β-Thromboglobulin

β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG), or beta-thromboglobulin, is a chemokine protein secreted by platelets.[1][2] It is a type of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7.[3] Along with platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-TG is one of the best-characterized platelet-specific proteins.[4] β-TG and PF4 are stored in platelet alpha granules and are released during platelet activation.[1][4][5] As a result, they are useful markers of platelet activation.[1][4] β-TG also has multiple biological activities, for instance being involved in maturation of megakaryocytes.[6]

Biological actions

β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.[5]

β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production.[5]

Clinical uses

Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4.[5]

Influences

β-TG levels may increase with age.[7] It is elevated in diabetes mellitus.[8]

β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol, though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate.[9][10][11][12] Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchanged during normal pregnancy.[13]

References
  1. Sharma G, Berger JS (August 2011). "Platelet activity and cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy individuals: a review of the data". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 32 (2): 201–8. doi:10.1007/s11239-011-0590-9. PMID 21562837. S2CID 23686294.
  2. Kaplan KL, Owen J (February 1981). "Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo". Blood. 57 (2): 199–202. doi:10.1182/blood.V57.2.199.199. PMID 6160890.
  3. Pillai MM, Iwata M, Awaya N, Graf L, Torok-Storb B (May 2006). "Monocyte-derived CXCL7 peptides in the marrow microenvironment". Blood. 107 (9): 3520–6. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-10-4285. PMC 1895768. PMID 16391012.
  4. Cella G, Scattolo N, Girolami A, Sasahara AA (1984). "Are platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin markers of cardiovascular disorders?". Ric Clin Lab. 14 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1007/BF02905035. PMID 6203164. S2CID 58519828.
  5. Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia --> Beta-Thromboglobulin Retrieved on August 17, 2009
  6. Chung-Eun Ha; N. V. Bhagavan (24 April 2015). Essentials of Medical Biochemistry: With Clinical Cases (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-0-12-416697-4. OCLC 1006915388.
  7. Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM (February 2010). "Thrombotic risk factors: basic pathophysiology". Crit Care Med. 38 (2 Suppl): S3–9. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c9cbd9. PMID 20083911. S2CID 34486553.
  8. Page 121 in: Sterne, Jonathan; Kirkwood, Betty R. (2003). Essential medical statistics. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-871-9.
  9. Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G (October 2017). "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 10 (10): 1129–1144. doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718. PMID 28712325. S2CID 205931204.
  10. Kluft C, Lansink M (July 1997). "Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables". Thromb Haemost. 78 (1): 315–26. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1657546. PMID 9198173.
  11. Kuhl, H (1998). "Adverse effects of estrogen treatment: natural vs. synthetic estrogens". In Lippert, T. H.; Mueck, A. O.; Ginsburg, J. (eds.). Sex Steroids and the Cardiovascular System: The Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop, Tuebingen, Germany, October 1996. London/New York: Parthenon. pp. 201–210. ISBN 9781850709565.
  12. Lindberg UB, Crona N, Stigendal L, Teger-Nilsson AC, Silfverstolpe G (February 1989). "A comparison between effects of estradiol valerate and low dose ethinyl estradiol on haemostasis parameters". Thromb Haemost. 61 (1): 65–9. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1646528. PMID 2526387.
  13. Hellgren M (April 2003). "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost. 29 (2): 125–30. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915.



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