Coagulation activation marker

Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.[1][2] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D-dimer (DD).[1][2] These compounds are markers of thrombin generation (F1+2, TAT, APC-PCI), fibrin generation (FpA, FMs), and fibrinolysis (DD, PAP).[1][2] Coagulation activation markers, particularly D-dimer, are useful in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism.[1][3] They may also be useful in the assessment of hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism risk.[4][5][6]

Levels of coagulation activation markers are increased with pregnancy,[7] with estrogen-containing birth control pills,[8] with menopausal hormone therapy,[9][6] and with high-dose parenteral estradiol therapy for prostate cancer.[10][11][12] Transdermal estradiol appears to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than oral estrogens in menopausal hormone therapy.[9] Birth control pills containing estradiol or estetrol also appear to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than ethinylestradiol-containing birth control pills.[8]

Markers of platelet activation (primary hemostasis) include platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and P-selectin.[13][14]

References
  1. Lippi G, Cervellin G, Franchini M, Favaloro EJ (November 2010). "Biochemical markers for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: the past, present and future". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 30 (4): 459–71. doi:10.1007/s11239-010-0460-x. PMID 20213258. S2CID 23806848.
  2. Merlini PA, Ardissino D (1995). "Laboratory Measurement of Thrombin Activity--What Every Clinician Scientist Needs to Know". J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1007/BF01064374. PMID 10608009. S2CID 28203940.
  3. Anghel L, Sascău R, Radu R, Stătescu C (March 2020). "From Classical Laboratory Parameters to Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Venous Thrombosis". Int J Mol Sci. 21 (6): 1920. doi:10.3390/ijms21061920. PMC 7139541. PMID 32168924.
  4. Baglin T (August 2011). "Using the laboratory to predict recurrent venous thrombosis". Int J Lab Hematol. 33 (4): 333–42. doi:10.1111/j.1751-553X.2011.01345.x. PMID 21692994. S2CID 30451755.
  5. Kyrle PA, Rosendaal FR, Eichinger S (December 2010). "Risk assessment for recurrent venous thrombosis". Lancet. 376 (9757): 2032–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60962-2. PMID 21131039. S2CID 31610364.
  6. Cushman M, Larson JC, Rosendaal FR, Heckbert SR, Curb JD, Phillips LS, Baird AE, Eaton CB, Stafford RS (April 2018). "Biomarkers, menopausal hormone therapy and risk of venous thrombosis: The Women's Health Initiative". Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2 (2): 310–319. doi:10.1002/rth2.12100. PMC 5974918. PMID 30046733.
  7. Hellgren M (April 2003). "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost. 29 (2): 125–30. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915.
  8. Douxfils J, Morimont L, Bouvy C (November 2020). "Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Focus on Testing that May Enable Prediction and Assessment of the Risk". Semin Thromb Hemost. 46 (8): 872–886. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714140. PMID 33080636. S2CID 224821517.
  9. Hemelaar M, van der Mooren MJ, Rad M, Kluft C, Kenemans P (September 2008). "Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review". Fertil Steril. 90 (3): 642–72. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1298. PMID 17923128.
  10. Ockrim JL, Lalani EN, Kakkar AK, Abel PD (August 2005). "Transdermal estradiol therapy for prostate cancer reduces thrombophilic activation and protects against thromboembolism". J Urol. 174 (2): 527–33, discussion 532–3. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000165567.99142.1f. PMID 16006886.
  11. Kohli, M.; Alikhan, M. A.; Spencer, H. J.; Carter, G. (15 July 2004). "Phase I trial of intramuscular estradiol valerate (I/M-E) in hormone refractory prostate cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (14 suppl): 4726. doi:10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.4726. eISSN 1527-7755. ISSN 0732-183X.
  12. Kohli M (January 2006). "Phase II study of transdermal estradiol in androgen-independent prostate carcinoma". Cancer. 106 (1): 234–5, author reply 235. doi:10.1002/cncr.21528. PMID 16284988. S2CID 11047031.
  13. Gurney D, Lip GY, Blann AD (June 2002). "A reliable plasma marker of platelet activation: does it exist?". Am J Hematol. 70 (2): 139–44. doi:10.1002/ajh.10097. PMID 12111787. S2CID 39870245.
  14. Schutte MH, Kleemann R, Nota NM, Wiepjes CM, Snabel JM, T'Sjoen G, Thijs A, den Heijer M (2022). "The effect of transdermal gender-affirming hormone therapy on markers of inflammation and hemostasis". PLOS ONE. 17 (3): e0261312. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1761312S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261312. PMID 35290388.



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