Ubangian languages
The Ubangian languages form a diverse linkage of some seventy languages centered on the Central African Republic and the DR Congo. They are the predominant languages of the CAR, spoken by 2–3 million people, including one of its official languages, Sango. They are also spoken in Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo and South Sudan.
| Ubangian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan |
| Linguistic classification | Niger–Congo?
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | uban1244 (Ubangian + Zande) |
External classification
Joseph Greenberg (1963) classified the then-little-known Ubangian languages as Niger–Congo and placed them within the Adamawa languages as "Eastern Adamawa". They were soon removed to a separate branch of Niger–Congo, for example within Blench's Savanna languages.[1] However, this has become increasingly uncertain, and Dimmendaal (2008) states that, based on the lack of convincing evidence for a Niger–Congo classification ever being produced, Ubangian "probably constitutes an independent language family that cannot or can no longer be shown to be related to Niger–Congo (or any other family)."[2] Blench (2012) includes Ubangian within Niger–Congo.[3] Güldemann (2018) notes that although evidence for the inclusion of Ubangi within Niger-Congo is still weak, the same also applies to many other branches which are uncontested members of Niger-Congo.[4]
Internal classification
Boyd and Moñino (2010) removed the Gbaya and Zande languages.[5] The half dozen remaining branches are coherent, but their interrelationships are not straightforward. Williamson & Blench (2000) propose the following arrangement:
| Ubangian |
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In addition, there is the Ngombe language, whose placement is uncertain due to a paucity of data.
Note: The ambiguous name Ngbaka is used for various languages in the area. Generally, singular Ngbaka language refers to one of the main Gbaya languages, whereas plural Ngbaka languages refers to a branch of Ubangian.
Comparative vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary of Ubangian languages from Moñino (1988):[6]
| Classification | Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | water | tree | eat | name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gbaya | Proto-Gbaya | *gbà.l̥í/l̥í | *zɛ̀rà | *zɔ̰̀p | *ɲín | *léɓé ~ lémbè | *nú | *tɔ̀k | *gbà̰là̰ | *l̥ì | *tè | *ɲɔŋ/l̥i | *l̥ín ~ l̥íŋ |
| Gbaya | Gbaya Bodoe | gbà.yík/yík | zèr | zɔ̀k | ɲín | léɓé | nú | tɔ̀k | gbàɲà | yì | tè | ɲɔŋ/yi | ɲín |
| Gbaya | Gbaya Biyanda | gbà.lí/lí | zàlà | zɔ̀ | yínì | lémbè | nú | tɔ̀k | gbàlà | lì | tè | yɔŋ | líŋ |
| Gbaya | Gbeya | gbà.rí/rí | zɛ̀rà | zɔ̰̀p ~ zɔ̰̀fɔ̰̀ | ɲín | lép ~ léfé | nú | tɔ̰̀k | gbà̰rà̰ | rì | tè | ɲɔŋ/ri | ɲín |
| Gbaya | Manza | l̥ī | zàrà | zɔ̰̀ | gòkò | lɛ̀fɛ̀ | nū | tɔ̀ | gbà̰l̥à̰ | l̥ì | tè | ɲɔŋɔ | l̥ī |
| Gbaya | Mbodomo | lí | zàrà | zɔ̀p | ɲíní | lémbé | nú | ngíà | gbàlà | lì | tì | ɲɔŋ | líŋ |
| Gbaya | Bangando | gbà.lí/lí | jàlà | jɔ̀ | ɲíì | ɗàmbè | nú | mbɛ́ | gbàà | lì | tè | ɲɔŋgi/li | lí |
| Gbaya | Bofi | gbà.lī/lī | zàrà | zɔ̰̀ | ? | lēmbé | nū | tɔ̀ʔɔ̀ | gbàlà | lì | tè | ɲɔŋ | líŋ |
| Ngbandi | Sango | lɛ́ | mɛ́ | hɔ̰́ | pēmbē | mēngā | yángá | mɛ́nɛ̄ ~ ménē | bìō | ngú | kɛ̄kɛ̄ ~ kēkē | tɛ̀ | īrī |
| Ngbandi | Yakoma | lɛ̄ | mɛ̄ | hɔ̰̄ | tɛ̰̄ | (lì.)mɛ̄ngá | ɲɔ̄, yāngā | mɛ́rɛ́ | bỳō | ngú | kɛ̄kɛ̄ | tɛ̀ | ʔīrī |
| Ngbandi | Kpatiri | lá | mɛ́ | hɔ̄ | tɛ́ | mīngā.ɲɔ̄ | ɲɔ̄ | mɛ́lɛ̄ | bì | ngú | wì | tɛ̀ | īrī |
| Baka | Ngbaka Mabo | zí.là/là | zḛ̀- | hṵ̄ | tḛ̄- | mīnī- | mò- | nzḛ̄- | kúà- | ngó | náā | hō̰ | ʔēlē- |
| Baka | Monzombo | là- | zḛ̀ | ɲō̰ | tḛ̄- | mī | mò- | nzḛ̄ | bēyè | ngó | ló | zō̰ | ʔē |
| Baka | Gbanzili | là/lí.là | zè | ʔō̰, ŋwū | tɛ́- ~ té- | mīlī ~ mēlē | mò- | nzɛ̄ | kúà- | ngó | ná | zɔ̄ | yēlē |
| Baka | Baka | là- | jɛ̀- | ɓàngà- | tɛ̄- | mī(l)- | mò- | njɛ̄, māndā | békè | ngō | lō | jō | ʔē- |
| Baka | Mayogo | jǐlà/bólà | -jɛ́ | (w)ó | -tɛ́ | -mí | -bú | ngɔ́tɛ́ | běkì | -ngú | ndùlá | -zō | -lé |
| Baka | Mundu | jíà/rràgó | gó.jɛ̀ | gò | tɛ́ | mí | kɔ́.mò | ngɔ́tɛ́ | bíkì | ngú | rró | zózò | írí |
| Mba | Ndunga-le | và-/bùlá- | jɔ̀mbɔ́- | mbētú- | tɛ́- | mí- | mó- | ɓíndá- | ɓéɓé | ngó- | gá- | -zɔ́- | ɗe- |
| Mba | Mba-ne | lá-/sí- | jɔ̄mbɔ̄- | hɔ̄mbɔ̀- | tɛ́- | mí- | cé-, mbɔ̀cɔ̀- | zí- | ɓēɓē | ngó- | gá- | zɔ̄- | ɗé- |
| Mba | Dongo-ko | lɔ̀-/sīē- | gyê | ŋù- | tɛ̀- | lyò- | mò- | nzì- | ɓèɓè | ngó- | pá- | zó- | lì- |
| Mba | Ama-lo | -fá-/-kúmbú- | -sí- | -wá̰- | -sɛ́- | -mɛ́- | -mú- | -kúkú- | ngátī- | -ngù- | -ngbúgà | sú- | -lí- |
| Sere | Sere | rɔ̄ | tè | hɔ̀ | tì | mɛ̀ | nzɛ̄ | zùmù | kpɔ̀kpɔ́ | ngɔ̄ | mú | zɔ̀ | mà |
| Sere | Bare | vʌ̄.lō/tì.ló | sù | ŋò | vʌ̄.tì | mè | nzō | mvēlē | kʊ.ɓílì | ngō | ngʊ́ | zà | lè |
| Banda | Lìndá | àlà/ēcī | ə̄tū | ngāwɨ̄ | ə̄ʒī | tīmà | àmà | ə̄njī | gbābī | ə́ngú | āyɔ̄ | zɨ̄ | ʔɨ̄rɨ̄ |
| Banda | Yàngere | làlà/cīcī | tūtū | màwō | zīzī | tìmè | màmà | njīnjī | gbēbī | ngúngú | ndōjō (~ njōjō ?) | zē | ʔērē |
| Banda | Ngàò | àlà/cícī | ūtū | màwū, ūwū | īʒī | tīmà | àmà | īnjī | gbāgbī | úngú | ōyō | zī | ʔīrī |
| Banda | Vàrà | àlà/cácū | ōtū | ngāwū | ēʒī | tīmà | àmà | ə̄njī | gbābī | ə́ngú | āyɔ̄ | zɨ̄ | ʔārā |
| Banda | Wójò | àlà/cɛ́cū | ūtū | ṵ̄w̰ṵ̄ | kājī | tāmbī | àmà | (ʒ)īʒī | gbābī | úngú | (y)ōyō | zɨ | ērē |
| Banda | Dákpá | àlà/cácū | ōtū | ə̄wū | ə̄ʒī | tīmà | àmà | ə̄ʒī | gbābī | ə́ngú | ndɔ̄gɔ̄rɔ̄ | zɨ̄ | ʔīrē ~ ʔērē |
| Banda | Làngbàsi | làlà/cácù | tūtū | wūwū | ʒīʒī | tīmà | màmà | ʒīʒī | gbābī | ngúngú | yōyō | zɨ | ʔēʁə̄ |
| Banda | Mbanza | célà/cúcū | tūtū | w̰ṵ̄w̰ṵ̄ | zīzī | tīmbī | màmà | zī | gbābī | ə́ngú | yɔ̄yɔ̄ | zɨ ~ zi | ʔēlē |
| Zande | Zande | bā̹ngìrī/kpā̹kpū | tū̹ | ō | rīndē | mīrā | ngbā | kūrē | mēmē | ī̹mè/dí | ngūà | ri | rī̹mā ~ rū̹mā |
| Zande | Nzakara | bāngìlī | tū | ʔʊ̰̄ | līndī | mīnlā | ngbā | kʊ̄lɛ̄ | mɛ̄mɛ̄ | ndīgì | ngʊ̄nlà | lɪ | nlūmā |
| Zande | Geme | índīrī/kpūkpū | tū | hɔ̄ | līndī | māl.ngbā | ngbā | kūlē | mɛ̄mɛ̄ | díī | wīlì | li | lūmā |
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[7]
| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banda | Mbanza (Mabandja) | bale | ɓìsi | vɔtɑ | vɑnɑ | mindu | ɡɑzɑlɑ | ɡɑzɑlɑ mɑnɑ bɑle (6 + 1) | nɡebeɗeɗe | nɡebeɗeɗe mɑnɑ bɑle (8 + 1) | ɓufu |
| Banda, , Central Core, Banda-Bambari | Banda-Linda (1) | bale | biʃi | vɘta | vana | mīndū | mīndū ama nɘ bale (5 + 1)̄ | mīndū ama nɘ bīʃi (5 + 2) | mīndū ama nɘ vɘta (5 + 3) | mīndū ama nɘ vana (5 + 4) | moɾofo |
| Banda, , Central Core, Banda-Bambari | Banda-Linda (2) | bɑ̀lē | bīʃì | və̀tɑ̀ | və̀nɑ̄ | mīndû | mīndû ɑ̀ bɑ̀le (5 + 1)̄ | mīndû ɑ̀ bīʃì (5 + 2) | mīndû ɑ̀ və̀tɑ̀ (5 + 3) | mīndû ɑ̀ və̀nɑ̄ (5 + 4) | mórófō |
| Banda, South Central | Ngbugu (1) | bàlē | bīʃùwú ~ bīʃǔ | vɔ̄tǎ | vɔànə̄ | mīndúwù ~ mīndû | mīndû ma.̀nə̄ bàlē ~ mīndû kàlá bàlē | mīndû ma.̀nə̄ bīʃǔ ~ mīndû kàlá bīʃǔ | mīndû ma.̀nə̄ vɔ̄tǎ ~ mīndû kàlá vɔ̄tǎ | mīndû ma.̀nə̄ vɔànə̄ ~mīndû kàlá vɔànə̄ | lə́.kɔ̄nɔ́.ɡbá |
| Banda, South Central | Ngbugu (2) | bàlè | bìʃùú | vòtàá | vwànɔ̄ | mìndúù | mìndúù mànɜ̄ bàlè (5 + 1)̄ | mìndúù mànɜ̄ bìʃùú (5 + 2) | mìndúù mànɜ̄ vòtàá (5 + 3) | mìndúù mànɜ̄ vwànɔ̄ (5 + 4) | lɜ̀konòɡ͡bè (lit: all the fingers) |
| Banda, South Central | Langbasi (Langbashe) | bɑ̀lē | bīʃì | vòtɑ̀ | vɔ̀ɑ̀nō | mīndû | mīndû mɑ̀nə̄ bɑ̀le (5 + 1)̄ | mīndû mɑ̀nə̄ bīʃì (5 + 2) | mīndû mɑ̀nə̄ vòtɑ̀ (5 + 3) | mīndû mɑ̀nə̄ vɔ̀ɑ̀nō (5 + 4) | kpɔ́lɔ́ kɔ̄nɔ́ (litː ' two hands ') |
| Banda, West Central | Banda-Tangbago | bɑ̀ɭē | bīʃì | vōtɑ̀ | vɑ̀nɑ̄ | mīndû | mīndû ɑ̀mɑ̀ nə̀ bɑ̀ɭē (5 + 1) | mīndû ɑ̀mɑ̀ nə̀ bīʃì (5 + 2) | mīndû ɑ̀mɑ̀ nə̀ vōtɑ̀ (5 + 3) | mīndû ɑ̀mɑ̀ nə̀ vɑ̀nɑ̄ (5 + 4) | móɾófò |
| Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Bokoto | n͡dáŋ | bùwá | tàɾ | nã́ɾ | mȭɾkȭ | mȭɾkȭ zã́ŋã́ n͡dáŋ (5 + 1) | mȭɾkȭ zã́ŋã́ bùwá (5 + 2) | mȭɾkȭ zã́ŋã́ tàɾ (5 + 3) | mȭɾkȭ zã́ŋã́ nã́ɾ (5 + 4) | ɓùkɔ̀ |
| Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Central | Bossangoa Gbaya | k͡pém | ɾíːtò | tàː | nàː | mɔ̃̀ːɾɔ̃̀ | ɗòŋ k͡pém (5 + 1) | ɗòŋ ɾíːtò (5 + 2) | nũ̀nã́ː (2 x 4) ? | kùsì | ɓú |
| Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, East | Ngabaka | kpó | bɔ̀à | tàlɛ̀ | nālɛ̄ | mɔ̀lɔ̄ | ɡàzɛ̀lɛ̀ | ɡàzɛ̀lɛ̀-nɡɔ́-nɛ-kpó (6 + 1), sambo * | nɡbɛ̀ɗɛ̀ɗɛ̀ | kùsì | ɓū |
| Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest | Northwest Gbaya | kpɔ́k | yíítòó | tààr | náár | mɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ́ | mɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ́-ɗòŋ-kpɔ́k (5 + 1) | mɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ́-ɗòŋ-yíítòó (5 + 2) | mɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ́-ɗòŋ-tààr (5 + 3) | mɔ̀ɔ̀rɔ́-ɗòŋ-náár (5 + 4) | ɓú |
| Ngbandi | Northern Ngbandi | kɔi | sɛ | ta | siɔ | kɔ̃ | mana | mbara mbara | miambe | ɡumbaya | sui kɔi |
| Ngbandi | Yakoma | òkɔ̀, ̀kɔ̀ | ǒsɛ̀, ̌sɛ̀ | òtá, ̀tá | òsyɔ̄, ̀syɔ̄ | òkṵ̄, ̀kṵ̄ | òmɛ̀rɛ̄, ̀mɛ̀rɛ̄ | mbárámbárá | myɔ̀mbè | ɡūmbáyā | bàlé.kɔ̀ {ten.one} |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Dongo | ɓawɨ | ɡ͡bwɔ̀ | àrà | anà | vʉwɛ̀ | kázyá | zyálá | nɡya-iɲo-ɡ͡bwɔ̀ (10 - 2) ? | nɡya-iɲyo-ɓayi (10 - 1) ? | ànɡ͡bà |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Mba | Mba | úma | ɓiné | byala | aⁿɡ͡bote | ɓúma | ɓúma tele (5 + 1) | ɓúma te sené (5 + 2) | ɓúma te ɓyala (5 + 3) | ɓúma te aⁿɡ͡bote (5 + 4) | abusa |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mayogo-Bangba | Mayogo | ɓīnì | ɓīsī | ɓātā | ɓāɗā | búlúvūè | māɗíà | mānāníkà | mādʒɛ́nà | ōdúkpábīnì (10 - 1) ?? | ndʒɛ̄kpà |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Eastern, Mundu | Mündü | bìrì, bìrìnɡ͡bɵ | ɓəsù | bata | bala | ɓúruve | màɗìyà | lɵ̀rɵzi | ɡ͡badzena | menewá | nzòkpa |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Baka | kpóde | bíde | batà | bàna | θuwè | θuwè tɛ kpóde (5+ 1) | θuwè tɛ bíde (5+ 2) | θuwè tɛ batà (5+ 3) | θuwè tɛ bàna (5+ 4) | kamo / θuwè tɛ θuwè (5+ 5) |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Baka-Gundi | Limassa | kpóde | bíde | báíde | bàna | vue | síta | támbali | séna | vue lɛ bàna (5+ 4) | kpa bo pɛ (lit. all/both hands of person) |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Bwaka | Ngabaka Ma'bo | k͡páàá ~ k͡páàkɔ́ | ɓīsì | ɓātà | ɡ͡bīānā | ʔèvè ~ vè | sítà ~ sítā | sílànā | sɛ́nā | vìíìnā (5+ 4) | nzò k͡pā̰ (litː ' head / hand ') |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Gbanzili | Gbanzili | k͡pókà | ɓīsì | ɓɔ̄tà ~ ɓōātà | ɓùānā ~ ɓɔ̄nā | vūè | sítà | sélènā ~ sáɓá | sánā | vūè-nà-ɓùānā (5+ 4) / liɓòà * | nzò k͡pā ~ ɡ͡bà |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka-Mba, Ngbaka, Western, Monzombo | Monzombo | k͡póì | bīʃì | bālà | bàānā | vūè | ʃítà | ʃíēnā | sɛ́nā | ʔi̋vúēnā | nʒò k͡pā̰ (litː 'head of hand or arm') |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Bai-Viri | Belanda Viri | njẽe | soó | taú | nãu | vöö́ | vöö́-njoí-njẽe (5 + 1) | vöö́-njoí-soó (5 + 2) | vöö́-njoí-taú (5 + 3) | vöö́-njoí-nãu (5 + 4) | ɓï̃kürü |
| Sere-Ngbaka-Mba, Sere, Sere-Bviri, Ndogo-Sere | Ndogo | ɡbaànjé | só, sósò (used as an adjective) | táʔò | nàʔò | vó | vó-njeé-ɡbaànjé(5 + 1) | vó-njeé-só (5 + 2) | vó-njeé-táʔò (5 + 3) | vó-njeé-nàʔò (5 + 4) | muʔɓì (litː 'on hands ') |
| Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Nzakara (1) | kílī | īyō | ātā | ālù | ìsìbē | ìsìbē-ālí-kílī (5 + 1) | ìsìbē-ālí-īyō (5 + 2) | ìsìbē-ālí-ātā (5 + 3) | ìsìbē-ālí-ālù (5 + 4) | ŋɡ͡bō |
| Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Nzakara (2) | kílī | ījō | ātā | ālù | ìsìbē | ìsìbē-ālí-kílī (5 + 1) | ìsìbē-ālí-ījō (5 + 2) | ìsìbē-ālí-ātā (5 + 3) | ìsìbē-ālí-ālù (5 + 4) | ŋɡ͡bɔ̃̄ |
| Zande, Zande-Nzakara | Zande | sá | úé | bíátá | bīànɡì ~ bīàmà (according to dialects) | bīsùè | bīsùè bàtì̧ sá (litː 'five save one') | bīsùè bàtì̧ úé (litː 'five save two') | bīsùè bàtì̧ bíátá (litː 'five save three') | bīsùè bàtì̧ bīànɡì ('five save four') | bàwē |
References
- Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek (eds.) African languages: an introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gerrit Dimmendaal (2008) "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:841.
- Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
- Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi:10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
- Moñino, Yves (2010). "The position of Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka group among the Niger-Congo languages". Archived from the original on 2014-01-08.
- Moñino, Yves. 1988. Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Paris: Geuthner.
- Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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