Acholeplasmataceae

Acholeplasmataceae is a family of bacteria. It is the only family in the order Acholeplasmatales, placed in the class Mollicutes. The family comprises the genera Acholeplasma and Phytoplasma. Phytoplasma has the candidatus status, because members still could not be cultured.

Acholeplasmataceae
Acholeplasma laidwalii cells and extracellular vesicles
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Mycoplasmatota
Class: Mollicutes
Order: Acholeplasmatales
Family: Acholeplasmataceae
Edward & Freundt 1970
Genera
Synonyms
  • "Sapromycetaceae" Sabin 1941
  • "Saprophytaceae" Sabin 1941

Etymology: The names Acholeplasmataceae and Acholetoplasmatales are derived from the Greek a = not, cholè = bile and plasma = anything moulded or formed.[1]
Species in the order Acholeplasmatales can grow in a medium without cholesterol, unlike species in the order Mycoplasmatales. Cholesterol, a sterol, is an important component of the cell membrane of mycoplasmas, whereas in acholeplasmas and in bacteria in general it is absent.

Characteristics

Members of Acholeplasmatales are facultative anaerobic. They are parasites or commensals of vertebrates, insects, or plants; some are saprophytes. [2]

Phytoplasmas colonize the phloem sieve elements of vascular plants, causing diseases. They are transmitted by sap-sucking insects (primarily leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids [3] ), living in the gut, haemolymph, salivary gland and other organs. Like other mollicutes, they show a high host specificity. [4]

Classification

In the first taxonomy of Mollicutes, the classification was based on requiring or not requiring cholesterol for growth. The old order Mycoplasmatales consisted of two families: Mycoplasmataceae, which requires cholesterol, and the sterol-nonrequiring Acholeplasmataceae. [1][5] In view of the many properties in which the acholeplasmas distinguish from species in Mycoplasmataceae and Spiroplasmataceae, Freundt et al. proposed in 1984 to elevate the family Acholeplasmataceae to the ordinal rank Acholeplasmatales, thus separating it from Mycoplasmatales. [6]

In 1987, the division in sterol requiring and not requiring changed with the addition of a third order, Anaeroplasmatales, taking into account that dependence on anaerobic growth conditions is an important characteristic. [7]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[8] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[9]

16S rRNA based LTP_12_2021[10][11][12] GTDB 07-RS207 by Genome Taxonomy Database[13][14][15]
Acholeplasmatales
 

Haploplasma

 
 
 

Alteracholeplasma

 
 
 

Paracholeplasma

 
 
 

Anaeroplasma

 
 

Acholeplasma

 
 
 
 
Acholeplasmataceae
Acholeplasmatales
Anaeroplasmataceae
 

"Ca. Pelethenecus"

 
 
 

"Ca. Avacholeplasma"

 
 

Anaeroplasma

 
 
 
 
UBA5453

Paracholeplasma

 
Acholeplasmataceae
 

Haploplasma

 
 
 

Acholeplasma

 
 
 

Alteracholeplasma

 
 

"Ca. Phytoplasma"

 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

References
  1. D.G. Edward, E.A. Freundt Amended nomenclature for strains related to Mycoplasma laidlawii.; J Gen Microbiol. 1970 Jul; 62; PDF
  2. Stephens; et al. (1983). "Intraspecies Genetic Relatedness among Strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of Acholeplasma axanthum by Nucleic Acid Hybridization" (PDF). Journal of General Microbiology. 129 (6): 1929–1934. doi:10.1099/00221287-129-6-1929. PMID 6631407.
  3. Weintraub, Phyllis G.; Beanland, Leann (2006). "Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas". Annual Review of Entomology. 51: 91–111. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151039. PMID 16332205.
  4. IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine; Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 1243–1255 (2004).
  5. Edward, D. G.; Freundt, E. A. (1969). "Proposal for Classifying Organisms Related to Mycoplasma laidlawii in a Family Sapromycetaceae, Genus Sapromyces, within the Mycoplasmatales". Microbiology. 57 (3): 391–395. doi:10.1099/00221287-57-3-391. PMID 5391433.
  6. Freundt EA, Whitcomb RF, Barile MF, Razin S, Tully JG (1984). "Proposal for elevation of the family Acholeplasmataceae to ordinal rank: Acholeplasmatales" (PDF). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34 (346–349): 346–349. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-3-346. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  7. Robinson IM, Freundt EA (1987). "Proposal for an Amended Classification of Anaerobic Mollicutes". Int J Syst Bacteriol. 37: 78–81. doi:10.1099/00207713-37-1-78.
  8. J.P. Euzéby. "Acholeplasmatales". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  9. Sayers; et al. "Acholeplasmatales". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  10. "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  11. "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  12. "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  13. "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  14. "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  15. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
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