Demographics of Ontario

Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 per cent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.

Population Density of Ontario in 2016

Vital statistics

Birth Rate: 9.7/1,000 people (2021)[1]

Death Rate: 8.1/1,000 people (2021)[1]

Life Expectancy at birth: 81 years (2006 est)[2]

Infant Mortality rate: 5.2 (2007 est)[3]

Age structure
Age Groups Total Percentage Male Female
0 to 4 years723,0164.91%370,982352,034
5 to 9 years762,6545.18%389,331373,323
10 to 14 years792,9475.38%403,611389,336
15 to 19 years852,4055.79%436,529415,876
20 to 24 years1,039,6617.06%543,213496,448
25 to 29 years1,077,4337.31%555,954521,479
30 to 34 years1,041,9527.07%527,137514,815
35 to 39 years992,8446.74%493,399499,445
40 to 44 years921,3786.25%446,692474,686
45 to 49 years932,0586.33%454,915477,143
50 to 54 years968,5466.57%478,610489,936
55 to 59 years1,073,5197.29%532,834540,685
60 to 64 years961,2436.52%469,926491,317
65 to 69 years803,9625.46%383,637420,325
70 to 74 years673,5464.57%316,777356,769
75 to 79 years461,0153.13%212,100248,915
80 to 84 years319,5482.17%140,109179,439
85 to 89 years204,2271.39%81,946122,281
90 to 94 years98,6380.67%33,53065,108
95 to 99 years29,5270.20%7,51522,012
100 years and over3,8950.03%7013,194
Total14,734,014100%7,279,4487,454,566

[4]

Population history
Year Population 5 year
% change		 10 year
% change		 % Canadian
population
1824150,066--n/a
1830213,156--n/a
1840432,159-102.7%39.93%[a]
1851952,004--51.32%[a]
18611,396,091-46.6%55.58%[a]
18711,620,851-16.1%43.9%
18811,926,922-18.8%45.4%
18912,114,321-9.7%48.9%
19012,182,947-3.2%40.6%
19112,527,292-15.8%35.1%
19212,933,662-16.1%33.4%
19313,431,683-17.0%33.1%
19413,787,655-10.4%32.9%
19514,597,542-21.3%32.8%
19565,404,93317.6%-33.6%
19616,236,09215.4%35.6%34.2%
19666,960,87011.6%28.8%34.9%
19717,703,10510.7%23.5%35.7%
19768,264,4657.3%18.7%35.9%
19818,625,1074.4%12.0%35.4%
19869,101,6955.5%10.1%36.0%
199110,084,88510.8%16.9%36.9%
199610,753,57310.7%18.2%37.3%
200111,410,0466.1%13.2%38.0%
200612,160,2826.6%13.1%38.4%
201112,851,8215.7%12.6%38.4%
201613,448,4944.6%9.6%38.3%
202114,223,9425.8%9.7%38.5%

Source: Statistics Canada[5]

  • a  % Province of Canada population[6]

Population geography

Census Metropolitan Areas
City 2021[7] 2016[8] 2011[9] 2006[10] 2001[11] 1996[12] 1991[12]
Toronto6,202,2255,928,0405,583,0645,113,1494,682,8974,263,7573,898,933
Ottawa-Gatineau1,488,3071,323,7831,236,3241,130,7611,063,6641,010,498941,814
Hamilton785,184747,545721,053692,911662,401624,360599,760
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo575,847523,894477,160451,235414,284382,940356,421
London543,551494,069474,786457,720432,451398,616381,522
St. Catharines-Niagara433,604406,074392,184390,317377,009372,406364,552
Windsor422,630329,144319,246323,342307,877278,685262,075
Oshawa415,311379,848356,177330,594296,298268,773240,104
Barrie212,856197,059187,013177,061148,480118,69597,150
Kingston172,546161,175159,561152,358146,838143,416136,401
Greater Sudbury170,605164,689160,770158,258155,601160,488157,613
Guelph165,588151,984141,097127,009117,344105,42097,667
Brantford144,162134,203135,501124,60786,417100,23897,106
Peterborough128,624121,721118,975|102,423100,19398,060-
Thunder Bay123,258121,621121,596122,907121,986125,562124,925
Belleville111,184103,472101,66891,51887,39587,871-
Chatham-Kent104,316102,042104,075108,589107,709--

Ethnic origins

As of 2016 census.[13]

Ethnic group Responses %
Canadian3,109,77023.48
English2,808,81021.21
Scottish2,107,29015.91
Irish2,095,46515.82
French1,349,25510.19
German1,189,6708.98
Italian931,8057.04
Chinese849,3406.41
East Indian774,4955.85
Dutch (Netherlands)527,7503.99
Polish523,4903.95
First Nations385,5052.91
Ukrainian376,4402.84
Filipino337,7602.55
Portuguese324,9302.45
British, not included
elsewhere		323,1802.44
Jamaican257,0551.94
Russian220,8501.67
Welsh198,4701.50
Spanish171,1451.29
Hungarian (Magyar)163,5001.23
Pakistani149,0601.13
Greek148,5551.12
American (USA)140,1651.06
Métis137,4851.04

Note: The table takes dual responses (for example if someone is French-Canadian they would be added to both French and Canadian). Some places of one's ethnic origin do not refer to a single specified country of origin, i.e. Spanish refers to people from Spanish speaking countries such as Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Cuba and others; or East Indian where the respondents origin could be from Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.; and the list contains about 200 nationalities known to reside in the province. However, there are options for the respondent to identify the country alone.

As regards ethnic origins and Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) of highest concentration (minimum: 1%):

Ethnic Origin CMA % of population
Chinese Toronto12.0
East Indian Toronto 11.0
Filipino Toronto 4.7
Jamaican Toronto 3.4
Russian Toronto 2.4
Pakistani Toronto 2.1
Sri Lankan Toronto 2.0
Spanish Toronto 1.8
Greek Toronto 1.7
Iranian Toronto 1.7
Korean Toronto 1.3
Other African origins, n.i.e Toronto 1.1
Jewish Toronto 1.0
Haitian Ottawa-Gatineau 1.1
Croatian Hamilton 1.9
German Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo21.8
Portuguese Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 4.1
Romanian Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 1.9
Swiss Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo 1.5
Belgian London 1.1
Lebanese Windsor3.3
Iraqi Windsor 2.2
American Windsor 1.7
Serbian Windsor 1.4
Arab, n.o.s. Windsor 1.0
British Isles origins, n.i.e. Barrie 3.7
Canadian Greater Sudbury45.6
French Greater Sudbury 37.7
Vietnamese Guelph 1.6
Dutch Brantford8.0
Hungarian Brantford 3.2
English Peterborough39.1
Irish Peterborough 32.5
Scottish Peterborough 26.3
Welsh Peterborough 2.6
Italian Thunder Bay14.0
Ukrainian Thunder Bay 13.5
Finnish Thunder Bay 11.4
First Nations Thunder Bay 10.5
Polish Thunder Bay 7.1
Swedish Thunder Bay 4.5
Métis Thunder Bay 2.9
Norwegian Thunder Bay 2.8
Slovak Thunder Bay 2.0
Danish Thunder Bay 1.1

Future Projections
Ethnic origin by regional group
Group 2016[14] 2036[15][16]
Number % of 2016 population (13,448,494) Number % of 2036 estimated population (16,944,000)
European origins 8,982,180 67.8% 9,235,000 54.5%
South Asian and Middle Eastern origins 1,515,520 11.5% 3,030,000 17.9%
East and Southeast Asian origins 1,319,845 10% 2,254,000 13.3%
African origins 627,715 4.7% 1,093,000 6.5%
Aboriginal origins 374,395 2.8% 616,000 3.6%
Latin, Central and South American origins 195,950 1.5% 352,000 2.1%
Other 179,100 1.3% 363,000 2.1%
*Percentages total over 100% due to multiple responses, e.g. German-Indian, Norwegian-Irish.

Visible minorities and Aboriginals
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2016 Census) 2011 NHS 2006 Census 2001 Census 1996 Census
Population groupPopulation % Population % Population % Population % Population %
European8,982,18067.8% 8,930,835 70.6% 8,879,900 73.8% 8,944,190 79.3% 8,714,680 81.9%
Visible minority group
Source:[17]		South Asian1,150,4158.7% 965,990 7.6% 794,170 6.6% 554,870 4.9% 390,055 3.7%
Chinese754,5505.7% 629,140 5.0% 576,980 4.8% 481,505 4.3% 391,090 3.7%
Black627,7154.7% 539,205 4.3% 473,765 3.9% 411,095 3.6% 356,215 3.3%
Filipino311,6752.4% 275,380 2.2% 203,220 1.7% 156,515 1.4% 117,365 1.1%
Arab 210,435 1.6% 151,645 1.2% 111,405 0.9% 88,540 0.8%
Latin American195,9501.5% 172,560 1.4% 147,135 1.2% 106,835 0.9% 85,745 0.8%
West Asian154,6701.2% 122,530 1% 96,615 0.8% 67,100 0.6%
Southeast Asian133,8551% 137,875 1.1% 110,045 0.9% 86,410 0.8% 75,910 0.7%
Korean88,9350.7% 78,295 0.6% 69,540 0.6% 53,955 0.5% 35,400 0.3%
Japanese30,8300.2% 29,085 0.2% 28,080 0.2% 24,925 0.2% 24,275 0.2%
Arab/West Asian 118,655 1.1%
Visible minority, not included elsewhere81,1300.6% 81,130 0.6% 56,845 0.5% 78,915 0.7% 52,170 0.5%
Multiple visible minority97,9700.7% 96,735 0.8% 77,405 0.6% 42,375 0.4% 35,160 0.3%
Total visible minority population3,885,58529.3% 3,279,565 25.9% 2,745,205 22.8% 2,153,045 19.1% 1,682,045 15.8%
Aboriginal group
First Nations236,6801.8% 338,480 2.7% 311,830 2.5% 131,560 1.2%
Métis120,5850.9% 89,975 0.7% 81,320 0.7% 48,340 0.4%
Inuit3,8600% 5,310 0% 4,250 0% 1,380 0%
Aboriginal, n.i.e.7,5400.1% 5,345 0%
Multiple Aboriginal identity5,7300% 7,630 0.1% 6,395 0.1% 1,690 0%
Total Aboriginal population374,3952.8% 441,395[18] 3.5% 403,790 3.4% 188,315 1.7% 246,065 2.3%
Total population13,242,160100% 12,651,795 100% 12,028,895 100% 11,285,550 100% 10,642,790 100%

There is a striking difference between the Toronto CMA[19] (5,862,850) and the rest of Ontario (7,379,310); in particular, in the Toronto CMA visible minorities account for 51.4% of the population (3,011,900), whereas in the rest of Ontario the percentage of visible minorities in the overall population is much lower, at 11.8% (873,685). Back in 1996,1,338,095 of 4,232,905 Toronto CMA residents belonged to a visible minority,[20] i.e. 31.6% of its population; regarding the rest of Ontario, only 343,950 of its 6,409,885 residents, i.e. 5.4%, were visible minorities.[21]

Language

The following figures are from the 2016 census.[4] The tables includes languages that were selected by at least 0.99 per cent of respondents. Respondents to the census are able to provide multiple responses for questions relating to knowledge of languages, and mother tongue.

Knowledge of languages

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census and the 2016 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in Ontario (2016)
Language Percentage
English only
 
 86.05%
French only
 
 0.30%
English and French
 
 11.19%
Neither English nor French
 
 2.46%
Knowledge of Languages in Ontario
Language Population (2021)[22] Percentage (2021) Population (2016) Percentage (2016)
English 13,650,230 97.28% 12,879,045 97.26%
French 1,550,545 11.05% 1,521,020 11.49%
Mandarin 467,420 3.33% 385,452 2.91%
Hindi 436,125 3.11% 250,095 1.89%
Spanish 401,205 2.86% 337,615 2.55%
Punjabi 397,865 2.84% 282,065 2.13%
Cantonese 352,135 2.51% 341,875 2.58%
Arabic 342,860 2.44% 246,015 1.86%
Italian 312,800 2.23% 333,645 2.52%
Urdu 295,175 2.1% 231,500 1.75%
Tagalog 271,445 1.93% 232,935 1.76%
Portuguese 208,575 1.49% 193,520 1.46%
Tamil 192,890 1.37% 157,700 1.19%
German 158,115 1.13% 189,035 1.43%
Russian 155,340 1.11% N/A <1%
Gujarati 143,240 1.02% N/A <1%
Iranian Persian 138,910[note 1] 0.99%[note 2] 145,465[note 3] 1.10%[note 4]
Polish 134,985 0.96% 142,985 1.08%

Mother tongue
Language Responses %[note 5]
Single responses
English8,902,32066.87
French490,7153.68
Mandarin283,7352.13
Cantonese275,3152.07
Italian231,0401.74
Punjabi197,0601.48
Spanish191,0251.43
Arabic171,3701.29
Urdu152,3851.14
Portuguese150,0001.13
Tagalog163,4151.23
German131,5250.99
Multiple responses
English and French54,0450.51
English and non-official language288,2852.17
French and non-official language12,5650.09
English, French, and non-official language11,0100.08

Religion
Religion in Ontario in 2011, Statscan National Household Survey
Christian denominations in Canada
Canadian interchurch
  • Canadian Council of Churches
  • Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America
  • North Am. Presbyterian and Reformed Council
Anabaptist & Friends
  • Canadian Mennonite Brethren Churches
  • Canadian Yearly Meeting (Quakers)
  • Mennonite Church Canada
Baptist & Stone-Campbell
  • Association of Regular Baptist Churches
  • Baptist General Conference of Canada
  • Canadian Baptist Ministries
  • Canadian Convention of Southern Baptists
  • Fellowship of Evgcl. Baptist Churches, Canada
  • North American Baptist Conference
Anglican & Catholic
  • Anglican Church of Canada
  • Anglican Church in North America
  • Old Roman Catholic Church
  • Polish National Catholic Church
  • Catholic Church in Canada
  • Ukrainian Catholic, Winnipeg
Holiness & Pietist
  • Christian and Missionary Alliance, Canada
  • Church of the Nazarene
  • Evangelical Free Church of Canada
  • Baptist General Conference of Canada
  • The Salvation Army
  • Wesleyan Church
Lutheran
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
  • Lutheran Church–Canada
  • Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
Methodist
  • British Methodist Episcopal Church
  • Free Methodist Church in Canada
  • United Church of Canada
Eastern & Oriental Orthodox
  • Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese, N.Am.
  • Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto
  • Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada
  • Orthodox Church in America
  • American-Canadian Macedonian Orthodox Diocese
  • Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
  • Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada
Pentecostal
  • Apostolic Church of Pentecost
  • Canadian Assemblies of God
  • Church of God of Prophecy
  • Intl. Foursquare Gospel, Canada
  • Intl. Pentecostal Holiness Church
  • Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada
  • Pentecostal Church of God
  • United Pentecostal Church Intl.
Presbyterian & Reformed
  • Canadian and American Reformed Churches
  • Christian Reformed Church in North America
  • L'Église réformée du Québec
  • Presbyterian Church in Canada
  • Presbyterian Church in America
  • Reformed Church in America
  • United Church of Canada
Other
Religion 2021[23] People %
Total14,031,750100
Christian7,315,81052.1
No Religious Affiliation4,443,67531.7
Muslim942,9906.7
Hindu573,7004.1
Jewish196,1001.5
Sikh300,4352.1
Buddhist164,2151..2
Traditional Aboriginal (Spirituality)15,9850.1
Other Religions88,8450.6
  • Of Christian faith: Catholic at 3,976,610 (31.4%); United Church 952,465 (7.5%); Anglican 774,560 (6.1%); Presbyterian 319,585 (2.5%); Christian Orthodox 297,710 (2.4%); Baptist 244,650 (1.9%); Pentecostal 213,945 (1.7%); Lutheran 163,460 (1.3%); Other Christian 1,224,300 (9.7%)

Source: Statistics Canada[17] StatsCan 2011 National Household Survey

Migration

Immigration

Ontario is a very diverse province. For example, 54.8% of the population of Toronto was born outside Canada,[24] which is the second-largest percentage of immigrants in a single city on Earth, after Miami. Hamilton is ranked the third-most diverse urbanized area in Canada (after Toronto and Vancouver).

The 2016 Canadian census counted a total of 3,852,145 immigrants living in Ontario.

Immigrants in Ontario by country of birth (2016 Census)[25]
Rank Country Population % of total immigrants
1 India 360,545 9.4%
2 China 317,225 8.2%
3 United Kingdom 264,120 6.9%
4 Philippines 231,760 6%
5 Italy 157,815 4.1%
6 Pakistan 142,265 3.7%
7 Jamaica 119,845 3.1%
8 Sri Lanka 109,855 2.9%
9 United States 109,005 2.8%
10 Hong Kong 108,030 2.8%
11 Portugal 103,025 2.7%
12 Poland 96,000 2.5%
13 Iran 86,810 2.3%
14 Vietnam 80,530 2.1%
15 Guyana 79,745 2.1%

Recent immigration

The 2016 Canadian census counted a total of 472,170 people who immigrated to Ontario between 2011 and 2016.

Recent immigrants to Ontario by place of birth (2011 to 2016)[26]
Rank Country Population # % of recent immigrants
1 India 69,330 14.7%
2 China 58,840 12.5%
3 Philippines 53,185 11.3%
4 Pakistan 25,435 5.4%
5 Iran 21,230 4.5%
6 Iraq 14,645 3.1%
7 United States 14,635 3.1%
8 Syria 12,710 2.7%
9 Jamaica 8,935 1.9%
10 Egypt 8,220 1.7%
11 Sri Lanka 8,185 1.7%
12 Bangladesh 8,180 1.7%
13 United Kingdom 7,780 1.6%
14 South Korea 6,325 1.3%
15 Nigeria 5,915 1.3%

Interprovincial migration
Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces

Ontario's interprovincial migration rate have shifted over the years. It was negative in the 1970s, positive in the 1980s, but then negative again in the 1990s. It went back to the positive in around the time of the turn of the millennium for a few years, but has been in the negatives constantly from 2003 to 2015, and has been in the positives since then. Over the period from 1971 to 2015, Ontario was the province who experience the second lowest levels of interprovincial in-migration and out-migration, second only to Quebec.[27]

Interprovincial migration in Ontario
In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2008–09 57,458 73,059 −15,601
2009–10 59,741 64,403 −4,662
2010–11 58,317 62,324 −4,007
2011–12 60,459 71,070 −10,611
2012–13 54,678 68,579 −13,901
2013–14 57,415 71,979 −14,564
2014–15 62,874 71,569 −8,695
2015–16 71,790 62,713 9,077
2016–17 71,717 58,335 13,382
2017–18 69,918 59,974 9,944
2018–19 77,281 65,550 11,731
2019–20 97,031 89,210 7,821

Source: Statistics Canada

See also
BC
SK
MB
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

Notes
  1. 2021 census data differentiates between Persian registers (Dari, Farsi (Iranian Persian), and other. Number also includes Persian (Farsi) not otherwise specified
  2. 2021 census data differentiates between Persian registers (Dari, Farsi (Iranian Persian), and other. Number also includes Persian (Farsi) not otherwise specified
  3. Included all Persian registers, as 2016 census data did not differentiate between either.
  4. Included all Persian registers, as 2016 census data did not differentiate between either.
  5. The following is the total figure from all respondents, including single, and multi-answered respondents.

References
  1. "Estimates of the components of natural increase, quarterly1, 2". Retrieved March 18, 2022.
  2. "Life expectancy at birth, by sex, by province". Archived from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  3. "Infant mortality rates, by province and territory". Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2010.
  4. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Ontario [Province] and Canada [Country]". Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  5. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  6. "Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex".
  7. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  8. "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". 12.statcan.gc.ca. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  9. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2011 and 2006 censuses". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  10. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  11. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  12. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Metropolitan : Areas in Decreasing Order of 1996 Population, 1991 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data". Statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  13. "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables - Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Ontario, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". 12.statcan.gc.ca. October 25, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  14. "Census Profile, 2016 Census Ontario [Province]". Statistics Canada. November 29, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  15. "Population by visible minority group, place of residence and projection scenario, Canada, 2011 and 2036". Statistics Canada. January 25, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  16. "Projections of the Aboriginal Population and Households in Canada, 2011 to 2036" (PDF). Statistics Canada. September 17, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  17. "2011 National Household Survey Profile - Province/Territory". 12.statcan.gc.ca. May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  18. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (May 8, 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables – Aboriginal Ancestry (6), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (3), Age Groups (6) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  19. en:Demographics_of_Toronto, oldid 918937844
  20. "1996 Census - Toronto CMA".
  21. "1996 Census - Ontario Visible Minority".
  22. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
  23. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  24. "TMMIS - Committees" (PDF). Toronto.ca. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  25. "Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (total), Ontario, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". October 25, 2017.
  26. "Immigrant population by place of birth, period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (total), Ontario, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". October 25, 2017.
  27. "Interprovincial Migration in Canada: Quebeckers Vote with Their Feet" (PDF). www.fraserinstitute.org. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
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