Ambela campaign

The Ambela campaign (also called Umbeyla, Umbeylah, and Ambeyla) of 1863 was one of many expeditions in the border area between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Punjab Province of British India (renamed the North-West Frontier Province in 1901, present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) against the Hindustani Fanatics at Malka, a colony of malcontents or bigoted Muslims from Hindustan.[4]

Ambela expedition
Date1863–1864
Location
Buffer zone between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province of British India
Result British victory
Belligerents

United Kingdom British Empire

 Swati tribe
Bunerwal tribe
Yusufzai tribes[1][2]
Commanders and leaders
Neville Bowles Chamberlain (WIA) Saidu Baba
Sultan Muhammad Khan Sardar Darwiz khan
Strength
6,000 men 15,000 men
Casualties and losses
3000+ killed including 1000+ British [3] Unknown

The Pashtuns had been a constant thorn to the British government since the annexation of the region, who had raided and ravaged until it invited expeditions to subdue them. [5] However, in previous expeditions the Pashtun Tribesman had always managed to escape into the hills.[6] In 1858, an expedition led by Sir Sydney Cotton drove them from their base.

By 1863, however, they had regrouped around the mountain outpost of Malka. A force led by Neville Bowles Chamberlain planned to destroy Malka. They set up an operational base in the Chamla Valley which could be reached via the Ambela Pass, but they were soon bogged down by a numerically superior local force, and were attacked by the Swati, Bunerwal and Hindustani tribesmen.[7] Reinforcements drafted in by the local Commander-in-Chief eventually broke through the pass, received the surrender of the Bunerwals and went on to burn Malka. The expedition resulted in 1,000 British casualties and an unknown number of Indian casualties.

Expedition

The Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab authorised an expedition of 6,000 men under Brigadier General Neville Bowles Chamberlain to destroy Malka. The Lieutenant Governor acted without consulting the Commander-in-Chief of the Frontier Force. Chamberlain chose the Chamla Valley as his operational base and the Ambela Pass as the main access. He chose this valley as the access as he believed that the local Bunerwal people were friendly to British forces; this turned out to be a false impression as the Pashtuns had persuaded the Bunerwals that the British would annex their land if they failed to put up a defence.[8]

The first Peshawar column reached the Ambela Pass on 20 October, after struggling on rough terrain, and the rear of the column took another two days to reach the base.[8]

Crag Piquet

On 22 October a reconnaissance was attacked by some Bunerwal tribesman. As a result, Chamberlain proceeded to fortify his position in the pass on two rocky outcrops, but Eagle's Nest and Crag Piquet could only hold small numbers of men.[8] The locals had amassed a force of some 15,000 tribesmen consisting of Swatis, Bunerwals and Hindustanis. The two outcrops were the scene of fierce fighting. On 30 October Crag Piquet was the scene of fierce hand-to-hand fighting that saw two Victoria Crosses awarded, to George Fosbery and Henry Pitcher. Crag Piquet fell to the Pashtuns three times in the next four weeks, but was retaken by British forces on each occasion. On 20 November Chamberlain was seriously wounded. Reinforcements were gradually drafted in on the orders of Commander-in-Chief Sir Hugh Rose, who replaced Chamberlain with Major General John Garvock on 6 December.[8]

Garvock led a two-column attack consisting of 4,800 men supported by the 11th Bengal Cavalry led by another VC holder Colonel Dighton Probyn VC that broke out of the pass.[9] The Bunerwals surrendered to Garvock on 17 December and he sent a party to burn Malka. The British had restored peace but at the cost of 1,000 casualties.[9]

References
  1. Karimi, Christine Noelle (1997). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Psychology Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780700706297. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  2. N.-W.F. Province Gazetteers: Volume 6, Part 1. the University of California. 1931.
  3. State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)
  4. Indian State Railways Magazine:Volume 7, Issues 1-3. Indian State Railways Magazine. 1933.
  5. Nag, Moni (12 May 2011). Population and Social Organization. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110822168.
  6. "Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society". 7 October 2023.
  7. T. Moreman · (1998). The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849-1947. p. 24.
  8. Arthur, Max; p.104
  9. Arthur, Max; p.105

Further reading
  • Arthur, Max (2005). Symbol of Courage; Men behind the Medal. Pan books. ISBN 978-0-330-49133-4.
  • Husain, Mahmud. "The Ambela campaign." Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 1.2 (1953): 105–117. link
  • Richards, D.S. (1990). The Savage Frontier, A History of the Anglo-Afghan Wars. London: Pan MacMillan. ISBN 0-330-42052-6.
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