Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico

The Tierra Amarilla Grant was created in 1832 by the Mexican government for Manuel Martinez and settlers from Abiquiu.[5]^{: 352–353}[6] The land grant encompassed a more general area than the contemporary community known as Tierra Amarilla.[5]^{: 352–353} The grant holders were unable to maintain a permanent settlement due to "raids by Utes, Navajos and Jicarilla Apaches" until early in the 1860s.[6] In 1860 the United States Congress confirmed the land grant as a private grant, rather than a community grant, due to mistranslated and concealed documents.[8] Although a land patent for the grant required the completion of a geographical survey before issuance, some of Manuel Martinez' heirs began to sell the land to Anglo speculators. In 1880 Thomas Catron sold some of the grant to the Denver and Rio Grande Railway for the construction of their San Juan line and a service center at Chama. By 1883 Catron had consolidated the deeds he held for the whole of the grant sans the original villages and their associated fields. In 1950, the descendants of the original grant holders' court petitions to reclaim communal land were rebuked.[8]

In 1866 the United States Army established Camp Plummer just south of Los Ojos (established in 1860) to rein in already decreased Native American activity on the grant. The military encampment was deserted in 1869.[5]^{: 57, 210, 352–353} Las Nutrias, the site of the contemporary community, was founded nearby c.1862. The first post office in Las Nutrias was established in 1866 and bore the name Tierra Amarilla, as did the present one which was established in 1870 after an approximately two-year absence.[5]^{: 352–353} In 1877 a U.S. Army lieutenant described the village as "the center of the Mexican population of northwestern New Mexico".[6] The territorial legislature located Rio Arriba's county seat in Las Nutrias and renamed the village in 1880.[5]^{: 352–353} The Denver and Rio Grande Railway's 1881 arrival at Chama,[9] about ten miles to the north, had profound effects on the development of the region by bringing the area out of economic and cultural isolation.[8]

When Tierra Amarilla was designated as the county seat the villagers set about building a courthouse.[6] This structure was demolished to make way for the present one, which was built in 1917 and gained notoriety fifty years later when it was the location of a gunfight between land rights activists and authorities.[10] The neoclassical design by Isaac Rapp is now on the National Register of Historic Places.[11]

The Alianza Federal de Mercedes, led by Reies Tijerina, raided the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in 1967. Attempting to make a citizen's arrest of the district attorney "to bring attention to the unscrupulous means by which government and Anglo settlers had usurped Hispanic land grant properties," an armed struggle in the courthouse ensued resulting in Tijerina and his group fleeing to the south with two prisoners as hostages. Eulogio Salazar, a prison guard, was shot and Daniel Rivera, a sheriff's deputy, was badly injured. The National Guard, FBI and New Mexico State Police successfully pursued Tijerina, who was sentenced to less than three years.[6]

The settlement is situated in a cluster of villages along U.S. Route 84 and the Chama River.[6] The layout of the villages, including the one that became Tierra Amarilla, do not follow the urban planning principles of the Laws of the Indies.[7]