Demographics of Alberta

Alberta has experienced a relatively high rate of growth in recent years, due in large part to its economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province saw high birthrates (on par with some larger provinces such as British Columbia), relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration when compared to other provinces.[1] Approximately 81% of the population live in urban areas and only about 19% live in rural areas. The Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in Alberta and is one of Canada's four most urban regions.[2] Many of Alberta's cities and towns have also experienced high rates of growth in recent history. From a population of 73,022 in 1901, Alberta has grown to 3,645,257 in 2011 and in the process has gone from less than 1.5% of Canada's population to 10.9%.[3] As of July 1, 2018, Alberta's population represented 11.6% of Canada's total population of 37,058,856 making it the fourth most populated province in Canada.[4][lower-alpha 1] According to the 2018 third quarter report, Alberta's population increased by 23,096 to 4,330,206, the largest increase since the 2014 economic downturn.[5][6]

Population density of Alberta, 2016

Population history
Year Population [7] Five Year
 % change		 Ten Year
 % change		 Percentage of
Canadian Pop.		 Rank Among
Provinces
190173,022†n/an/a1.49
1911374,295n/a412.65.27
1921588,454n/a57.26.75
1931731,605n/a24.37.04
1941796,169n/a8.86.95
1951939,501n/a18.06.74
19561,123,11619.5n/an/a4
19611,331,94418.641.87.34
19691,463,2039.930.3n/a4
19711,627,87511.322.27.54
19761,838,03512.925.6n/a4
19812,237,72421.737.59.24
19862,365,8305.728.79.34
19912,545,5537.613.89.34
19962,696,8265.914.09.34
20012,974,80710.316.99.94
20063,290,35010.622.010.44
20113,645,25710.822.510.94
20164,067,17511.623.611.64
20214,262,6354.816.911.54

† 1901 population for District of Alberta, part of the then-named North-West Territories.

Population geography

Census divisions
Alberta's census divisions by population

Census metropolitan areas

As of the 2011 census, Alberta had two census metropolitan areas (CMAs) recognized by Statistics Canada. A third one was added in the 2016 census.

The following is a list of the recent population history of the Calgary and Edmonton CMAs.

CMA name [8] 2021 [9] 2016 [10] 2011 [8] 2006 [11] 2001 [12] 1996 [13] Census division
Calgary1,481,8061,374,6551,214,8391,079,310951,395 [CMA 1]821,628Division No. 6
Edmonton1,418,1181,297,2801,159,8691,034,945937,845862,597Division No. 11

The third CMA added in 2016 is Lethbridge, and its population history is as follows:

CMA name [8] 2021 [9] 2016 [10] Census division
Lethbridge123,847113,920Division No. 2

The fourth CMA added in 2021 is Red Deer, and its population history is as follows:

CMA name 2021 [9] Census division
Red Deer100,844Division No. 8

CMA notes:

  1. In the 2006 census, the 2001 population of the Calgary was adjusted to 951,494 due to a boundary expansion.

Census subdivisions
Population growth of Alberta's census subdivisions between 2006 and 2011 censuses

As of the 2006 census, Alberta had 453 census subdivisions (municipalities and municipal equivalents) recognized by Statistics Canada. The following is a list of those census subdivisions with a population of 10,000 or greater.

Ethnic origins

The ethnicities most commonly reported in the 2021 Census are shown in the table below. The percentages add up to more than 100% because of dual responses (e.g. "Irish-Canadian" generates an entry in both the category "Irish" and the category "Canadian").[19]

Ethnic GroupTotalPercentage
English 766,070 18.3%
German 641,025 15.3%
Scottish 631,015 15.1%
Irish 561,915 13.5%
Canadian 484,655 11.6%
Ukrainian 343,640 8.2%
French 340,900 8.2%
Filipino 203,955 4.9%
Chinese 177,990 4.3%
Dutch (Netherlands) 174,625 4.2%
Polish 169,925 4.1%
Indian (South Asian) 155,700 3.7%
Norwegian 154,535 3.7%
British n.i.e. 124,835 3.0%
Métis 115,455 2.8%
Italian 98,730 2.4%
Russian 97,890 2.3%
Swedish 92,975 2.2%
Welsh 76,810 1.8%
Caucasian n.o.s. 73,475 1.8%

Other Ethnic Groups

In addition to the groups listed above, the next most commonly reported (counting both single and multiple responses) were:

  • 73,355 First Nations n.o.s. (1.8%);
  • 70,790 European n.o.s. (1.7%);
  • 66,100 American (1.6%);
  • 62,465 Cree (1.5%);
  • 56,190 Danish (1.3%);
  • 51,360 Hungarian (1.2%);
  • 40,165 Spanish (1.0%);
  • 39,535 Pakistani (0.9%);
  • 39,395 Vietnamese (0.9%);
  • 37,585 Punjabi (0.9%);
  • 36,220 Austrian (0.9%);
  • 34,225 African n.o.s. (0.8%)
  • 32,365 French (0.8%);
  • 31,565 Mennonite (0.8%);
  • 31,530 Korean (0.8%);
  • 31,255 Asian n.o.s. (0.7%);
  • 28,860 Sikhs (0.7%);
  • 28,480 Lebanese (0.7%);
  • 26,600 Albertan (0.6%);
  • 26,435 North American Indigenous n.o.s. (0.6%);
  • 25,800 Northern Europe n.o.s. (0.6%);
  • 25,450 Mexican (0.6%);
  • 24,170 Korean (0.6%);
  • 23,860 Arab n.o.s. (0.6%);
  • 22,450 Swiss (0.5%);
  • 21,985 Belgian (0.5%);
  • 21,415 Portuguese (0.5%)

Future projections
Ethnic origin by regional group
Group 2016[20] 2036[21][22]
Number % of 2016 population (4,067,175) Number % of 2036 estimated population (6,201,000)
European origins 2,786,340 70.0% 3,505,000 56.5%
East and Southeast Asian origins 401,820 10.1% 953,000 15.4%
South Asian and Middle Eastern origins 308,610 7.8% 784,000 12.6%
Aboriginal origins 258,640 6.5% 447,000 7.2%
African origins 129,390 3.3% 320,000 5.2%
Latin, Central and South American origins 55,090 1.4% 118,000 1.9%
Other 38,260 0.9% 92,000 1.5%
*Percentages total over 100% due to multiple responses, e.g. German-Indian, Norwegian-Irish.

Visible minorities and Aboriginals

Indigenous and visible minority identity (2021):[23][24]

  European Canadian (65.4%)
  Visible minority (27.8%)
  First Nations (3.5%)
  Métis (3.1%)
  Inuit (0.1%)
  Other Indigenous (0.2%)
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2021 Census)
Population groupPopulation % of total population
European2,731,82565.4%
Visible minority group
Source:[25]		South Asian297,6507.1%
Filipino216,7105.2%
Black177,9454.3%
Chinese164,2353.9%
Arab69,5051.7%
Latin American66,5201.6%
Southeast Asian54,0051.3%
West Asian25,0750.6%
Korean24,3700.6%
Japanese13,5600.3%
Visible minority, n.i.e.12,1000.3%
Multiple visible minority39,7401%
Total visible minority population1,161,420 27.8%
Indigenous group
Source:[26]		First Nations145,6403.5%
Métis127,4703.1%
Inuit2,9450.1%
Aboriginal, n.i.e.3,6200.1%
Multiple Aboriginal identity4,7850.1%
Total Aboriginal population284,4706.8%
Total population4,177,715100%

Languages

Knowledge of languages
Knowledge of official languages of Canada in Alberta (2016)
Language Percent
English only
 
 91.86%
French only
 
 0.10%
English and French
 
 6.57%
Neither English nor French
 
 1.47%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census and the 2016 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.

Knowledge of Languages in Alberta
Language Population (2021)[27] Percentage (2021) Population (2016) Percentage (2016)
English 4,109,720 98.37% 3,916,805 98.46%
French 260,415 6.23% 264,720 6.65%
Tagalog 172,625 4.13% 138,440 3.48%
Punjabi 126,385 3.03% 90,485 2.27%
Spanish 116,070 2.78% 104,445 2.63%
Hindi 94,015 2.25% 61,290 1.54%
Mandarin 82,095 1.97% 70,510 1.77%
Arabic 76,760 1.84% 62,730 1.58%
Cantonese 74,960 1.79% 74,770 1.88%
German 65,370[lower-alpha 2] 1.56%[lower-alpha 2] 83,010 2.09%
Urdu 51,545 1.23% 41,235 1.04%

Mother tongue

Languages of Alberta (2016):[28]

  English (74.3%)
  French (1.8%)
  Indigenous language (0.7%)
  Other language (20.9%)
  Multiple (2.3%)

Of the 3,978,145 singular responses to the 2016 census question concerning mother tongue, the languages most commonly reported were:[29]

2016 % 2011 % 2006 % 2001 %
1. English 2,972,670 74.71% 2,780,200 78.37% 2,576,670 79.99% 2,379,515 81.84%
2. Chinese 119,710 3.01% 105,470 2.97% 97,275 3.02% 78,205 2.69%
Cantonese 59,580 1.50% 34,985 0.99% 32,485 1.01% 26,255 0.90%
Mandarin 49,990 1.26% 19,325 0.54% 12,135 0.38% 5,580 0.19%
Min Nan languages (Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese) 3,075 0.08% 785 0.02% 400 0.01% N N
Hakka 940 0.02% 325 0.01% 425 0.01% 570 0.02%
3. Tagalog (Filipino/Pilipino) 98,360 2.47% 60,085 1.69% 29,740 0.92% 11,705 0.40%
4. French 70,440 1.77% 68,545 1.93% 61,225 1.90% 58,645 2.02%
5. Panjabi (Punjabi) 68,315 1.72% 49,940 1.41% 36,320 1.13% 22,535 0.78%
6. German 63,570 1.60% 80,905 2.28% 84,505 2.62% 78,040 2.68%
7. Spanish 54,685 1.37% 44,020 1.24% 29,125 0.90% 19,820 0.68%
8. Arabic 40,695 1.02% 28,000 0.79% 20,495 0.64% 15,390 0.53%
9. Urdu 26,860 0.68% 19,900 0.56% 11,275 0.35% 4,910 0.17%
10. Vietnamese 23,015 0.58% 21,195 0.60% 19,350 0.60% 16,680 0.57%
11. Selected Aboriginal languages 22,970 0.58% 22,005 0.62% 20,890 0.65% 18,470 0.64%
Cree 17,125 0.43% 16,745 0.47% 17,215 0.53% 15,105 0.52%
Blackfoot 3,385 0.09% 3,035 0.09% 3,015 0.09% 2,630 0.09%
Dene 1,570 0.04% 1,680 0.05% 1,585 0.05% 1,495 0.05%
Ojibway 630 0.02% 455 0.01% 615 0.02% 645 0.02%
12. Ukrainian 21,215 0.53% 24,575 0.69% 29,455 0.91% 33,970 1.17%
13. Polish 19,780 0.50% 19,890 0.56% 21,990 0.68% 20,635 0.71%
14. Russian 17,465 0.44% 13,840 0.38% 10,145 0.31% 6,980 0.29%
15. Korean 17,400 0.44% 13,885 0.39% 10,845 0.33% 6,330 0.22%
16. Hindi 16,495 0.41% 12,290 0.35% 8,985 0.28% 6,315 0.22%
17. Dutch 16,005 0.40% 17,950 0.51% 19,980 0.62% 19,575 0.67%
18. Niger-Congo languages 15,515 0.30% N N N N N N
Swahili 2,390 0.06% 1,455 0.04% 850 0.03% 380 0.01%
Akan (Twi) 1,765 0.04% 1,100 0.04% 345 0.01% N N
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) 770 0.02% 440 0.01% 60 0.01% N N
Rundi (Kirundi) 570 0.01% 290 0.01% 50 0.01% N N
19. Persian 14,835 0.37% 10,655 0.30% 7,700 0.24% 3,700 0.13%
20. Gujarati 12,775 0.32% 8,675 0.24% 6,280 0.19% 4,910 0.17%
21. Italian 11,475 0.29% 11,960 0.34% 13,095 0.41% 13,935 0.48%
22. Somali 9,425 0.24% 5,515 0.16% 3,130 0.10% 810 0.03%
23. Portuguese 8,565 0.22% 7,380 0.21% 7,205 0.22% 6,110 0.21%
24. Romanian 8,255 0.21% 6,550 0.18% 4,370 0.14% 2,890 0.10%
25. Amharic 7,015 0.18% 5,110 0.14% 2,785 0.09% 1,100 0.04%
26. Bengali 6,940 0.17% 5.030 0.14% 2,710 0.08% 1,190 0.04%
27. Hungarian 6,505 0.16% 6,700 0.19% 6,770 0.21% 6,985 0.24%
28. Malayalam 6,230 0.16% 2,760 0.08% 1,550 0.05% 1,055 0.04%
29. Ilocano 5,750 0.14% 3,010 0.08% 1,885 0.06% N N
30. Cebuano and other Bisayan languages 5,025 0.13% 3,255 0.09% 1,370 0.04% N N
31. Nepali 4,995 0.13% 1,605 0.05% N N N N
32. Tamil 4,650 0.11% 2,645 0.07% 1,385 0.04% 1,110 0.04%
33. Japanese 4,575 0.11% 4,560 0.13% 4,555 0.14% 3,625 0.12%
34. Croatian 4,425 0.11% 3,960 0.11% 4,150 0.13% 4,195 0.14%
35. Serbian 4,115 0.10% 3,560 0.10% 3,090 0.10% 2,125 0.07%
36. Scandinavian languages 3,750 0.09% 4,935 0.14% 6,045 0.19% 6,795 0.23%
Danish 2,225 0.06% 2,805 0.08% 3,510 0.11% 3,615 0.12%
Swedish 785 0.02% 950 0.03% 1,145 0.04% 1,345 0.05%
Norwegian 740 0.02% 1,180 0.03% 1,245 0.04% 1,670 0.06%
37. Greek 3,285 0.08% 2,965 0.08% 3,305 0.10% 2,765 0.10%
38. Afrikaans 3,050 0.08% 2,420 0.07% N N N N
39. Sinhalese 2,935 0.07% 1,940 0.05% 835 0.03% N N
40. Sindhi 2,835 0.07% 2,560 0.07% 2,000 0.06% 1,990 0.07%
41 Turkish 2,760 0.07% 2,460 0.07% 1,605 0.05% 810 0.03%
42 Czech 2,715 0.07% 2,880 0.08% 3,100 0.08% 3,520 0.12%
43. Oromo language 2,615 0.07% 1,405 0.04% N N N N
44. Albanian 2,435 0.06% 1,685 0.05% N N N N
45. Pashto 2,340 0.06% 1,850 0.05% 1,175 0.04% 275 0.01%
46. Nilo-Saharan languages 2,310 0.06% N N N N N N
47. Slovak 2,275 0.06% 2,145 0.06% 2,430 0.08% 1,605 0.06%
48. Creole 2,120 0.05% 1,560 0.05% 415 0.01% 250 0.01%
49. Khmer (Cambodian) 2,075 0.05% 1,745 0.05% 1,740 0.05% 1,450 0.05%
50. Bosnian 2,020 0.05% 1,745 0.05% 1,745 0.05% N N

In addition to the table above, other mother tongues in Alberta include (including languages with more than 407 people, or 0.01 per cent of respondents):

In addition to the single-language responses detailed above, about 88,765 people reported having more than one mother tongue. There were 74,515 responses of both English and a non-official language; 2,785 of both French and a non-official language; 10,005 of both English and French; and 1,455 of English, French and a non-official language.

Religion

Religious affiliation (2021):[30]

  Christian (48.1%)
  Muslim (4.8%)
  Sikh (2.5%)
  Hindu (1.9%)
  Buddhist (1.0%)
  Jewish (0.3%)
  Aboriginal spirituality (0.5%)
  Other religions (0.8%)
  Irreligious (40.1%)

Christian sub-affiliation (2021):[30]

  Roman Catholic (41.4%)
  United Church (7.7%)
  Anglican (4.8%)
  Lutheran (3.9%)
  Orthodox (3.2%)
  Pentecostal (2.7%)
  Latter Day Saints (2.3%)
  Baptist (2.2%)
  Presbyterian (1.1%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.9%)
  Reformed (0.7%)
  Other Christian (26.9%)

Just under 50 percent of Albertans identify as Christian, while over 40 percent of residents identify with no religion. The largest denominations are the Roman Catholic, United, Anglican, Lutheran, and Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

Just over 1 percent of Albertans are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, descended from pioneers who emigrated from Utah around the turn of the 20th century; there are three temples in the province. Alberta also has large numbers of Pentecostal, Presbyterians, and evangelical Christians.

There are significant numbers of Mennonites and Hutterites, which are communal Anabaptist sects. There are also many Jehovah's Witnesses and Reformed Christians, as well a significant population of Seventh-day Adventists in and around Lacombe where the Canadian University College is located.

Alberta is also home to several Eastern Rite Churches as part of the legacy of Eastern European immigrants, including the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Diocese of Edmonton and Western Canada. There are 500 Doukhobors living in their few communities across Southern Alberta.

Many people of the Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim faiths also make Alberta their home; one of the largest Sikh temples in Canada is located just outside Edmonton. Most of Alberta's Jewish population of 11,390 lives in Calgary and Edmonton.

Religion (2021) 1 Denomination Congregation Proportion
Christian 2,009,820 48.1%
Anglican Church 95,560 2.3%
Baptist 44,605 1.1%
Catholic 833,025 19.9%
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox 63,775 1.5%
Jehovah's Witnesses 18,185 0.4%
Latter Day Saints 47,125 1.1%
Lutheran 78,925 1.9%
Methodist 9,640 0.2%
Pentecostal 53,900 1.3%
Presbyterian 22,850 0.5%
Reformed 14,735 0.4%
United Church 153,820 3.7%
Other Christian 541,520 15.2%
Muslim 202,535 4.8%
Sikh 103,600 2.5%
Hindu 78,520 1.9%
Buddhist 42,830 1.0%
Jewish 11,390 0.3%
Other Religions 33,220 0.8%
Aboriginal spirituality 19,755 0.5%
No religious affiliation 1,676,045 40.1%
^1 Statistics Canada. 2022. Alberta (table). National Household Survey (NHS) Profile. 2021 National Household Survey. Released October 26, 2022.[30]

Migration

Immigration

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 1,074,140 people living in Alberta who are born outside of Canada.
The most common countries of birth for immigrants living in Alberta were:[31]

RankPlace of OriginTotal
1. Philippines 175,505
2. India 139,720
3. China 68,345
4. United Kingdom 61,785
5. United States 43,615
6. Pakistan 32,015
7. Vietnam 29,750
8. Mexico 23,690
9. Nigeria 23,315
10. Germany 20,550
11. Hong Kong 20,075
12. South Korea 19,135
13. Poland 15,950
14. Ethiopia 15,010
15. Netherlands 13,365
16. Colombia 11,300
17. Lebanon 10,980
18. Iran 10,485
19. Syria 10,200
20. Eritrea 9,875

In addition to the countries listed in the table above, there were also about:

{Countries of birth for more than 4,178 persons (0.1%) are shown.}

Recent immigration

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 193,170 people who immigrated to Alberta between 2016 and 2021.

Recent immigrants to Alberta by place of birth (2016 to 2021)[32]
Rank Country Population % of recent immigrants
1 Philippines 47,605 24.6%
2 India 31,815 16.5%
3 Nigeria 9,840 5.1%
4 China 9,495 4.9%
5 Syria 7,295 3.8%
6 United States 5,175 2.7%
7 Eritrea 5,120 2.7%
8 Mexico 4,165 2.2%
9 Pakistan 4,080 2.1%
10 Ethiopia 3,960 2.1%
11 United Kingdom 3,800 2%
12 South Korea 3,430 1.8%
13 Iran 3,260 1.7%
14 Nepal 2,620 1.4%
15 Jamaica 2,130 1.1%

Interprovincial migration
Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces

Over the past five decades, Alberta has had the highest net increase from interprovincial migration of any province. However, it typically experiences population decline during economic downturns, as it did during the 1980s. Oil is the main industry driving interprovincial migration to Alberta, as many Canadians move to Alberta to work on the oil fields. Interprovincial migration to Alberta rises and drops dependent of the price of oil. There was a dramatic reduction after the 2014 drop in oil prices.[33]

Interprovincial migration in Alberta
In-migrants Out-migrants Net migration
2009–10 57,958 61,229 −3,271
2010–11 63,975 55,532 8,443
2011–12 80,837 53,185 27,652
2012–13 84,602 46,004 38,598
2013–14 87,307 51,925 35,382
2014–15 81,540 59,946 21,594
2015–16 56,978 72,086 −15,108
2016–17 50,396 65,955 −15,559
2017–18 55,147 58,394 −3,247
2018–19 65,778 60,236 5,542
2019–20 85,919 77,519 8,400

Source: Statistics Canada[34]

See also
BC
SK
MB
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories
  • Demographics of Calgary
  • Demographics of Canada
  • Demographics of Edmonton
  • Population of Canada by province and territory

Notes
  1. The three most populated provinces, as of July 1, 2018 were Ontario with 14,322,757 inhabitants representing 38.6% of the Canadian population; Quebec with 22.6% or 8,390,499 people and British Columbia 13.5% and British Columbia with 4,991,687 people or 13.5%.
  2. Now excluding Plautdietsch.

References
  1. StatCan - Alberta population
  2. "2001 Census Analysis Series - A profile of the Canadian population : where we live" (PDF). Statistics Canada. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
  3. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm# Archived 2020-11-05 at the Wayback Machine - Statistics Canada
  4. Canada's population estimates: Total population, July 1, 2018 (Report). The Daily. Government of Canada. Statistics Canada. September 27, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  5. Quarterly Population Report Third Quarter 2018 (PDF) (Report). December 20, 2018. p. 4. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  6. "Population statistics". Alberta Government. December 20, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  7. "Census of Population". February 7, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
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  9. "Population change by rank, 2016 to 2021 for CMAs or CAs in Alberta". Statistics Canada. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
  10. "Immigrant status and period of immigration, 2016 counts, both sexes, age (total), Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  11. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
  12. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  13. A National Overview: Population and Dwelling Counts (1996 Census ed.). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. April 1997. ISBN 0-660-59283-5.
  14. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  15. "2022 Municipal Codes" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. January 5, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  16. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  17. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
  18. "1996 Community Profiles". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
  19. Profile table, Census Profile 2021, Ethnic or cultural origin.
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  21. "Population by visible minority group, place of residence and projection scenario, Canada, 2011 and 2036". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  22. "Projections of the Aboriginal Population and Households in Canada 2011 to 2036" (PDF). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  23. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Alberta&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0, Indigenous Population, Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
  24. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.121&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1, Visible minority by immigrant status and period of immigration, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
  25. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.121&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B3%5D=4.1, Visible minority by immigrant status and period of immigration, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
  26. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Alberta&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0, Indigenous Population, Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
  27. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Alberta [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  28. "Language Highlight Tables". 2016 Census. Statistics Canada. 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  29. "File not found | Fichier non trouvé".
  30. "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". 2021 National Household Survey. Statistics Canada. 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
  31. "Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth and citizenship".
  32. "Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth and citizenship". 26 October 2022.
  33. "The death of the Alberta dream - Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
  34. Statistics Canada, table 051-0012: Interprovincial migrants, by age group and sex, Canada, provinces and territories, annual.
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