Mat Salleh Rebellion

W. C. Cowie, managing director with the Sultan of Sulu

Before the arrival of the British North Borneo Chartered Company, central authority in Sabah was weak. Part of it was governed by Brunei and part by the Sulu government.[11]^: p.1 This gave local chiefs and traditional elites relative autonomy to practice influence and power to regulate trade in the area and serve the responsibility of protecting the local inhabitants from excessive exploitation by foreign traders.[3]^: p.190

The British arrived during the late 19th century, and their administration (under the London-based British North Borneo Chartered Company) in North Borneo lasted sixty years, between 1881 and 1941.[5]^: p.862[10][12] It aimed to transform North Borneo into a producer of various agricultural products, predominantly tobacco. Apart from the introduction of cash-crop farming, the Company also imposed new taxation laws and set up administrative centres. Some of the changes brought about by them were:

• Introduction of new taxes, including a levy on rice, the staple food of the population.[5]^: p.863
• Poll-tax and passes for boats on local communities,[3]^: p.190 including members of the local elites and traditional leaders.
• Mandatory licenses for local boat owners.[11]^: p.2–3
• Passed a Village Ordinance, resulting in the Company not sanctioning the authority and traditional social position of a large number of traditional elites and local chiefs.[3]^: p.190 This consequently alienated them and undermined their roles and social statuses.
• A customs station was built on Jambongan Island, staffed by a non-European clerk and policeman.[3]^: p.190[8]^: p.47
• A new police station was established on the Kinarom.[8]^: p.47

In its attempt to revitalise the sagging economy, then managing director of the British North Borneo Company, William C. Cowie also launched two major projects:

• The construction of a cross-country rail between Brunei Bay and Cowie Harbour
• A telegraphic line from Labuan to Sandakan

New levies were imposed to finance these large-scale projects. Lack of manpower, however, caused the Company to rely on local chieftains as agents for revenue collection. Among those who cooperated with the Company, some abused their authority and overtaxed the natives, exacerbating dissatisfaction among local people already burdened by other new laws imposed by the Company. Mat Salleh viewed the Company's new rules as an infringement of native rights,[3]^: p.190 refused to acknowledge the Company's authority, and continued to collect taxes from traders traveling via the Sugut River as he had before the rules were imposed, without turning them over to the Company.[5]^: p.47[8]^: p.47[11]^: p.4–7 Numerous other local chiefs shared Mat Salleh's strong opinions against the Company's new rules. Many of them later joined his cause.[5]^: p.47[11]^: p.4–7

The Company had set up its initial administrative centres on the west coast of Sabah in Papar and Tempassuk. In between these areas also stood the Gaya station,[note 4] set up in September 1882 as a collection station for jungle and local produce. This station also served as a "stopping place" for European officials plying between Kudat and Labuan.[2]^: p.1 Gaya Island was initially thought of as a highly prospective settlement site and a possible port of call. It later however, did not flourish as expected; trade, collection of local produce and other economic activities did not prosper.[1] ^: p.1–5[2]^: p.34 After the station in Gaya was raided and torched by Mat Salleh and his followers in July 1897,[note 5][2]^: p.35 the British relocated to the mainland, in Gantian.

Mat Salleh first came to the Company's attention when he was suspected of involvement in the murder and robbery of two Iban traders on the Sugut River in 1894.[8]^: p.48 Captain Barnett and a few other colonial officials were sent to Mat Salleh's residence to investigate the matter.[note 6] Mat Salleh denied his and his followers’ involvement in it and resisted arrest.[5]^: p.862[11]^: p.8–9 This incident marked the first of many misunderstandings, creating a tense and hostile situation between both parties.

In August 1895, in an attempt to have their grievances addressed through the colonial institution, Mat Salleh, his followers and traditional chiefs from Sugut went to Sandakan, then the seat of the government of North Borneo, to present a petition against the collection of poll-tax and the imposition of passes on boats by Government chiefs to then governor L. P. Beaufort and his representatives.[note 7][5]^: p.862[11]^: p.11 They were however, away on another expedition. Treasurer-in-general Alexander Cook, who was aware of their visit instead denied them an audience. After two days of waiting, Mat Salleh and his party left and headed back[2]^: p.53

Following this, a complaint against Mat Salleh and his party was forwarded to the governor and other colonial officials by Cook. In response, on 29 August 1895, representatives from the Company arrived at Mat Salleh's home in Jambongan to arrest him and four of his followers on the grounds of disturbing the peace at Sandakan and involvement with the murders of the two Ibans in 1894. Mat Salleh refused to comply and escaped. This led to his house and village being attacked, burned and looted. The company then announced him as a wanted man. A Straits $500 reward[note 8] was offered for his capture.[3]^: p.193[5]^: p.862[6][10]^: p.407[11]^{: p.12–16}

This incident triggered him to wage war against the British North Borneo Chartered Company. He then consolidated his position at Lingkabau, approximately 50 miles up the Sugut river and with strong support from the native Dusun community there, built a strong fort. The British subsequently attacked it but failed to capture him. Instead, they destroyed it and captured about 60 Dusun as prisoners of war.[3]^: p.193

After this, he re-established himself in Labuk and built his headquarters at Limbawan. He had received support from the Labuk people as well. In September 1896, the British made another attack, surrounding Limbawan and cutting off possible escape routes. Again, they failed to apprehend him, although they managed to capture and demolish fort.[3]^{: p.193–194} Following their escape, Mat Salleh and his followers built another fort at Padang at Ulu Sugut.[3]^: p.194[10]^{: p.407–410}

At midnight on 9 July 1897, Mat Salleh successfully led his followers to attack the Company's settlement on Gaya Island.[3]^: p.194[7] They raided and torched the Gaya compound before escaping with loot estimated to be worth Straits $100,000. They also took hostage F. S. Neubronner, the treasury clerk.[2]^: p.5 The success of this attack increased his reputation as a local hero. This helped to further widen his reach, influence and support. After this attack, the Company proceeded to seek compensation from the Brunei Sultanate. The managing director, Cowie and the Governor, L. P. Beaufort, visited the Sultan of Brunei seeking compensation, claiming that some of the attackers were from regions under his jurisdiction. These areas were also claimed to have had been used as bases by Mat Salleh. The negotiations brought the Mengkabong, Manggatal and Api-Api districts (opposite of Gaya Island) under the Company's administration.[1]^: p.5[2]^: p.40

After the successful attack on Gaya Island, Mat Salleh and his followers moved on to a fort on the Soan on the Labuk, then Parachangan on the Sugut, then proceeded to attack and burn down the government residency at Ambong[5]^: p.862[7] in November 1897.

Following this, he established his next fort at Ranau.[11]^: p.21 On 13 December 1897, the Company attacked this Fort. They were defeated and lost about 10 men, including an Officer Jones, who had led the attack. On 9 January 1898, they attacked the fort for a second time with a bigger troop and captured it.[5]^: p.862[7] However, by then, Mat Salleh and his men had already abandoned the fort and established a new one in the interior of Tambunan.[3]^{: p.194–195}[7]

The Tambunan fort was stronger and more stable than his previous fort.[7] It was reported to have been

...very difficult to attack as the fort was built from stones, wood and bamboo which prevented the bullets from penetrating the walls of the fort. Each corner of the fort was guarded and there were many secret tunnels for them to seek assistance for firearms and food from outside the fort. These secret tunnels were also used for retreat when they were surrounded by the enemies[7]

This was also the last fort he used for defence during the rebellion.[7]

Oath Stone erected by the Company in January 1898 "as witness of the oaths of loyalty" taken by Mat Salleh, his followers and other Ranau natives after a peace pact was agreed on

Mat Salleh's mandau, which he had surrendered to Cowie as a symbolic act of his acknowledgement of the North Borneo Chartered Company's authority after the peace agreements. In some accounts, Cowie had then "graciously" returned it to Mat Salleh as a gesture of their friendly terms.

The tit-for-tat dual reached deadlock by early 1898. Cowie, managing director to the court of directors of the British North Borneo Chartered Company, personally travelled from London to arrange peace talks and a peace pact with Mat Salleh (the Palatan Peace Pact). Simultaneously, the Sultan of Sulu wrote a letter to Dayang Bandung, Mat Salleh's wife, urging a peace settlement with Cowie.[3]^: p.862[11]^{: p.27–29}

The meeting occurred at Kampung Palatan in Ulu Menggatal on 19 April 1898. Mat Salleh was offered a pardon if resistance ceased. Cowie verbally promised amnesty and to allow Mat Salleh to settle in the Tambunan Valley, pledging noninterference from the government. Mat Salleh acceded[5]^: p.863 and offered to accept it on two conditions:

• The release of his imprisoned men; and,
• That he be allowed to stay at Inanam.

Cowie refused these conditions, permitting Mat Salleh only to stay in Tambunan or parts of the interior excluding Sugut and Lambuk, his former strongholds. In addition, Cowie made an additional promise that if Mat Sallah kept his peace for twelve consecutive months and cooperated with the Company, Cowie would recommend Mat Sallah to the court of directors for an appointment as chief or headman of a district.[3]^{: p.195–196}

On 20 April 1898, Cowie, governor L.P Beufort and two officers (P. Wise and A. Terms) met with Mat Salleh again and this time, he was allowed "to live in the interior and take charge of the Tambunan district".[3]^: p.196 With this, a ceremony was held to mark Mat Salleh's official possession of the Menggatal River on 22 April 1898. The next day, on 23 April 1898, the Company sent an official document to Mat Salleh to sign. The document stated that:

• Mat Salleh and his men were to be pardoned except those remaining in prison and those who had previously escaped;
• Mat Salleh could stay in Tambunan or elsewhere within the interior except the Sugut and Labuk rivers;
• That he was to report to the district officer on occasions he visited the coast[3]^{: p.196–197}[note 9][5]^: p.863

Mat Salleh and his allies were at war with the Taiwan communities. The latter approached the Company with urgent appeals for its intervention. This led to the governor, Beaufort, on 15 January 1899, visiting the Taiwan villages and obtaining an oath of allegiance from them. This was also, apparently, a strategic move by the Company.[note 10][3]^: p.198 to pursue its plans to establish an administrative centre in Tambunan.[3]^{: p.197–198}[10]^{: p.431–432}

Seeing this as a breach of faith to their earlier agreement, Mat Salleh prepared to resume resistance against the Company. In December 1899, R. M. Little, the resident of Labuan, was instructed to initiate negotiations. Mat Salleh refused negotiations and demanded their withdrawal from Tambunan. They refused. Almost immediately after this, Mat Salleh and his followers resumed waging sporadic attacks.[3]^{: p.198–201}

[note 1]

Memorial Stone near Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia, marking the former location of Mat Salleh's fort and also the place where he met his death in 1900

The Company sent a force to retaliate. They reached Tambunan 31 December 1899 and fighting commenced the next day. On 10 January 1900, the village of Laland was lost to the Company. Mat Salleh lost 60 men. On 15 January 1900, the Company proceeded to acquire Taga villages and the fort of one of Mat Salleh's chief lieutenants; Mat Sator was burned by shell-fire. They then cut the water supply to Mat Salleh's fort by diverting the Pengkalian river to the Sensuran. On 27 January 1900, Mat Salleh's fort was surrounded and shelled continuously for the next four days. The seemingly impenetrable fort finally fell due to a massive onslaught by the Company, and with this, Mat Salleh's final defences were finally broken.[7]

On 31 January 1900, Mat Salleh was killed by machine gun-fire by mid-day.[note 11][3]^{: p.201–202}[13]^: p.194[11]^: p.30[14]^: p.35 A chance shot from a Maxim Gun had hit Mat Salleh in the left temple, killing him instantly.[4]^: p.54[note 12][15] Also killed in the battle were about 1000 of Mat Salleh's followers who fought from the neighbouring villages of Lotud Tondulu, Piasau, Kitutud, Kepayan and Sunsuron.[12][13]^: p.194

It was, however, another five years before the remnants of Mat Salleh's men surrendered, were killed or captured by the Company, resulting in the end of the rebellion in 1905.[note 1][3]^{: p.202–203}[4]^: p.54