Ectodermal dysplasia
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a group of genetic syndromes all deriving from abnormalities of the ectodermal structures.[1]: 570 More than 150 different syndromes have been identified.[2]
| Ectodermal dysplasia | |
|---|---|
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| Ectodermal dysplasia. This image shows peg-shaped teeth and sparse hair. | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics  |
Despite some of the syndromes having different genetic causes, the symptoms are sometimes very similar. Diagnosis is usually by clinical observation, often with the assistance of family medical histories so that it can be determined whether transmission is autosomal dominant or recessive.
Ectodermal dysplasias are described as "heritable conditions in which there are abnormalities of two or more ectodermal structures such as the hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands, salivary glands, cranial-facial structure, digits and other parts of the body."
Presentation
Hair
Individuals affected by an ED syndrome frequently have abnormalities of the hair follicles. Scalp and body hair may be thin, sparse, and very light in color, even though beard growth in affected males may be normal. The hair may grow very slowly or sporadically and it may be excessively fragile, curly, or even twisted. Kinky hair is also a possibility.
Nails
Fingernails and toenails may be thick, abnormally shaped, discolored, ridged, slow-growing, or brittle. The cuticles may be prone to infections.
Skin
The skin may be lightly pigmented. Skin sustaining injury may grow back permanently hypo-pigmented. In some cases, red or brown pigmentation may be present. Skin can be prone to rashes or infections and can be thick over the palms and soles. Care must be taken to prevent cracking, bleeding, and infection.
Sweat glands
Individuals affected by certain ED syndromes cannot perspire. Their sweat glands may function abnormally or may not have developed at all because of inactive proteins in the sweat glands. Without normal sweat production, the body cannot regulate temperature properly. Therefore, overheating is a common problem, especially during hot weather. Access to cool environments is important.[3]
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a) Intraoral view. Note that the upper incisors have been restored with composite material to disguise their original conical shape.
b) Orthopantomogram showing absence of ten primary and eleven permanent teeth in the jaws of the same individual.
Salivary glands
Several studies have examined salivary flow rate in individuals and found parotid and submandibular salivary flow ranging from 5 to 15 times lower than average. This is consistent with the salivary glands being of ectodermal origin, although some findings have suggested that there is also mesodermal input.[4][5]
Teeth
The development of tooth buds frequently results in congenitally absent teeth (in many cases a lack of a permanent set) and/or in the growth of teeth that are peg-shaped or pointed. The enamel may also be defective. Cosmetic dental treatment is almost always necessary and children may need dentures as early as two years of age. Multiple denture replacements are often needed as the child grows, and dental implants may be an option in adolescence, once the jaw is fully grown. Nowadays the option of extracting the teeth and substituting them with dental implants is quite common.[6] In other cases, teeth can be crowned. Orthodontic treatment also may be necessary. Because dental treatment is complex, a multi-disciplinary approach is best.[7]
Other features
People with ED often have certain cranial-facial features which can be distinctive: frontal bossing is common, longer or more pronounced chins are frequent, broader noses are also very common. In some types of ED, abnormal development of parts of the eye can result in dryness of the eye, cataracts, and vision defects. Professional eye care can help minimize the effects of ED on vision. Similarly, abnormalities in the development of the ear may cause hearing problems. Respiratory infections can be more common because the normal protective secretions of the mouth and nose are not present. Precautions must be taken to limit infections.[8]
Genetics
ED can be classified by inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked) or by which structures are involved (hair, teeth, nails and/or sweat glands).
There are several different types with distinct genetic causes:
- Hay–Wells syndrome (Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome) and EEC syndrome are all associated with TP63.[9]
- Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia can be associated with EDA, EDAR and EDARADD.
- Margarita Island ectodermal dysplasia is associated with PVRL1.
- Ectodermal dysplasia with skin fragility is associated with PKP1.
- Clouston's hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is associated with GJB6.
- Naegeli syndrome/Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticulariss is associated with KRT14.
- Pachyonychia congenita is caused by multiple keratins.
- Focal dermal hypoplasia is associated with PORCN.
- Ellis–van Creveld syndrome is associated with EVC.
- Palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia refers to several different conditions selectively affecting the hands and feet.
Diagnosis
In terms of the clinical evaluation, clinical features are the classification method[10]
Treatment
Management for this condition is symptom specific[11]
Society and culture
Notable cases
- Michael Berryman, American actor with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
- Levi Hawken, New Zealand skateboarder and artist who became well known in 2011 in New Zealand for the "Nek minnit" viral video on YouTube
References
- James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N (November 1994). "Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical classification and a causal review". Am. J. Med. Genet. 53 (2): 153–62. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320530207. PMID 7856640.
- U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Ectodermal dysplasia". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
- Singh, P.; Warnakulasuriya, S. Aplasia of submandibular salivary glands associated with ectodermal dysplasia. J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Nov;33(10):634-6.
- Nordgarden, H.; Storhaug, K.; Lyngstadaas, S. P.; Jensen, J. L. Salivary gland function in persons with ectodermal dysplasias. Eur J Oral Sci. 2003 Oct;111(5):371-6.
- Borzabadi-Farahani; A (December 2012). "Orthodontic considerations in restorative management of hypodontia patients with endosseous implants". Journal of Oral Implantology. 38 (6): 779–791. doi:10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-11-00022. PMID 21728818.
- Shahrokhi Rad A, Siadat H, Monzavi A, Mangoli A (May–June 2007). "Full Mouth Rehabilitation of a Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia Patient with Dental Implants: A Clinical Report". J. Prosthodont. Genet. 16 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2006.00173.x. PMID 17581183.
- Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N, Gollop TR (January 1985). "Odontoonychodysplasia with alopecia: a new pure ectodermal dysplasia with probable autosomal recessive inheritance". Am. J. Med. Genet. 20 (1): 197–202. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320200123. PMID 2982262.
- "Ectodermal Dysplasia: eMedicine Dermatology". 29 May 2019.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Orphanet: Search a disease". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- "Ectodermal Dysplasias". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
External links
