Diplococcus

A diplococcus (plural diplococci) is a round bacterium (a coccus) that typically occurs in the form of two joined cells.

Structure b represents diplococcus bacteria

Types

Examples of gram-negative diplococci are Neisseria spp. and Moraxella catarrhalis. Examples of gram-positive diplococci are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp.[1][2] Presumably, diplococcus has been implicated in encephalitis lethargica.[3]

Taxonomy

Gram-negative diplococci
Neutrophils infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, with characteristic small gram-negative diplococci.
Example of diplococcus formation in bacteria of N. gonorrhoeae.

Neisseria spp.

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Betaproteobacteria

Order: Neisseriales

Family: Neisseriaceae

Genus: Neisseria

The genus Neisseria belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. This genus, Neisseria, is divided into more than ten different species, but most of them are gram negative and coccoid. The gram-negative, coccoid species include: Neisseria cinerea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria polysaccharea, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria oralis and Neisseria subflava. Of these Neisseria species, the most common, pathogenic species are N. meningitidis and N.gonorrhoeae.[4]

Moraxella catarrhalis
Pictorial representation of diplococcus formation in M. catarrhalis.

Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gammaproteobacteria

Order: Pseudomonadales

Family: Moraxellaceae

Genus: Moraxella

The genus Moraxella belongs to the family Moraxellaceae. This genus, Moraxellaceae, comprises gram-negative coccobacilli bacteria: Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella boevrei, Moraxella bovis, Moraxella canis, Moraxella caprae, Moraxella caviae, Moraxella cuniculi, Moraxella equi, Moraxella lincolnii, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella osloensis, Moraxella ovis and Moraxella saccharolytica, Moraxella pluranimalium.[5] However, only one has a morphology of diplococcus, Moraxella catarrhalis. M. catarrhalis is a salient pathogen contributing to infections in the human body.[6]

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Diplococcus formation of S. pneumoniae bacteria

Phylum: Firmicutes

Class: Bacilli

Order: Lactobacillales

Family: Streptococcaceae

Genus: Streptococcus

Species: Streptococcus pneumoniae

The species Streptococcus pneumoniae belongs to the genus Streptococcus and the family Streptococcaceae. The genus Streptococcus has around 129 species and 23 subspecies[7] that benefit many microbiomes on the human body. There are many species that show non-pathogenic characteristics; however, there are some, like S. pneumoniae, that exhibit pathogenic characteristics in the human body.[8][2]

Enterococcus spp.
A representation of diplococcus formation in Enterococcus.

Phylum: Firmicutes

Class: Bacilli

Order: Lactobacillales

Family: Enterococcaceae

Genus: Enterococcus

The genus Enterococcus belongs to the family Enterococcaceae. This genus is divided into 58 species and two subspecies.[9] These gram-positive, coccoid bacteria were once thought to be harmless to the human body. However, within the last ten years, there has been an influx of nosocomial pathogens originating from Enterococcus bacteria.[10][2]

Pathogenicity

Many diplococci have species or strains that exhibit pathogenic characteristics. Examples of gram-negative pathogenic diplococci include N.gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Examples of gram-positive pathogenic diplococci include Streptococcus pneumoniae and some species of Enterococcus bacteria.

References
  1. Richard A. Harvey (Ph.D.) (2007). Microbiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9.
  2. Gillespie, Claire (August 20, 2018). "Types of Coccus Bacteria". Sciencing. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
  3. "Mystery of the forgotten plague". 2004-07-27.
  4. "Neisseria Trevisan, 1885". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  5. "Moraxella". LPSN. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  6. Verhaegh, S.J.C. (Suzanne) (2011-06-01). Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Moraxella catarrhalis colonization and infection. ISBN 9780397515684. OCLC 929980928.
  7. "Streptococcus". LPSN. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  8. "Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein, 1884) Chester, 1901". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  9. "Enterococcus". LPSN. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  10. Fisher, Katie; Phillips, Carol (2009). "The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus". Microbiology. 155 (6): 1749–1757. doi:10.1099/mic.0.026385-0. ISSN 1350-0872. PMID 19383684.
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