Gracilicutes

Gracilicutes (Latin: gracilis, slender, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) is a clade in bacterial phylogeny.[2]

Gracilicutes
Escherichia coli cells magnified 25,000 times
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
(unranked):	Gracilicutes Gibbons and Murray 1978[1]
Superphyla/Phyla
Pseudomonadota "Planctobacteria" "Sphingobacteria" Spirochaetota Acidobacteriota

Traditionally gram staining results were most commonly used as a classification tool, consequently until the advent of molecular phylogeny, the Kingdom Monera (as the domains Bacteria and Archaea were known then) was divided into four phyla,[1][3]

• Gracilicutes (gram-negative, it is split in many groups, but some authors still use it in a narrower sense)
• Firmacutes [sic] (gram-positive, subsequently corrected to Firmicutes,[4] today it excludes the Actinomycetota)
• Mollicutes (gram variable, later renamed Tenericutes and now Mycoplasmatota, e.g. Mycoplasma)
• Mendosicutes (uneven gram stain, "methanogenic bacteria" now known as methanogens and classed as Archaea)

This classification system was abandoned in favour of the three-domain system based on molecular phylogeny started by C. Woese.[5][6]

Using hand-drawn schematics rather than standard molecular phylogenetic analysis, Gracilicutes was revived in 2006 by Cavalier-Smith as an infrakindgom containing the phyla Spirochaetota, Sphingobacteria (FCB), Planctobacteria (PVC), and Proteobacteria.[7] It is a gram-negative clade that branched off from other bacteria just before the evolutionary loss of the outer membrane or capsule, and just after the evolution of flagella.[7] Most notably, this author assumed an unconventional tree of life placing Chloroflexota near the origin of life and Archaea as a close relative of Actinomycetota. This taxon is not generally accepted and the three-domain system is followed.[8]

A taxon called Hydrobacteria was defined in 2009 from a molecular phylogenetic analysis of core genes. It is in contrast to the other major group of eubacteria called Terrabacteria.[9] Some researchers have used the name Gracilicutes in place of Hydrobacteria, but this does not agree with the original description of Gracilicutes by Gibbons and Murray, noted above, which included cyanobacteria and did not follow the three-domain system. Also as noted above, the use of Gracilicutes by Cavalier-Smith can be rejected because it was a major alteration of an earlier taxonomic name, was not based on a statistical analysis, and did not follow the three-domain system. The most recent genomic analyses have supported the division of Bacteria into two major superphyla, corresponding to Terrabacteria and Hydrobacteria.[10][11]