Ore and Ashford International 2001–2005
    152 4
    34 5 2012–2014

    387 EMU 110 177 4 4[66] Entire Southern network apart from sections between Hurst Green and Uckfield & between Ore and Ashford International 2016–2017
    Gatwick Express
    Bombardier Electrostar

    387

    		 EMU 110 177 18 4 Gatwick Express services between London Victoria & Gatwick Airport / Brighton 2015–2016
    Great Northern
    Bombardier Electrostar 387 EMU 110 177 39[66] 4 Great Northern express services between London King's Cross & Ely / King's Lynn / Peterborough 2014–2017
    Siemens Desiro

    717 Desiro City[64]

    		 85 137 25 6 Northern City Line services between Moorgate & Welwyn Garden City / Stevenage via Hertford North 2018
    Thameslink
    Siemens Desiro 700 Desiro City
    		EMU 100 161 60 8 All Thameslink services 2015–2018
    55 12

    Past fleet

    Former units operated by Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern include:

    Class Image Type Top speed Carriages Number Built Routes Withdrawn
    mph km/h
    365 Networker Express EMU 100 161 4 40 1994-95 Express services between London King's Cross and / Ely / King's Lynn / Peterborough 2018–2021
    313 EMU 75 121 3 64 1976–1977 Northern City Line
    West Coastway line
    East Coastway line
    Seaford branch line    		 2019 (Great Northern)
    2023 (Southern)[65]

    319 EMU 100 161 4 86
    • 1987–1988
    • 1990
    		 All Thameslink services 2015–2017
    321 EMU 100 161 4 13 1989–1990 Express services between London King's Cross to Peterborough and Cambridge 2016
    377 Electrostar 26 2008–2009 Some Thameslink services 2017
    455 EMU 75 120 4 46[67] 1982–1984 Metro and commuter services from London Victoria & London Bridge 2022
    171 DMU 100 161 4 3[68] 2003-2004 Oxted line
    East Coastway line
    Marshlink line    		 2022

    Performance
    Govia and Thameslink passenger numbers 2010–11 to 2018–19 Q4, annual rolling average[69][70]

    In February 2015, Thameslink and Great Northern came at the bottom of Which? magazine's Best and worst UK train companies customer survey, scoring a customer satisfaction score of 43%. Thameslink and Great Northern were also scored 2/5 stars in each of the specific categories covered by the survey (including Reliability, Punctuality and Cleanliness of toilets) – which is the worst performance of any UK train operator. In the Which? 2017 survey, Thameslink and Great Northern improved their performance slightly with a rating of 46% also, their position in the table was second to bottom[71](Southern were in bottom place, but had been subject huge disruption due to industrial action).

    Passenger numbers on Govia Thameslink Railway (which also includes Southern and Gatwick Express) have risen from 262 million annually in 2010–11 to 327 million annually in 2015–16.[70]

    Notes
    1. Trains reverse here

    References
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    3. "Expanding and improving the rail network". Department for Transport. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
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    31. "C: Bedford, Luton and St Albans to London, Sutton, Medway Towns, Gatwick Airport and the South Coast". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    32. "Q: London, Croydon and Gatwick Airport to Haywards Heath and Brighton". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    33. "O: London and Croydon to Redhill, Reigate, Tonbridge, Gatwick Airport and Three Bridges". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    34. "A: King's Lynn, Ely, Cambridge, Peterborough and Stevenage to London, Gatwick Airport, Horsham and Brighton". Thameslink. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    35. "P: London, Croydon and Gatwick Airport to Crawley and Horsham". timetables.thameslinkrailway.com. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
    36. "E: Sevenoaks, Swanley, Orpington, Bromley South and Catford to London".
    37. "F: The Medway Towns, Gravesend, Dartford and Woolwich to London and Luton".
    38. "H: Sutton and Wimbledon to London via Streatham and Tulse Hill".
    39. "B: Stevenage, Hertford North, Enfield Chase, Welwyn Garden City, Hatfield and Potters Bar to London".
    40. "N: London and Croydon to Oxted, East Grinstead and Uckfield".
    41. "Train Routes". London: Govia Thameslink Railway. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
    42. Table 24 National Rail timetable, May 2020
    43. Table 25 National Rail timetable, May 2020
    44. "Gatwick Express service to remain". BBC News. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
    45. "Company Information". Govia. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
    46. Southern Railway (23 May 2023). "Table R: London Victoria to Gatwick Airport and Brighton (Gatwick Express services only)". timetables.southernrailway.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
    47. Table 175 National Rail timetable, May 2023
    48. Table 164 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Sutton and Epsom Downs services)
      Table 165 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Gipsy Hill services)
      Table 163 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (via Peckham Rye)
      Table 168 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (West London Line services)
      Table 177 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (via Sydenham)
      Table 162 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Epsom, Dorking and Horsham services)
      Table 172 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Tattenham Corner and Caterham services)
      Table 171 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Oxted services)
      Table 173 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Redhill services)
      Table 175 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Brighton Main Line services)
      Table 178 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Arundel Line and via Chichester)
      Table 177 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (West Coastway Line via Worthing)
      Table 176 National Rail timetable, May 2023 (Lewes to Seaford, Eastbourne, Ore and Ashford services)
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