Demography of India

India is the second most populated country in the world with a sixth of the world's population. According to official estimates, India's population stood at 1.38 billion.[11]

Demographics of India
India population pyramid in 2020
Population 1,407,563,842[1] (2021 est.)
Density473.42 people per.km2 (2021 est.)[2]
Growth rate0.68% (2021 est.)[3]
Birth rate16.42 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)[4]
Death rate9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)[5]
Life expectancy 67.2 years (2021 est.)[6]
 • male65.8 years (2021 est.)
 • female68.9 years (2020 est.)
Fertility rate 2.03 children born per woman (2021)[7]
Infant mortality rate29.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2018)[8]
Age structure
0–14 years28.6% (male 190,075,427/female 172,799,553)[9]
15–64 years63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
65 and over5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
Total1.079 male(s)/female (2020)[10]
At birth1.11 male(s)/female (2020)[10]
Under 150–14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female (2020)[10]
15–64 years1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
65 and over0.89 male(s)/female (2020)[10]
Nationality
Major ethnicSee Ethnic groups of India
Language
OfficialSee Languages of India
Spoken
  • Hindi 43.6%[note 1]
  • Bengali 8%
  • Marathi 6.9%
  • Telugu 6.8%
  • Tamil 6.7%
  • Gujarati 4.6%
  • Urdu 10%
  • Kannada 3.6%
  • Odia 3.1%
  • Malayalam 2.9%
  • Punjabi 2.5%
  • Assamese 1.3%
  • Maithili 1.1%
  • other 5.6%
  • (2011)[10]
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. India is projected to surpass China to become the world's most populous country by 2023.[12] It is expected to become the first country to be home to more than 1.5 billion people by 2030, and its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.[13][14] However, its pace of population growth is slowing. In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.[15]

In 2022, the median age of an Indian was 28.7 years,[16] compared to 38.4 for China and 48.6 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4.[17] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.[18]

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,[19] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language,[20] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and 700,000 United States citizens are living in India.[21] They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[22]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.[23] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the last century.[24]

History

Prehistory to early 19th century

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.

Year Aggregate average Period Average
 % growth
/ century
Population  % of World population
10,000 BC 1,000 0.83% Stone Age 30.28
4000 BC 1,000,000 30.83%
2000 BC 13,000,000 37.143% Bronze Age 26.25
500 BC 83,400,000 41.70% Iron Age
400 BC 102,600,000 43.96%
200 BC 142,900,000 47.63% Maurya era
1 AD 166,700,000 35.56% Classical
era
200 200,000,000 36.15%
400 250,000,000 40%
500 285,800,000 43.58%
600 333,400,000 48.83% Early
medieval
era
700 400,000,000 56.67%
800 390,000,000 55%
900 380,000,000 53.34%
1000 360,000,000 30%
1100 330,000,000 35% Late
medieval
era
1200 280,000,000 36.67%
1300 230,000,000 38.34%
1400 180,000,000 30%
1500 130,000,000 21.67%
1600 140,000,000 23.33% Early modern era
1650 170,000,000 26.15%
1700 140,000,000 20%
1750 183,000,000 21.53%
1800 200,000,000 20%
1820 210,000,000 19.09%

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[25] before population growth slowed down in the Early Medieval Era up to 700 AD, and then started decreasing the up to 1500 AD.[26][27]

Under Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[25] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[28] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[29] and contemporary Europe[29] up until the 19th century.[30] Those estimates were criticized by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations. According to Dyson, urbanization of the Mughal empire was less than 9%[31]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[32] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[33] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[29] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[29] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[34] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[35] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[32]

Late 19th century to early 20th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[36]

Years188018811882188318841885188618871888188918901902[36]
Total Fertility Rate in India5.955.925.895.865.825.794.385.765.765.755.755.75
Years1921192219231924192519261927192819291930[36]
Total Fertility Rate in India5.7615.775.785.795.85.815.825.835.855.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years 1881 1891 1901 1905 1911 1915 1921 1925 1931 1935 1941 1950[37]
Life expectancy in India 25.4 24.3 23.5 24.0 23.2 24.0 24.9 27.6 29.3 31.0 32.6 35.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year Population Growth (%)
1871[38] 238,830,958 –
1881[39] 253,896,330 6.3
1891[38] 287,223,431 13.1
1901[38] 293,550,310 2.2
1911[40] 315,156,396 7.4
1921[40] 318,942,480 1.2
1931[40] 352,837,778 10.6
1941[40] 388,997,955 10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[41]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief… that… late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation…".[42]

Salient features
Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)[43][44][45]
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[46] lived in about 638,000 villages[47] and the remaining 27.8%[46] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[48]

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.[49] However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.

Comparative demographics
Comparative demographics
Category Global ranking References
Area 7th [50]
Population 2nd [50]
Population growth rate 102nd of 212 in 2010[51]
Population density 24th of 212 in 2010[51]
Male to Female ratio, at birth 12th of 214 in 2009[52]

List of states and union territories by demographics
Population growth of India per decade[53]
Census year Population Change (%)
1951 361,088,003 –
1961 439,235,000 21.6
1971 548,160,000 24.8
1981 683,329,000 24.7
1991 846,387,888 23.9
2001 1,028,737,436 21.5
2011 1,210,193,422 17.7
Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Rank State/UT Population[54] Percent (%) Male Female Difference between male and female Sex ratio Rural[55] Urban[55] Area[56] (km2) Density (per km2)
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 16.50 104,480,510 95,331,831 9,148,679 930 155,111,022 44,470,455 240,928 828
2 Maharashtra 112,374,333 9.28 58,243,056 54,131,277 4,111,779 929 61,545,441 50,827,531 307,713 365
3 Bihar 104,099,452 8.60 54,278,157 49,821,295 4,456,862 918 92,075,028 11,729,609 94,163 1,102
4 West Bengal 91,276,115 7.54 46,809,027 44,467,088 2,341,939 950 62,213,676 29,134,060 88,752 1,030
5 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 6.00 37,612,306 35,014,503 2,597,803 931 52,537,899 20,059,666 308,245 236
6 Tamil Nadu 72,147,030 5.96 36,137,975 36,009,055 128,920 996 37,189,229 34,949,729 130,058 555
7 Rajasthan 68,548,437 5.66 35,550,997 32,997,440 2,553,557 928 51,540,236 17,080,776 342,239 201
8 Karnataka 61,095,297 5.05 30,966,657 30,128,640 838,017 973 37,552,529 23,578,175 191,791 319
9 Gujarat 60,439,692 4.99 31,491,260 28,948,432 2,542,828 919 34,670,817 25,712,811 196,024 308
10 Andhra Pradesh 49,386,799 4.08 24,738,068 24,648,731 89,337 996 34,776,389 14,610,410 160,205 308
11 Odisha 41,974,218 3.47 21,212,136 20,762,082 450,054 979 34,951,234 6,996,124 155,707 269
12 Telangana 35,193,978 2.91 17,704,078 17,489,900 214,178 988 21,585,313 13,608,665 114,840 307
13 Kerala 33,406,061 2.76 16,027,412 17,378,649 −1,351,237 1084 17,445,506 15,932,171 38,863 859
14 Jharkhand 32,988,134 2.72 16,930,315 16,057,819 872,496 948 25,036,946 7,929,292 79,714 414
15 Assam 31,205,576 2.58 15,939,443 15,266,133 673,310 958 26,780,526 4,388,756 78,438 397
16 Punjab 27,743,338 2.29 14,639,465 13,103,873 1,535,592 895 17,316,800 10,387,436 50,362 550
17 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 2.11 12,832,895 12,712,303 120,592 991 19,603,658 5,936,538 135,191 189
18 Haryana 25,351,462 2.09 13,494,734 11,856,728 1,638,006 879 16,531,493 8,821,588 44,212 573
19 Delhi (UT) 16,787,941 1.39 8,887,326 7,800,615 1,086,711 868 944,727 12,905,780 1,484 11,297
20 Jammu and Kashmir 12,541,302 1.04 6,640,662 5,900,640 740,022 889 9,134,820 3,414,106 222,236 56
21 Uttarakhand 10,086,292 0.83 5,137,773 4,948,519 189,254 963 7,025,583 3,091,169 53,483 189
22 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 0.57 3,481,873 3,382,729 99,144 972 6,167,805 688,704 55,673 123
23 Tripura 3,673,917 0.30 1,874,376 1,799,541 74,835 960 2,710,051 960,981 10,486 350
24 Meghalaya 2,966,889 0.25 1,491,832 1,475,057 16,775 989 2,368,971 595,036 22,429 132
25 Manipur 2,855,794 0.24 1,438,687 1,417,107 21,580 985 1,899,624 822,132 22,327 128
26 Nagaland 1,978,502 0.16 1,024,649 953,853 70,796 931 1,406,861 573,741 16,579 119
27 Goa 1,458,545 0.12 739,140 719,405 19,735 973 551,414 906,309 3,702 394
28 Arunachal Pradesh 1,383,727 0.11 713,912 669,815 44,097 938 1,069,165 313,446 83,743 17
29 Puducherry (UT) 1,247,953 0.10 612,511 635,442 −22,931 1037 394,341 850,123 479 2,598
30 Mizoram 1,097,206 0.09 555,339 541,867 13,472 976 529,037 561,997 21,081 52
31 Chandigarh (UT) 1,055,450 0.09 580,663 474,787 105,876 818 29,004 1,025,682 114 9,252
32 Sikkim 610,577 0.05 323,070 287,507 35,563 890 455,962 151,726 7,096 86
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) 380,581 0.03 202,871 177,710 25,161 876 244,411 135,533 8,249 46
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) 343,709 0.03 193,760 149,949 43,811 774 183,024 159,829 491 698
35 Daman and Diu (UT) 243,247 0.02 150,301 92,946 57,355 618 60,331 182,580 112 2,169
36 Lakshadweep (UT) 64,473 0.01 33,123 31,350 1,773 946 14,121 50,308 32 2,013
– Total (India) 1,210,854,977 100 623,724,248 586,469,174 35,585,741 943 833,087,662 377,105,760 3,287,240 382

Religious demographics
Main article: Religion in India

The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)[57]
Religion Population Percentage (%)
All 1,210,854,977 100.00
Hindus 966,378,868 79.80
Muslims 172,245,158 14.23
Christians 27,819,588 2.30
Sikhs 20,833,116 1.72
Buddhists 8,442,972 0.70
Jains 4,451,753 0.37
Others 7,937,734 0.66
Not Stated 2,867,303 0.24
Changes in religious demographics over time
Religious
group		 Population
% 1951		 Population
% 1961		 Population
% 1971		 Population
% 1981		 Population
% 1991		 Population
% 2001		 Population
% 2011[58]
Hinduism 84.1%83.45%82.73%82.30%81.53%80.46%79.80%
Islam 9.8%10.69%11.21%11.75%12.61%13.43%14.23%
Christianity 2.3%2.44%2.60%2.44%2.32%2.34%2.30%
Sikhism 1.79%1.79%1.89%1.92%1.94%1.87%1.72%
Buddhism 0.74%0.74%0.70%0.70%0.77%0.77%0.70%
Jainism 0.46%0.46%0.48%0.47%0.40%0.41%0.37%
Zoroastrianism 0.13%0.09%0.09%0.09%0.08%0.06%n/a
Others/Religion not specified 0.43%0.43%0.41%0.42%0.44%0.72%0.9%
Characteristics of religious groups[58]
Religious
group		 Population (2011)
%		 Growth
(2001–2011)[59][60]		 Sex ratio (2011)
(total)[61]		 Sex ratio (2011)
(rural)		 Sex ratio (2011)
(urban)		 Sex ratio (2011)
(child)[62]		 Literacy (2011)
(%)[63]		 Work participation (2011)
(%)[61][64]
Hinduism 79.80%16.8%93994692191373.3%41.0%
Islam 14.23%24.6%95195794194368.5%32.6%
Christianity 2.30%15.5%10231008104695884.5%41.9%
Sikhism 1.72%8.4%90390589882875.4%36.3%
Buddhism 0.70%6.1%96596097393381.3%43.1%
Jainism 0.37%5.4%95493595988994.9%35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified 0.90%n/a959947975974n/an/a
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)[65]

Neonatal and infant demographics
Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[66] The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.[67]

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
Year Male Female Total
1998[68] 69.8 73.5 71.6
2005[67] 56.3 58 57[69]
2009[70] 49 52 –
2014[71] 43.7 37.90 40.7[69]
2018[72] 29.95 29.88 29.94[72]

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[73] These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that a birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be due to natural factors, such as the age of mother at the baby's birth, the age of father at conception, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, and others.[74] The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to birth sex ratios (870–930 girls to 1000 boys) observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios (below 900 girls to 1000 boys) observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.[75][76]

Population within the age group of 0–6
Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory[77]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female Difference
1 Jammu and Kashmir 2,008,670 1,080,662 927,982 152,680
2 Himachal Pradesh 763,864 400,681 363,183 37,498
3 Punjab 2,941,570 1,593,262 1,348,308 244,954
4 Chandigarh 117,953 63,187 54,766 8,421
5 Uttarakhand 1,328,844 704,769 624,075 80,694
6 Haryana 3,297,724 1,802,047 1,495,677 306,370
7 Delhi 1,970,510 1,055,735 914,775 140,960
8 Rajasthan 10,504,916 5,580,212 4,924,004 656,208
9 Uttar Pradesh 29,728,235 15,653,175 14,075,060 1,578,115
10 Bihar 18,582,229 9,615,280 8,966,949 648,331
11 Sikkim 61,077 31,418 29,659 1,759
12 Arunachal Pradesh 202,759 103,430 99,330 4,100
13 Nagaland 285,981 147,111 138,870 8,241
14 Manipur 353,237 182,684 170,553 12,131
15 Mizoram 165,536 83,965 81,571 2,394
16 Tripura 444,055 227,354 216,701 10,653
17 Meghalaya 555,822 282,189 273,633 8,556
18 Assam 4,511,307 2,305,088 2,206,219 98,869
19 West Bengal 10,112,599 5,187,264 4,925,335 261,929
20 Jharkhand 5,237,582 2,695,921 2,541,661 154,260
21 Odisha 5,035,650 2,603,208 2,432,442 170,766
22 Chhattisgarh 3,584,028 1,824,987 1,759,041 65,946
23 Madhya Pradesh 10,548,295 5,516,957 5,031,338 485,619
24 Gujarat 7,564,464 3,974,286 3,519,890 454,396
25 Daman and Diu 25,880 13,556 12,314 1,242
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 49,196 25,575 23,621 1,954
27 Maharashtra 12,848,375 6,822,262 6,026,113 796,149
28 Andhra Pradesh 8,642,686 4,448,330 4,194,356 253,974
29 Karnataka 6,855,801 3,527,844 3,327,957 199,887
30 Goa 139,495 72,669 66,826 5,843
31 Lakshadweep 7,088 3,715 3,373 342
32 Kerala 3,322,247 1,695,889 1,626,358 69,531
33 Tamil Nadu 6,894,821 3,542,351 3,352,470 189,881
34 Puducherry 127,610 64,932 62,678 2,254
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 39,497 20,094 19,403 691
– Total (India) 158,789,287 82,952,135 75,837,152 7,114,983

Population above the age of seven
Life expectancy map of India, 2011–2016.[78]
Population above the age of seven by state/union territory[77]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female
1 Jammu and Kashmir – – –
2 Himachal Pradesh – – –
3 Punjab – – –
4 Chandigarh – – –
5 Uttarakhand – – –
6 Haryana 22,055,357 11,703,083 10,352,274
7 Delhi 14,782,725 7,920,675 6,862,050
8 Rajasthan 58,116,096 30,039,874 28,076,222
9 Uttar Pradesh 169,853,242 88,943,240 80,910,002
10 Bihar 85,222,408 44,570,067 40,652,341
11 Sikkim 546,611 290,243 256,368
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,179,852 616,802 563,050
13 Nagaland 1,694,621 878,596 816,025
14 Manipur 2,368,519 1,187,080 1,181,439
15 Mizoram 925,478 468,374 457,104
16 Tripura 3,226,977 1,644,513 1,582,464
17 Meghalaya 2,408,185 1,210,479 1,197,706
18 Assam 26,657,965 13,649,839 13,008,126
19 West Bengal 81,235,137 41,740,125 39,495,012
20 Jharkhand 27,728,656 14,235,767 13,492,889
21 Odisha 36,911,708 18,598,470 18,313,238
22 Chhattisgarh 21,956,168 11,002,928 10,953,240
23 Madhya Pradesh 62,049,270 32,095,963 29,953,307
24 Gujarat 52,889,452 27,507,996 25,381,456
25 Daman and Diu 217,031 136,544 80,487
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 293,657 167,603 126,054
27 Maharashtra 99,524,597 51,539,135 47,985,462
28 Andhra Pradesh 76,022,847 38,061,551 37,961,296
29 Karnataka 54,274,903 27,529,898 26,745,005
30 Goa 1,318,228 668,042 650,186
31 Lakshadweep 57,341 29,391 27,950
32 Kerala – – –
33 Tamil Nadu 65,244,137 32,616,520 32,627,617
34 Puducherry 1,116,854 545,553 571,301
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 340,447 182,236 158,211
– Total (India) 1,051,404,135 540,772,113 510,632,022

Literacy rate
Literacy rate map of India, 2011.[79]
Literacy rate by state/union territory[77]
State or UT code State or UT Overall (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 Jammu and Kashmir 68.74 76.75 58.01
2 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.60
3 Punjab 86.60 81.48 71.34
4 Chandigarh 86.43 90.54 81.38
5 Uttarakhand 79.63 88.33 70.70
6 Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77
7 Delhi 86.34 91.03 80.93
8 Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66
9 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26
10 Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33
11 Sikkim 82.20 87.29 76.43
12 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 73.69 59.57
13 Nagaland 80.11 83.29 76.69
14 Manipur 79.85 86.49 73.17
15 Mizoram 91.58 93.72 89.40
16 Tripura 87.75 92.18 83.15
17 Meghalaya 75.48 77.17 73.78
18 Assam 73.18 78.81 67.27
19 West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16
20 Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21
21 Odisha 72.90 82.40 64.36
22 Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59
23 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02
24 Gujarat 79.31 87.23 70.73
25 Daman and Diu 87.07 91.48 79.59
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 77.65 86.46 65.93
27 Maharashtra 83.20 89.82 75.48
28 Andhra Pradesh[80] 67.35 74.77 59.96
29 Karnataka 75.60 82.85 68.13
30 Goa 87.40 92.81 81.84
31 Lakshadweep 92.28 96.11 88.25
32 Kerala 93.91 96.02 91.98
33 Tamil Nadu 80.33 86.81 73.86
34 Puducherry 86.55 92.12 81.22
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.27 90.11 81.84
– Overall (India) 74.03 82.14 65.46

Linguistic demographics

Mother tongue languages of India (2011)

  Hindi (26.6%)
  Bengali (7.94%)
  Marathi (6.84%)
  Telugu (6.68%)
  Tamil (5.69%)
  Gujarati (4.55%)
  Urdu (4.19%)
  Bhojpuri (4.18%)
  Kannada (3.59%)
  Malayalam (2.87%)
  Others (26.87%)

According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census[81]
Rank Language Speakers Percentage (%)
1 Hindi[note 2] 422,048,642 41.030
2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.110
3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.190
4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.990
5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.910
6 Urdu 51,536,111 5.010
7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.480
8 Kannada 37,924,011 3.690
9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.210
10 Odia 33,017,446 3.210
11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.830
12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.280
13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.180
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 0.930
15 Santali 6,469,600 0.630
16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.540
17 Nepali 2,871,749 0.280
18 Gondi 2,713,790 0.260
19 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.250
20 Konkani 2,489,015 0.240
21 Dogri 2,282,589 0.220
22 Khandeshi 2,075,258 0.200
23 Kurukh 1,751,489 0.170
24 Tulu 1,722,768 0.170
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705 0.140
26 Bodo 1,350,478 0.130
27 Khasi – Garo 1,128,575 0.112
28 Mundari 1,061,352 0.105
29 Ho 1,042,724 0.103
30 Tripuri 1,011,294 0.103

Largest cities of India
For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in India by population.
 
 
Largest cities or towns in India
Rank Name State/UT Pop. Rank Name State/UT Pop.

Mumbai

Delhi		 1MumbaiMaharashtra12,478,44711KanpurUttar Pradesh2,920,067
Bangalore

Hyderabad
2DelhiDelhi11,007,83512LucknowUttar Pradesh2,901,474
3BangaloreKarnataka8,425,97013NagpurMaharashtra2,405,421
4HyderabadTelangana6,809,97014IndoreMadhya Pradesh1,960 521
5AhmedabadGujarat5,570,58515ThaneMaharashtra1,818,872
6ChennaiTamil Nadu4,681,08716BhopalMadhya Pradesh1,795,648
7KolkataWest Bengal4,486,67917VisakhapatnamAndhra Pradesh1,730,320
8SuratGujarat4,462,00218Pimpri-ChinchwadMaharashtra1,729,359
9PuneMaharashtra3,115,43119PatnaBihar1,683,200
10JaipurRajasthan3,073,35020LudhianaPunjab1,613,878

Vital statistics

UN estimates
United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India[83]
Year Mid-year population Births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year Crude birth rate
(per 1000)		 Crude death rate
(per 1000)		 Natural change
(per 1000)		 Total Fertility rate Infant mortality (per 1000) Life expectancy
1950 357,021,000 15,651,000 7,942,000 7,709,000 43.8 22.2 21.6 5.73 181.2 41.7
1951 364,922,000 16,042,000 8,171,000 7,871,000 44.0 22.4 21.6 5.77 180.1 41.7
1952 372,997,000 16,458,000 8,293,000 8,165,000 44.1 22.2 21.9 5.82 177.5 42.0
1953 381,228,000 16,857,000 8,442,000 8,415,000 44.2 22.1 22.1 5.87 175.3 42.2
1954 389,731,000 17,247,000 8,414,000 8,833,000 44.2 21.6 22.7 5.91 172.2 43.0
1955 398,578,000 17,549,000 8,468,000 9,081,000 44.0 21.2 22.8 5.91 169.7 43.4
1956 407,657,000 17,844,000 8,533,000 9,310,000 43.8 20.9 22.8 5.91 167.3 43.8
1957 416,935,000 18,128,000 8,618,000 9,510,000 43.5 20.7 22.8 5.91 165.0 44.1
1958 426,296,000 18,370,000 8,673,000 9,696,000 43.1 20.3 22.7 5.90 162.7 44.4
1959 435,900,000 18,593,000 8,688,000 9,905,000 42.6 19.9 22.7 5.89 160.3 44.9
1960 445,955,000 18,958,000 8,756,000 10,201,000 42.5 19.6 22.9 5.92 158.2 45.2
1961 456,352,000 19,301,000 8,874,000 10,427,000 42.3 19.4 22.8 5.94 156.4 45.4
1962 467,024,000 19,663,000 8,969,000 10,693,000 42.1 19.2 22.9 5.95 154.5 45.7
1963 477,934,000 20,031,000 9,064,000 10,966,000 41.9 19.0 22.9 5.97 152.7 45.9
1964 489,059,000 20,407,000 9,177,000 11,230,000 41.7 18.8 23.0 5.98 151.1 46.2
1965 500,114,000 20,679,000 9,824,000 10,855,000 41.3 19.6 21.7 5.94 156.4 45.0
1966 510,993,000 20,913,000 9,886,000 11,027,000 40.9 19.3 21.6 5.88 154.7 45.3
1967 521,987,000 21,193,000 9,963,000 11,231,000 40.6 19.1 21.5 5.83 153.1 45.7
1968 533,432,000 21,454,000 9,486,000 11,968,000 40.2 17.8 22.4 5.76 145.0 47.5
1969 545,315,000 21,704,000 9,551,000 12,154,000 39.8 17.5 22.3 5.68 143.3 47.9
1970 557,501,000 22,043,000 9,606,000 12,437,000 39.5 17.2 22.3 5.62 141.7 48.2
1971 569,999,000 22,483,000 9,658,000 12,825,000 39.4 16.9 22.5 5.57 139.9 48.6
1972 582,838,000 22,835,000 9,702,000 13,133,000 39.2 16.6 22.5 5.48 138.5 49.0
1973 596,107,000 23,230,000 9,701,000 13,529,000 39.0 16.3 22.7 5.40 136.3 49.5
1974 609,722,000 23,559,000 9,628,000 13,931,000 38.6 15.8 22.8 5.33 133.3 50.2
1975 623,524,000 23,660,000 9,592,000 14,068,000 37.9 15.4 22.6 5.20 130.7 50.8
1976 637,451,000 24,021,000 9,572,000 14,449,000 37.7 15.0 22.7 5.13 127.9 51.4
1977 651,686,000 24,042,000 9,555,000 14,487,000 36.9 14.7 22.2 5.01 124.9 51.9
1978 666,268,000 24,243,000 9,520,000 14,723,000 36.4 14.3 22.1 4.89 121.7 52.5
1979 681,248,000 24,699,000 9,515,000 15,184,000 36.3 14.0 22.3 4.81 118.4 53.1
1980 696,828,000 25,235,000 9,530,000 15,705,000 36.2 13.7 22.5 4.78 115.2 53.6
1981 712,869,000 25,683,000 9,532,000 16,151,000 36.0 13.4 22.7 4.70 112.1 54.2
1982 729,169,000 25,964,000 9,512,000 16,452,000 35.6 13.0 22.6 4.62 109.3 54.7
1983 745,827,000 26,329,000 9,487,000 16,842,000 35.3 12.7 22.6 4.57 106.7 55.3
1984 762,890,005 26,777,000 9,471,000 17,307,000 35.1 12.4 22.7 4.52 104.2 55.8
1985 780,242,000 27,001,000 9,444,000 17,558,000 34.6 12.1 22.5 4.43 101.8 56.3
1986 797,879,000 27,522,000 9,434,000 18,088,000 34.5 11.8 22.7 4.40 99.4 56.8
1987 815,716,000 27,478,000 9,400,000 18,077,000 33.7 11.5 22.2 4.31 97.0 57.3
1988 833,730,000 27,654,000 9,369,000 18,286,000 33.2 11.2 21.9 4.22 94.6 57.8
1989 852,013,000 27,733,000 9,335,000 18,398,000 32.5 11.0 21.6 4.13 92.2 58.2
1990 870,452,000 27,692,000 9,306,000 18,386,000 31.8 10.7 21.1 4.05 89.8 58.7
1991 888,942,000 27,937,000 9,295,000 18,642,000 31.4 10.5 21.0 3.96 87.6 59.1
1992 907,574,000 28,057,000 9,285,000 18,772,000 30.9 10.2 20.7 3.88 85.5 59.5
1993 926,351,000 28,055,000 9,283,000 18,772,000 30.3 10.0 20.3 3.80 83.5 59.8
1994 945,262,000 28,207,000 9,270,000 18,937,000 29.8 9.8 20.0 3.72 81.4 60.2
1995 964,279,000 28,314,000 9,269,000 19,044,000 29.4 9.6 19.7 3.65 79.3 60.6
1996 983,281,000 28,305,000 9,262,000 19,043,000 28.8 9.4 19.4 3.58 77.1 61.0
1997 1,002,335,000 28,341,000 9,251,000 19,090,000 28.3 9.2 19.0 3.51 74.8 61.4
1998 1,021,435,000 28,381,000 9,245,000 19,136,000 27.8 9.1 18.7 3.45 72.5 61.8
1999 1,040,500,000 28,365,000 9,235,000 19,130,000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.38 70.2 62.2
2000 1,059,634,000 28,615,000 9,221,000 19,394,000 27.0 8.7 18.3 3.35 67.8 62.7
2001 1,078,971,000 28,843,000 9,235,000 19,608,000 26.7 8.6 18.2 3.30 65.4 63.1
2002 1,098,313,000 28,648,000 9,186,000 19,462,000 26.1 8.4 17.7 3.22 63.1 63.6
2003 1,117,415,000 28,356,000 9,150,000 19,206,000 25.4 8.2 17.2 3.12 60.8 64.1
2004 1,136,265,000 28,099,000 9,136,000 18,963,000 24.7 8.0 16.7 3.05 58.6 64.5
2005 1,154,639,000 27,646,000 9,096,000 18,550,000 23.9 7.9 16.1 2.96 56.3 65.0
2006 1,172,374,000 27,229,000 9,080,000 18,149,000 23.2 7.7 15.5 2.86 54.1 65.4
2007 1,189,692,000 27,030,000 9,095,000 17,935,000 22.7 7.6 15.1 2.78 51.9 65.8
2008 1,206,735,000 26,890,000 9,123,000 17,767,000 22.3 7.6 14.7 2.72 49.6 66.1
2009 1,223,640,000 26,848,000 9,154,000 17,694,000 21.9 7.5 14.5 2.67 47.4 66.5
2010 1,240,614,000 26,599,000 9,162,000 17,437,000 21.4 7.4 14.1 2.60 45.2 66.9
2011 1,257,621,191 26,342,000 9,139,000 17,203,000 20.9 7.3 13.7 2.54 43.0 67.4
2012 1,274,487,215 26,027,000 9,072,000 16,954,000 20.4 7.1 13.3 2.47 40.8 67.9
2013 1,291,132,063 25,740,000 8,987,000 16,753,000 19.9 7.0 13.0 2.41 38.7 68.5
2014 1,307,246,509 24,899,000 8,876,000 16,023,000 19.0 6.8 12.3 2.31 36.7 69.1
2015 1,322,866,505 24,828,000 8,826,000 16,003,000 18.8 6.7 12.1 2.29 34.7 69.6
2016 1,338,636,340 24,783,000 8,839,000 15,944,000 18.5 6.6 11.9 2.27 32.8 70.1
2017 1,354,195,680 24,254,000 8,928,000 15,326,000 17.9 6.6 11.3 2.20 31.1 70.5
2018 1,369,003,306 24,168,000 9,098,000 15,070,000 17.7 6.6 11.0 2.18 29.4 70.7
2019 1,383,112,050 23,583,000 9,281,000 14,302,000 17.0 6.7 10.3 2.11 27.9 70.9
2020 1,396,387,127 23,139,000 10,262,000 12,876,000 16.6 7.4 9.2 2.05 26.6 70.1
2021 1,407,563,842 23,114,000 13,300,000  9,814,000 16.4 9.4 7.0 2.03 25.5 67.2

Census of India: sample registration system
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012[84]
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Census of India: sample registration system[85][86][87][88]
Year Average population
 Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change Crude birth rate
(per 1000)		 Crude death rate
(per 1000)		 Natural change
(per 1000)		 Total fertility rate
1981 716,493,000 24,289,000 8,956,000 15,333,000 33.9 12.5 21.4 4.52
1982 733,152,000 24,781,000 8,725,000 16,056,000 33.8 11.9 21.9 4.5
1983 750,034,000 25,276,000 8,925,000 16,351,000 33.7 11.9 21.8 4.5
1984 767,147,000 26,006,000 9,666,000 16,340,000 33.9 12.6 21.3 4.5
1985 784,491,000 25,810,000 9,257,000 16,553,000 32.9 11.8 21.1 4.3
1986 802,052,000 26,147,000 8,903,000 17,244,000 32.6 11.1 21.5 4.15
1987 819,800,000 26,316,000 8,936,000 17,380,000 32.1 10.9 21.2 4.1
1988 837,700,000 26,388,000 9,215,000 17,173,000 31.5 11.0 20.5 4.0
1989 855,707,000 26,185,000 8,814,000 17,371,000 30.6 10.3 20.3 3.9
1990 873,785,000 26,388,000 8,476,000 17,912,000 30.2 9.7 20.5 3.8
1991 891,910,000 26,133,000 8,741,000 17,392,000 29.3 9.8 19.5 3.64
1992 910,065,000 26,392,000 9,192,000 17,200,000 29.0 10.1 18.9 3.6
1993 928,226,000 26,640,000 8,633,000 18,007,000 28.7 9.3 19.4 3.5
1994 946,373,000 27,161,000 8,801,000 18,360,000 28.7 9.3 19.4 3.5
1995 964,486,000 27,295,000 8,680,000 18,615,000 28.3 9.0 19.3 3.5
1996 982,553,000 26,824,000 8,745,000 18,079,000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.40
1997 1,000,558,000 27,215,000 8,905,000 18,310,000 27.2 8.9 18.3 3.3
1998 1,018,471,000 26,989,000 9,166,000 17,823,000 26.5 9.0 17.5 3.2
1999 1,036,259,000 26,943,000 9,015,000 17,928,000 26.0 8.7 17.3 3.2
2000 1,053,898,000 27,191,000 8,958,000 18,233,000 25.8 8.5 17.3 3.2
2001 1,071,374,000 27,213,000 9,000,000 18,213,000 25.4 8.4 17.0 3.10
2002 1,088,694,000 27,217,000 8,818,000 18,399,000 25.0 8.1 16.9 3.0
2003 1,105,886,000 27,426,000 8,847,000 18,579,000 24.8 8.0 16.8 3.0
2004 1,122,991,000 27,064,000 8,422,000 18,642,000 24.1 7.5 16.6 2.9
2005 1,140,043,000 27,133,000 8,664,000 18,469,000 23.8 7.6 16.2 2.9
2006 1,157,039,000 27,190,000 8,678,000 18,512,000 23.5 7.5 16.0 2.79
2007 1,134,024,000 26,195,954 8,391,778 17,804,176 23.1 7.4 15.7 2.7
2008 1,150,196,000 26,224,469 8,511,450 17,713,019 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.6
2009 1,166,228,000 26,240,130 8,513,464 17,726,666 22.5 7.3 15.2 2.6
2010 1,182,108,000 26,124,587 8,511,178 17,613,409 22.1 7.2 14.9 2.5
2011 1,197,658,000 26,108,944 8,503,372 17,605,572 21.8 7.1 14.7 2.44
2012 1,212,827,000 26,197,063 8,489,789 17,707,274 21.6 7.0 14.6 2.38
2013 1,227,012,000 26,258,057 8,589,084 17,668,973 21.4 7.0 14.4 2.34
2014 1,243,542,000 25,904,377 8,264,730 17,639,647 21.0 6.7 14.3 2.32
2015 1,259,108,000 26,189,446 8,184,202 18,005,244 20.8 6.5 14.3 2.27
2016 1,273,986,000 25,989,314 8,153,510 17,835,804 20.4 6.4 14.0 2.26
2017[89] 1,288,522,000 26,028,144 8,117,689 17,910,455 20.2 6.3 13.9 2.18
2018 1,324,609,000 26,492,180 8,212,576 18,279,604 20.0 6.2 13.8 2.15
2019 1,338,995,000 24,820,886 7,641,076 17,179,810 18.5 5.7 12 8 2.08 [90]
2020 1,353,378,000 24,222,444 8,115,882 16,106,562 17.9 6.0 11.9 2.00
1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.
Life expectancy development in India

Life expectancy
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 36.6
1955–1960 39.7
1960–1965 42.7
1965–1970 46.0
1970–1975 49.4
1975–1980 52.5
1980–1985 54.9
1985–1990 56.7
1990–1995 59.1
1995–2000 61.5
2000–2005 63.5
2005–2010 65.6
2010–2015 67.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[91]

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (9 February 2011) (Census) age wise are shown below:[92]

Population by age group
Age group Male Female Total Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage
0–4 58,632,074 54,174,704 112,806,778 9.32 9.32
5–9 66,300,466 60,627,660 126,928,126 10.48 19.8
10–14 69,418,835 63,290,377 132,709,212 10.96 30.76
15–19 63,982,396 56,544,053 120,526,449 9.95 40.71
20–24 57,584,693 53,839,529 111,424,222 9.20 49.91
25–29 51,344,208 50,069,757 101,413,965 8.38 58.29
30–34 44,660,674 43,934,277 88,594,951 7.32 65.61
35–39 42,919,381 42,221,303 85,140,684 7.03 72.64
40–44 37,545,386 34,892,726 72,438,112 5.98 78.62
45–49 32,138,114 30,180,213 62,318,327 5.15 83.77
50–54 25,843,266 23,225,988 49,069,254 4.05 87.82
55–59 19,456,012 19,690,043 39,146,055 3.23 91.05
60–64 18,701,749 18,961,958 37,663,707 3.11 94.16
65–69 12,944,326 13,510,657 26,454,983 2.18 96.34
70–74 9,651,499 9,557,343 19,208,842 1.59 97.93
75–79 4,490,603 4,741,900 9,232,503 0.76 98.69
80–84 2,927,040 3,293,189 6,220,229 0.51 99.2
85–89 1,120,106 1,263,061 2,383,167 0.20 99.4
90–94 652,465 794,069 1,446,534 0.12 99.52
95–99 294,759 338,538 633,297 0.05 99.57
100+ 289,325 316,453 605,778 0.05 99.62
Unknown 2,372,881 2,116,921 4,489,802 0.37 99.99
Total 623,270,258 587,584,719 1,210,854,977 100.00
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 194 351 375 178 092 741 372 444 116 30.76
15–64 394 175 879 373 559 847 767 735 726 63.40
65+ 32 370 123 33 815 210 66 185 333 5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016):[93]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 664 184 000 626 890 000 1 291 074 000 100
0–4 62 872 000 56 038 000 118 910 000 9.21
5–9 61 499 000 56 969 000 118 468 000 9.18
10–14 65 142 000 59 682 000 124 824 000 9.67
15–19 67 223 000 60 871 000 128 094 000 9.92
20–24 63 521 000 57 356 000 120 877 000 9.36
25–29 57 272 000 53 357 000 110 629 000 8.57
30–34 50 782 000 49 250 000 100 032 000 7.75
35–39 45 318 000 44 787 000 90 105 000 6.98
40–44 41 280 000 40 497 000 81 777 000 6.33
45–49 36 602 000 35 107 000 71 709 000 5.55
50–54 30 738 000 29 016 000 59 754 000 4.63
55–59 24 403 000 23 307 000 47 710 000 3.70
60–64 19 133 000 19 288 000 38 421 000 2.98
65–69 15 198 000 16 114 000 31 312 000 2.43
70–74 11 002 000 11 723 000 22 725 000 1.76
75–79 7 703 000 8 367 000 16 070 000 1.24
80+ 4 496 000 5 161 000 9 657 000 0.75
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 189 513 000 172 689 000 362 202 000 28.05
15–64 436 272 000 412 836 000 849 108 000 65.77
65+ 38 399 000 41 365 000 79 764 000 6.18

Fertility rate
TFR of India to 2016

From the Demographic Health Survey:[94]

Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
Year CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
1992–1993 28.7 3.39 (2.64) 24.1 2.70 (2.09) 30.4 3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999 24.8 2.85 (2.13) 20.9 2.27 (1.73) 26.2 3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006 23.1 2.68 (1.90) 18.8 2.06 (1.60) 25.0 2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016 19.0 2.18 (1.8) 15.8 1.75 (1.5) 20.7 2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021 17.1 1.99 (1.6) 14.0 1.63 (1.4) 18.6 2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
Year Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist Jain Other
2019–2021 1.94 (1.6) 2.36 (1.8) 1.88 (1.7) 1.61 (1.4) 1.39 (1.2) 1.60 (1.5) 2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
State (Population 2011) CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 22.6 2.74 (2.06) 18.6 2.08 (1.62) 24.0 2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 16.6 1.87 (1.57) 15.5 1.68 (1.41) 17.5 2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452) 27.1 3.41 (2.48) 20.4 2.42 (1.83) 28.0 3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 16.6 1.77 (1.53) 14.0 1.57 (1.38) 18.0 1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 20.2 2.32 (1.82) 17.7 1.95 (1.61) 21.3 2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 15.5 1.70 (1.51) 13.9 1.54 (1.38) 17.2 1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 20.8 2.40 (1.81) 17.5 1.94 (1.52) 22.0 2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 15.9 1.81 (1.42) 15.2 1.65 (1.30) 16.5 1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 16.7 2.03 (1.54) 15.3 1.82 (1.39) 17.9 2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 16.1 1.83 (1.64) 13.9 1.53 (1.39) 17.0 1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218) 18.1 2.05 (1.69) 15.6 1.73 (1.50) 18.7 2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978) 17.1 1.79 (1.59) 17.1 1.67 (1.53) 17.2 1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.2 1.56 (1.47) 11.4 1.57 (1.47) 11.0 1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 21.7 2.55 (2.06) 16.3 1.78 (1.47) 23.5 2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576) 19.5 2.21 (1.78) 13.2 1.45 (1.25) 20.5 2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.8 1.62 (1.37) 13.5 1.59 (1.32) 14.0 1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 20.7 2.23 (1.88) 17.9 1.78 (1.58) 21.5 2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462) 18.7 2.05 (1.63) 16.3 1.78 (1.44) 20.2 2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 17.7 2.01 (1.67) 13.9 1.58 (1.39) 19.4 2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 19.0 2.07 (1.60) 17.1 1.80 (1.43) 20.0 2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 15.3 1.88 (1.55) 12.0 1.43 (1.15) 15.7 1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917) 15.3 1.69 (1.55) 12.7 1.40 (1.34) 16.4 1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.6 3.04 (2.79) 16.1 1.67 (1.57) 26.7 3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794) 21.2 2.61 (2.33) 17.5 2.14 (1.96) 23.7 2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 21.4 2.74 (2.35) 16.3 1.78 (1.58) 24.1 3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545) 12.8 1.66 (1.37) 13.4 1.72 (1.37) 11.7 1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 17.9 2.12 (1.64) 17.0 1.69 (1.26) 18.2 2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 18.7 2.26 (2.15) 16.9 1.97 (1.89) 21.2 2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577) 11.4 1.17 (0.88) 12.1 1.11 (0.82) 11.1 1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021 [95]
State (Population 2011) CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 20.5 2.35 (1.8)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 13.8 1.71 (1.43) 12.6 1.50 (1.27) 15.0 1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452) 25.9 2.98 (2.2)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 15.5 1.64 (1.42) 12.4 1.39 (1.24) 17.0 1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 17.2 1.99 (1.61) 13.7 1.61 (1.34) 18.5 2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 13.7 1.76 (1.59) 12.7 1.61 (1.50) 14.6 1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 18.7 2.01 (1.61) 15.3 1.67 (1.42) 19.8 2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 14.2 1.67 (1.4)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 15.0 1.86 (1.53) 13.3 1.65 (1.39) 16.3 2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 13.8 1.68 (1.55) 12.5 1.47 (1.36) 14.3 1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218) 15.9 1.82 (1.52) 13.1 1.48 (1.26) 16.5 1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978) 15.3 1.75 (1.55) 16.0 1.75 (1.57) 15.3 1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.8 1.79 (1.68) 11.9 1.82 (1.71) 11.6 1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 20.2 2.26 (1.87) 14.2 1.56 (1.32) 22.0 2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576) 16.8 1.87 (1.56) 13.1 1.50 (1.37) 17.4 1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.3 1.63 (1.3)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 16.4 1.82 (1.57) 13.6 1.42 (1.28) 17.2 1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462) 16.4 1.91 (1.5)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 13.1 1.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 16.7 1.85 (1.5)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 12.7 1.66 (1.4)
Tripura (3 673 917) 14.5 1.70 (1.49) 11.0 1.39 (1.29) 15.8 1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.2 2.91 (2.66) 14.8 1.57 (1.43) 26.5 3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794) 17.4 2.17 (1.98) 14.7 1.84 (1.73) 19.1 2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 15.4 1.72 (1.57) 12.5 1.21 (1.13) 16.8 2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545) 10.3 1.30 (1.21) 10.3 1.26 (1.19) 10.3 1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 16.0 1.80 (1.49) 14.8 1.44 (1.24) 16.2 1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 15.0 1.87 (1.78) 13.9 1.63 (1.56) 16.4 2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577) 10.2 1.05 (0.85) 7.8 0.71 (0.54) 11.7 1.32 (1.11)
Delhi 14.8 1.62 (1.29) 14.6 1.60 (1.27) 23.4 2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parenthesis represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics
Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)[96]
State or UT Birth rate Death rate Natural growth rate Infant mortality rate
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.6 15.5 15.8 4.3 4.8 3.3 11.3 10.7 12.6 25 29 18
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 18.3 16.7 7.6 8.6 5.4 10.2 9.7 11.3 46 51 33
Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 22.1 14.6 5.9 6.9 2.3 14.6 15.2 12.3 31 34 12
Assam 23.2 24.4 15.8 8.2 8.6 5.8 14.9 15.8 10.1 58 60 36
Bihar 28.1 28.8 22.0 6.8 7.0 5.6 21.3 21.8 16.4 48 49 38
Chandigarh 15.6 21.6 15.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 11.6 17.9 11.0 22 20 23
Chhattisgarh 25.3 26.8 18.6 8.0 8.4 6.2 17.3 18.4 12.4 51 52 44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 26.6 26.0 28.6 4.7 5.1 3.3 21.9 20.9 25.3 38 43 22
Daman and Diu 18.8 19.1 18.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 13.9 14.2 13.6 23 19 29
Delhi 17.8 19.7 17.5 4.2 4.6 4.1 13.6 15.0 13.4 30 37 29
Goa 13.2 12.6 13.7 6.6 8.1 5.7 6.6 4.5 8.0 10 10 10
Gujarat 21.8 23.3 19.4 6.7 7.5 5.5 15.1 15.8 14.0 44 51 30
Haryana 22.3 23.3 19.8 6.6 7.0 5.6 15.7 16.3 14.3 48 51 38
Himachal Pradesh 16.9 17.5 11.5 6.9 7.2 4.2 10.0 10.3 7.3 40 41 29
Jammu and Kashmir 18.3 19.5 13.5 5.7 5.9 4.7 12.6 13.6 8.8 43 45 32
Jharkhand 25.3 26.7 19.3 7.0 7.4 5.4 18.3 19.3 13.9 42 44 30
Karnataka 19.2 20.2 17.5 7.1 8.1 5.4 12.1 12.1 12.1 38 43 28
Kerala 14.8 14.8 14.8 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.7 8.1 13 14 10
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.5 13.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 8.0 9.5 6.5 25 23 27
Madhya Pradesh 27.3 29.2 20.5 8.3 9.0 6.0 18.9 20.2 14.5 62 67 42
Maharashtra 17.1 17.6 16.4 6.5 7.5 5.3 10.6 10.2 11.1 28 34 20
Manipur 14.9 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 10.7 10.5 11.3 14 15 9
Meghalaya 24.5 26.6 14.8 7.9 8.4 5.6 16.6 18.2 9.2 55 58 37
Mizoram 17.1 21.1 13.0 4.5 5.4 3.7 12.5 15.7 9.3 37 47 21
Nagaland 16.8 17.0 16.0 3.6 3.7 3.3 13.2 13.3 12.7 23 24 20
Odisha 20.5 21.4 15.2 8.6 9.0 6.6 11.9 12.4 8.6 61 63 43
Puducherry 16.7 16.7 16.7 7.4 8.2 7.0 9.3 8.5 9.6 22 25 21
Punjab 16.6 17.2 15.6 7.0 7.7 5.8 9.6 9.5 9.8 34 37 28
Rajasthan 26.7 27.9 22.9 6.7 6.9 6.0 20.0 20.9 16.9 55 61 31
Sikkim 17.8 18.1 16.1 5.6 5.9 3.8 12.3 12.3 12.3 30 31 19
Tamil Nadu 15.9 16.0 15.8 7.6 8.2 6.9 8.3 7.8 8.9 24 25 22
Tripura 14.9 15.6 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.7 9.9 10.8 5.8 27 29 19
Uttar Pradesh 28.3 29.2 24.2 8.1 8.5 6.3 20.2 20.7 17.9 61 64 44
Uttarakhand 19.3 20.2 16.2 6.3 6.7 5.1 13.0 13.5 11.1 38 41 25
West Bengal 16.8 18.6 11.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 10.7 12.6 5.6 31 32 25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[97]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),[98] 1,210 million (2011 census),[99] 1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)[100]

Rural population:

62.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755

Age structure:

0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15–24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25–54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55–64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

Median age:

Total: 28.7 years

Male: 28 years

female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)[101]

Population growth rate :

0.67% (2022 est)[102]

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)[103]
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)[104]

Per cent of population below poverty line:

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.8%

Net migration rate:

0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)[101]

Sex ratio:

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 69.7 years
Male: 68.4 years
Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)[101]

Total fertility rate:

2.35 (2020 est.)[101][105][106]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.[107]

Religious Composition:

Hindus 79.5%, Muslims 15%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)[101][108][109][110][111]

Scheduled castes and tribes:

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);[112][113] scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[114][115]

Caste

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

There has not yet been a proper consensus on contemporary figures.

The following data are from the Mandal report:[116]

caste demographics (1983)
caste population percentage notes
Total population 731,000,000 100% *Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes 164,913,600 22.56%
Scheduled castes 110,015,500 15.05%
Scheduled tribes 54,898,100 7.51%
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities 128,509,800 17.58%
Brahmin (including Bhumihar) 40,351,200 5.52%
Kshtriya (Rajput) 28,509,000 3.90%
Maratha 16,155,100 2.21%
Jats 7,310,000 1%
Vaishya, Bania, etc. 13,742,800 1.88%
Kayasthas 7,821,700 1.07%
Others 14,620,000 2%
Non-Hindu communities and groups 121,346,000 16.6% Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T) 81,798,900 11.19% 0.02%
Christian (Non S.T) 15,789,600 2.16% 0.44%
Sikh (Non scheduled) 12,207,700 1.67% 0.22%
Buddhist (Non S.T) 4,897,700 0.67% 0.03%
Jain (Non scheduled) 3,435,700 0.47%
Other backward classes and communities (OBC) 380,120,000 52% *OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC 318,716,000 43.60%
Non-Hindu OBC 61,404,000 8.40% *52% of Non-Hindus

Population projections

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2023.[117] These projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower than China's.

2020 estimate

In millions

Future projections[118]
YearUnder 1515–6465+Total
2000361604451010
2005368673511093
2010370747581175
2015372819651256
2020373882761332

Ethnic groups
See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Caste system in India, Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia, and Languages of India

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[119] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[120][121] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[21] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[122]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries) see South Asian ethnic groups.

Linguistic groups in India chart[123][124]

  Indo-Aryan (75%)
  Dravidian (20%)
  Kolarian, Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai and others (5%)

Genetics

Y-chromosome DNA

[125]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[126]

  • H ~ 30%
  • R1a ~ 34%
  • R2 ~ 15%
  • L ~ 10%
  • NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
  • Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

[127]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[128]

  • Haplogroup M ~ 60%
  • Haplogroup UK ~ 15%
  • Haplogroup N ~ 25% (Excluding UK)

Autosomal DNA
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[129]
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[130][131]
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[131]
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[132][133]
  • The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[130]

Charts

See also

Government

Lists
  • List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate
  • List of states and union territories of India by population
  • List of cities in India by population
  • List of metropolitan areas in India
  • List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India

Notes
  1. English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
  2. includes Bihari languages, Bajri Rajasthani languages, Pahari, Awadhi language, Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language, Banjari Language. A total of 12 types.

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Bibliography
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  • Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
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