Yoshkar-Ola

Yoshkar-Ola (Mari and Russian: Йошкар-Ола) is the capital city of Mari El, Russia. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and was formerly known as Tsaryovokokshaysk (Царевококшайск) before 1919, as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) between 1919 and 1927 both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and Charla (Чарла), by the Mari people.

For other uses, see Yoshkar-Ola (disambiguation).

Yoshkar-Ola
Йошка́р-Ола́
City[1]
Other transcription(s)
 • Meadow MariЙошкар-Ола
View of the Brugge Embankment, with the Mari El Republican Puppet Theatre on the left.
View of the Brugge Embankment, with the Mari El Republican Puppet Theatre on the left.
Flag of Yoshkar-Ola
Flag
Coat of arms of Yoshkar-Ola
Coat of arms
Anthem: Song About Yoshkar-Ola[2]
Location of Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola is located in Mari El
Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola
Location of Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola is located in European Russia
Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola (European Russia)
Yoshkar-Ola is located in Europe
Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola
Yoshkar-Ola (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°39′N 47°53′E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectMari El[1]
Founded1584[3][4]
City status since1781[3]
Government
 • BodyCity Assembly of Yoshkar-Ola[5]
 • Head[6]Yevgeny Maslov (acting)[7]
Elevation
100 m (300 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[8]
 • Total248,782
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
268,272 (+7.8%)
 • Rank74th in 2010
 • Subordinated tocity of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola[1]
 • Capital ofMari El Republic[10]
 • Capital ofcity of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola[1]
 • Urban okrugYoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug[11]
 • Capital ofYoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug[11]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[12])
Postal code(s)[13]
424000–424008, 424010, 424016, 424019, 424020, 424026, 424028, 424030–424034, 424036–424040, 424045, 424700, 424899, 424950, 424999
Dialing code(s)+7 8362
OKTMO ID88701000001
City DayAugust 6[14]
Websitewww.i-ola.ru

Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of the Volga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of the Mari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.

Demographics

Population: 248,782 (2010 Census);[8] 256,719 (2002 Census);[15] 241,601 (1989 Census).[16]

History
Historical affiliations

Tsardom of Russia 1584–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1917
Russian Republic 1917-1918
Russian Democratic Federal Republic 1918
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1918-1922
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991
Russia Russian Federation 1991–present

Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari region. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” in Mari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk (Царевококшайск), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) both after the Malaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla (Чарла) amongst the Mari people.

During the Soviet era, especially after World War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.

The collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.

Geography

The Malaya Kokshaga River runs through the city.

Time zone

Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.

Administrative and municipal status
Yoshkar Ola

Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the Mari El Republic.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola is incorporated as Yoshkar-Ola Urban Okrug.[11]

Transport

Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capital Moscow with other short-service trains running to and from Kazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. The Yoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraft Moscow-bound flights (Vnukovo International Airport) since April 2012.

Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, or marshrutkas.

Economy

The 4th Kiev-Zhitomir Rocket Division of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces is located nearby.[17]

Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of a Wagner Group video in which Yevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in the war against Ukraine.[18]

Climate

The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that of Nizhny Novgorod or Kirov. The city is situated in a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks.

Climate data for Yoshkar-Ola (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 15.8
(60.4)		 28.9
(84.0)		 33.4
(92.1)		 36.8
(98.2)		 38.7
(101.7)		 39.1
(102.4)		 31.6
(88.9)		 23.9
(75.0)		 13.0
(55.4)		 7.2
(45.0)		 39.1
(102.4)
Average high °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 10.3
(50.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 23.1
(73.6)		 25.4
(77.7)		 22.8
(73.0)		 16.4
(61.5)		 8.0
(46.4)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 8.8
(47.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1)		 −10.2
(13.6)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 4.9
(40.8)		 12.8
(55.0)		 17.0
(62.6)		 19.3
(66.7)		 16.8
(62.2)		 11.1
(52.0)		 4.4
(39.9)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 4.2
(39.6)
Average low °C (°F) −13.7
(7.3)		 −13.9
(7.0)		 −7.8
(18.0)		 0.2
(32.4)		 6.7
(44.1)		 11.3
(52.3)		 13.5
(56.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 6.8
(44.2)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −11.2
(11.8)		 0.0
(32.0)
Record low °C (°F) −46.9
(−52.4)		 −41.7
(−43.1)		 −38.9
(−38.0)		 −21.8
(−7.2)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −18.9
(−2.0)		 −33.6
(−28.5)		 −47.3
(−53.1)		 −47.3
(−53.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.6)		 30
(1.2)		 32
(1.3)		 32
(1.3)		 40
(1.6)		 64
(2.5)		 76
(3.0)		 65
(2.6)		 54
(2.1)		 57
(2.2)		 43
(1.7)		 42
(1.7)		 575
(22.6)
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[19]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18971,700—    
19264,300+3.25%
193927,179+15.24%
195988,744+6.10%
1970166,073+5.86%
1979201,371+2.16%
1989241,601+1.84%
2002256,719+0.47%
2010248,782−0.39%
2021281,248+1.12%
Source: Census Data

According to the 2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.

Following the 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 152,447 61.28%
Mari 58,001 23.31%
Tatars 10,202 4.10%
Ukrainians 2,075 0.83%
Other 5,438 2.2%

Education
  • The main building of Volga State University of Technology
    The main building of Volga State University of Technology
  • The main building of Mari State University
    The main building of Mari State University

Yoshkar-Ola is home to 88 educational institutions, among them several institutions of higher education, including:

There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens. Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Yoshkar-Ola is twinned with:[20]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yoshkar-Ola.

References

Notes
  1. Law #22-Z
  2. Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Symbols of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  3. Great Russian Encyclopedia, pp. 301–302
  4. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 1
  5. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 24
  6. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 44
  7. Official website of Yoshkar-Ola. Mayor of the City of Yoshkar-Ola Archived 5 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  8. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  9. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  10. Constitution of the Mari El Republic, Article 16
  11. Law #15-Z
  12. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  13. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  14. Charter of Yoshkar-Ola, Article 6
  15. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  16. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  17. "14th Kievsko-Zhitomirskaya order of Kutuzov Missile Division". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  18. Triebert, Christiaan (16 September 2022). "Video Reveals How Russian Mercenaries Recruit Inmates for Ukraine War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  19. "Погода и Климат – Климат Йошкар-Ола" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  20. "Города-побратимы". i-ola.ru (in Russian). Yoshkar-Ola. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

Sources
  • 24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Марийская правда", 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995 Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014 On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
  • Городское Собрание муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола". Решение №101-IV от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола"», в ред. Решения №186-VI от 23 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола", принятый Решением городского Собрания муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола" от 29 июня 2005 г. №101-IV». Вступил в силу 28 декабря 2005 г. Опубликован: "Йошкар-Ола" (спецвыпуск), 28 декабря 2005 г. (City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", as amended by the Decision #186-VI of September 23, 2015 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", Adopted by the Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 by the City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Effective as of December 28, 2005.).
  • Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. (State Assembly of the Mari El Republic. Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006 On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
  • Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014 On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
  • Большая Российская энциклопедия (Great Russian Encyclopedia): В 30 т. / Председатель науч.-ред. совета Ю. С. Осипов. Отв. ред С. Л. Кравец. Т. 12. Исландия — Канцеляризмы. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2008. — 767 с.
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