Dilip Kumar

Mohammed Yusuf Khan (Urdu pronunciation: [moɦəmːəd̪ juːsʊf xɑːn]; 11 December 1922 – 7 July 2021), better known by his stage name Dilip Kumar, was an Indian actor who worked in Hindi cinema. Credited with pioneering method acting in cinema,[2] he dominated the Indian movie scene from late 1940s throughout 1960s,[3][4][5] being referred to as "Abhinay Samrat" (Hindi for "Emperor of Acting") by the audience.[6][7] Kumar holds the record for most wins for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (eight, which was later equalled by Shah Rukh Khan) and was also the inaugural recipient of the award, he also holds the record for most consecutive filmfare wins(three, which was later equalled by Abhishek Bachchan).

Dilip Kumar
Dilip Kumar c. 1946
Born
Mohammed Yusuf Khan

11 December 1922 (1922-12-11)
Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, British India
(present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)
Died7 July 2021(2021-07-07) (aged 98)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Resting placeJuhu Qabrastan, Mumbai[1]
Nationality
Other namesTragedy King, The First Khan, Dilip Sahab
Occupation
  • Actor
  • film producer
Years active1944–1999
Spouses
  • Saira Banu
    ​
    (m. 1966)​
  • Asma Rehman
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1981; div. 1983)​
Relatives
  • Nasir Khan (brother)
  • Begum Para (sister-in-law)
  • Ayub Khan (nephew)
Awards
  • Filmfare Award for Best Actor (8 times)
  • Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1994)
Honours
Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
In office
3 April 2000 – 2 April 2006
ConstituencyMaharashtra
Signature

In a career spanning over five decades, Kumar worked in over 65 films in a variety of roles. He debuted as an actor in the film Jwar Bhata (1944), produced by Bombay Talkies. Following a series of unsuccessful ventures, he had his first box office hit in Jugnu (1947). Kumar found further success with the romantic Andaz (1949), the swashbuckling Aan (1952), the social drama Daag (1952), the dramatic Devdas (1955), the comical Azaad (1955), the romantic social Naya Daur (1957), the noir mystery Madhumati (1958), the comedy-drama Paigham (1959) the epic historical Mughal-E-Azam (1960), the social dacoit crime drama Gunga Jumna (1961), and the comedy drama Ram Aur Shyam (1967). All three Andaz, Aan and Naya Daur briefly became the highest-grossing Indian film up to that point, a feat later achieved by Mughal-e-Azam, which sustained the record for 15 years. As of 2021, the latter remains the highest-grossing Indian film when adjusted for inflation.

The 1970s saw Kumar's career take a downturn, marked by three back to back commercial failures, namely Dastaan (1972), Sagina (1974) and Bairaag (1976). In 1976, he went on a five-year hiatus from film performances and returned with the revolutionary drama Kranti, which was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year. He continued to play leading roles in films such as Shakti (1982), Karma (1986), and Saudagar (1991). His last on-screen appearance was in the commercially unsuccessful Qila (1998), which saw him in a dual role. Kumar later served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006.

Kumar's personal life was the subject of much media attention. He was in a long-term relationship with actress and frequent co-star Madhubala that ended after the Naya Daur court case in 1957. He married actress Saira Banu in 1966 and resided in Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai, until his death in 2021. For his contributions to film, the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Bhushan in 1991 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015, the country's third and second-highest civilian awards respectively. He was also awarded India's highest accolade in the field of cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1994. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan conferred Kumar with Nishan-e-Imtiaz, their highest civilian decoration, making him the only Indian to have received the honour. The house that Kumar grew up in, located in Peshawar, was declared a national heritage monument in 2014 by the Pakistani government.

Early life

Dilip Kumar was born as Mohammad Yusuf Khan[8] on 11 December 1922, into a Hindko-speaking Awan Muslim family at his family home in the Qissa Khawani Bazaar neighbourhood of Peshawar, a city in the North-West Frontier Province of British India.[9][10] He was one of the twelve children of Lala Ghulam Sarwar Khan and his wife Ayesha Begum. His father was a fruit merchant.[11]

Khan was schooled at the Barnes School in Deolali (now in Maharashtra), where his father owned orchards.[12][9] He grew up in the same neighbourhood in Peshawar as Raj Kapoor, his childhood friend, and later his colleague in the film industry.[13] In 1940, he moved to Pune and set up a dry fruit supply shop and a canteen.[9] Despite hailing from Peshawar, Khan's family decided to remain in Bombay following the partition of the India in 1947.[14]

Khan never acted under his birth name, debuting in Jwar Bhata in 1944 under the stage name Dilip Kumar. In his autobiography, Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow, he wrote that the name was a suggestion from Devika Rani, who was one of the producers on Jwar Bhata.[15] In an interview in 1970, he said that he adopted this name out of fear of his father, who never approved of his acting career.[16][17]

Career

1940s: First film roles and initial success
Kumar in Jwar Bhata, his first film.

Kumar's first film was Jwar Bhata in 1944, which went unnoticed. After two more unsuccessful films, it was his fourth film Jugnu (1947), in which he starred alongside Noor Jehan, that became his first major hit at the box office.[18][9][19] His next major hits were the 1948 films Shaheed and Mela.[20] Both Jugnu and Shaheed were the highest grossing Hindi films of their respective year of release.[19][21]

Kumar with actors Raj Kapoor and Nargis in a scene of the film Andaz (1949)

He got his breakthrough role as an actor in 1949 with Mehboob Khan's Andaz, in which he starred alongside Raj Kapoor and Nargis. At the time of its release, Andaz was the highest-grossing Indian film ever, until its record was broken by Kapoor's Barsaat that same year.[22] Shabnam was another box office hit that was also released in 1949.[19]

1950s: Breakthrough years

The 1950s was Kumar's most successful and prolific decade with him playing leading roles in several box office hits such as Jogan (1950), Babul (1950), Deedar (1951), Tarana (1951), Daag (1952), Aan (1952), Uran Khatola (1955), Insaniyat (1955), Devdas (1955), Naya Daur (1957), Yahudi (1958), Madhumati (1958) and Paigham (1959).[23] He formed popular on-screen pairings with many of the top actresses at the time including Vyjayanthimala, Madhubala, Nargis, Nimmi, Meena Kumari and Kamini Kaushal.[24] Together with fellow contemporaries Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand, he dominated the 1950s which is considered a part of the golden era of Hindi cinema. Though the three did not appear in any one film together, Kumar did appear with Raj Kapoor in Andaz (1949) and Dev Anand in Insaniyat. [25]

Several of his films established his screen image as the "Tragedy King".[26] Kumar briefly suffered from depression due to portraying many tragic roles and on the advice of his psychiatrist, he also took on light-hearted roles.[27] Mehboob Khan's big-budget 1952 swashbuckling musical Aan featured him in one of his first lighter roles[28] and marked his first film to be shot in technicolor. Aan was the first Indian film to have a wide release across Europe with a lavish premiere in London.[29] Aan was the highest-grossing Indian film ever at the time, domestically[30] and overseas.[31] He had further success with lighter roles as a thief in the comedy Azaad (1955), and as a royal prince in the musical Kohinoor (1960).[26] By this time, he had developed his distinct, signature style of understated acting of mumbling his dialogues while giving myriad expressions and meanings to lines that his characters uttered.[32][33]

He was the first actor to win the Filmfare Best Actor Award (for Daag) and went on to win it a further seven times.[34][35] 9 of his films in the 1950s were ranked in the Top 30 highest-grossing films of the decade.[36]

In the 1950s, Kumar became the first Indian actor to charge ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹90 lakh or US$110,000 in 2020) per film.[37]

Kumar with actress Meena Kumari in Yahudi (1958)

1960s: Mughal-e-Azam and venture into production

In 1960, he portrayed Prince Salim in K. Asif's big-budget epic historical film Mughal-e-Azam, which was the highest-grossing film in Indian film history for 15 years until it was surpassed by the 1975 film Sholay. If adjusted for inflation, Mughal-e-Azam was the highest-grossing Indian film through to the early 2010s, equivalent to over ₹1000 crore in 2011.[38][39]

The film was originally shot in black and white, with only two songs and the climax scenes shot in colour. 44 years after its original release, it was fully colourised and theatrically re-released in 2004 and was once again a box office success.[40][41]

In 1961, Kumar wrote, produced, and starred in Ganga Jamuna opposite his brother Nasir Khan, playing the title roles. Kumar produced the film under his production company Citizens and it would be the only film he produced. He chose the shade of saree that his co-star Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene. The film received the National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film in Hindi, the Paul Revere Silver Bowl at the Boston International Film Festival, the Special Honour Diploma from the Czechoslovak Academy of Arts in Prague, and the Special Prize at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.[42]

In 1962, British director David Lean offered him the role of "Sherif Ali" in his film Lawrence of Arabia (1962), but Kumar declined to perform in the movie.[43] The role eventually went to Omar Sharif, the Egyptian actor. Kumar commented in his much later released autobiography, "he thought Omar Sharif had played the role far better than he himself could have".[44] Kumar was also being considered for a leading role opposite Elizabeth Taylor in a film that Lean was working on called Taj Mahal, before the project was cancelled.[45]

His next film Leader (1964) was a below-average grosser at the box office. Kumar was also credited with writing the story of this film.[46] His next film Dil Diya Dard Liya (1966) was Kumar's first box office flop in a decade. It was rumoured that he had ghost directed the film but the final credit was given to Abdul Rashid Kardar. In 1967, Kumar played a dual role of twins separated at birth in the hit film Ram Aur Shyam.[47] In 1968, he starred alongside Manoj Kumar in Aadmi which was an average grosser at the box office.[48] That same year, he starred in Sunghursh with Vyjayanthimala which was their last film together which created a total of seven hit films together.[49]

1970s: Career slump

In 1970, Kumar played the title role in Gopi which marked his first pairing with wife Saira Banu and was a box office success. That same year, he acted opposite Banu again in the Bengali language film Sagina Mahato. This was his only appearance in a Bengali film.[50] In 1972, he once again played dual roles as twin brothers in Dastaan which was a box office flop and began a decline in Kumar's career as a leading man. A Hindi remake of Sagina Mahato, simply titled Sagina was made in 1974 with both Kumar and Banu reprising their roles which also failed to do well at the box office. In 1976, he played triple roles as a father and twin sons in Bairaag. Though his performance in triple roles was acclaimed, the film was his third consecutive failure at the box office.[51][52] He personally regarded M. G. Ramachandran's performance in Enga Veettu Pillai better than his role in Ram Aur Shyam. He regards his performance in Bairaag much higher than that of Ram Aur Shyam. The rise of actors like Rajesh Khanna , Amitabh Bachchan and Sanjeev Kumar led to Kumar losing film offers from 1970 to 1980. He took a five-year hiatus from films from 1976 to 1981.[53]

1980s: Return to success

In 1981, he returned to films as a character actor playing mature elderly roles. His comeback film was the star-studded historical epic Kranti which was the biggest hit of the year.[54] Appearing alongside an ensemble cast including Manoj Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Hema Malini and Shatrughan Sinha, he played the title role as a revolutionary fighting for India's independence from British rule.[55] In the post-Kranti phase, Kumar reinvented himself to play the "Angry Old Man" to great effect in a series of films like Vidhaata (1982), Shakti (1982), Duniya (1984), etc.[56] In 1982, he collaborated with director Subhash Ghai for the first time with Vidhaata, in which he starred alongside Sanjay Dutt, Sanjeev Kumar and Shammi Kapoor. Vidhaata was the highest grossing film of the year. Later that year he starred alongside Amitabh Bachchan in Ramesh Sippy's Shakti, which was an average grosser at the box office, but won him critical acclaim and his eighth and final Filmfare Award for Best Actor.[57] In 1984, he starred in Yash Chopra's social crime drama Mashaal opposite Anil Kapoor, which failed at the box office, but his performance was critically acclaimed.[58] He also appeared alongside Rishi Kapoor in Duniya (1984) and Jeetendra in Dharm Adhikari (1986).[59][60]

His second collaboration with Subhash Ghai came with the 1986 ensemble action film Karma. Karma marked the first film which paired him opposite fellow veteran actress Nutan, although they were paired in an incomplete and unreleased film in the 1950s titled Shikwa.[55][61][62] He acted opposite Nutan again in the 1989 action film Kanoon Apna Apna which also reunited him with Sanjay Dutt.[63]

1990s: Directorial debut and final works

In 1990, he co-starred with Govinda in the action thriller Izzatdaar. In 1991, Kumar starred alongside fellow veteran actor Raaj Kumar in Saudagar, his third and last film with director Subhash Ghai. This was his second film with Raaj Kumar after 1959's Paigham. Saudagar was to be Kumar's penultimate film and last box office success.[64] In 1994, he won the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the industry.[65]

In 1991, producer Sudhakar Bokade who had previously worked with Kumar in Izzatdaar announced a film titled Kalinga which would officially mark Kumar's directorial debut after he had allegedly previously ghost directed Ganga Jamuna (1961) and Dil Diya Dard Liya (1967).[66] Kumar was also set to star in the title role with the cast including Raj Babbar, Raj Kiran, Amitoj Mann and Meenakshi Seshadri. After being delayed for several years Kalinga was eventually shelved in 1996 with 70% filming completed.[67][68]

In 1998, Kumar made his last film appearance in the box office flop Qila, where he played dual roles as an evil landowner who is murdered and as his twin brother who tries to solve the mystery of his death.[69][70][71]

2000s–2021: Shelved projects and political career

In 2001, Kumar was set to appear in a film titled Asar – The Impact alongside Ajay Devgan and Priyanka Chopra, which was shelved due to Kumar's declining health.[72] He was also set to appear in Subhash Ghai's war film Mother Land, alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan, but this film was shelved after Khan decided to leave the project.[73]

His classic films Mughal-e-Azam and Naya Daur were fully colourised and re-released in cinemas in 2004 and 2008 respectively.[74] An unreleased film he had shot and completed titled Aag Ka Dariya was set for a theatrical release in 2013 but has not been released to date.[75]

Kumar was a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006.[76] He was nominated by the Indian National Congress to represent Maharashtra.[77][78] Kumar utilised a significant portion of his MPLADS fund towards the construction and improvement of the Bandstand Promenade and the gardens at Bandra Fort at Lands End in Bandra.[79]

Personal life
Kumar with Madhubala on the sets of Mughal-e-Azam in 1954

Kumar had fallen in love with Madhubala during the shooting of Tarana. They remained in a relationship for seven years until the Naya Daur court case, during which Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father, ending their relationship.[80] They never worked together again after Mughal-e-Azam (1960).[81] In the late 1950s, Vyjayanthimala was linked by gossip magazines to Kumar, who has acted with her the most compared to any other actress, which resulted in great on-screen chemistry between them. While working for his home production Gunga Jumna (1961), Kumar reportedly handpicked the shade of sari that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene.[82]

Kumar with his wife Saira Banu in 2007

In 1966, Kumar married actress Saira Banu, who was 22 years younger than him. He later married Hyderabad socialite Asma Sahiba, taking her as a second wife in 1981.[83][84] That marriage ended in January 1983.[85] Banu and he lived in Bandra. They did not have any children. In his autobiography, Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow, he revealed that Banu had conceived in 1972, but developed complications in the pregnancy, leading to the child's death. Following this, they did not try to have children again, believing it to be God's will.[86][87]

Kumar was fluent in his native Hindko as well as Urdu, Hindi, Pashto, Punjabi, Marathi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Persian, and the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialects.[12][88] He was also a great music enthusiast and also learnt how to play the sitar for a film.[89] He loved cricket and played it often.[90] He led a cricket team against Raj Kapoor in a friendly cricket match held for charity.[91] Both growing up in Peshawar and in Bombay, Dilip Kumar and his family had a close relationship with the Kapoor family.[92]

His younger brother Nasir Khan (1924–1974) was also a noted film actor.[93] Two of his younger brothers died after testing positive for COVID-19 in 2020.[94][95]

Death

Dilip Kumar died at Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, on 7 July 2021 at 7:30 am, aged 98.[96][97][98] He died after a prolonged illness. He had been suffering from several age-related issues, in addition to testicular cancer and pleural effusion.[99][100] The Government of Maharashtra approved his burial with state honours at the Juhu Muslim Cemetery that same day.[101][102]

Expressing their condolences, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated in a tweet that Kumar would be remembered as a cinematic legend, while the President, Ram Nath Kovind, stated that "he was loved across the subcontinent".[97] The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, also expressed condolences for his death and remembered his efforts in raising funds for the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital in a tweet.[103] The former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, also expressed condolences to Kumar and his family.[104][105]

Artistry and legacy
Kumar with actor Shah Rukh Khan in 2009

Kumar is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema,[106][107][108] and cinema in general.[109][110][111][112] Kumar was a pioneer of method acting, predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando. He inspired many great Indian cinema actors, including Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Kamal Haasan, Aamir Khan, Balraj Sahni, Naseeruddin Shah, Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Irrfan Khan.[2][113][114][115] Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience,[116] was described as "the ultimate method actor" by noted filmmaker Satyajit Ray, despite not having worked with him.[117]

Kumar was popularly referred to as "Abhinay Samrat" (Hindi for "Emperor of Acting") by the audience.[118][119][120] He was also known as "Tragedy King" because of the dramatic but award-winning roles he took early in his career and is also retrospectively known as "The First Khan" of Bollywood.[13][121] Other than these, he is also dubbed in the media as "The Kohinoor of Indian cinema".[122] He became one of the earliest and most revered stars in the history of Indian cinema being loved across the subcontinent and among the South Asian diaspora worldwide.[123][124][125][126] As of 2020, he is the most successful Bollywood actor of all time in consideration with his films' success-ratio.[127]

Accolades
Kumar with Prime Minister Nehru (second from left) and fellow actors Dev Anand and Raj Kapoor (extreme right) (c. 1950s).
Kumar greets Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan at Meenambakkam Airport, Chennai (c. 1960). Kumar is the only Indian recipient of Pakistan's highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Imtiaz.
Kumar greets Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (c. 2005).
Kumar being awarded IFFI - Life Time Achievement Award by President Patil (c. 2008).
Kumar being awarded Padma Vibhushan by Home Minister Rajnath Singh (right), Chief Minister of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis (extreme left) and governor C. Vidyasagar Rao (extreme right) (c. 2015).

Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand together formed "the golden trio" of Indian cinema in 1950s and 1960s, with camaraderie between the three contemporary actors, all renowned for their own style.[128][129] Kumar was the biggest Indian star of this era,[130][131][132] a matinée idol and the country's highest paid actor.[133]

Over his career, Kumar received eight Filmfare Awards for Best Actor (with 19 total nominations), the most of any actor (and was also its inaugural recipient),[106][134][135][136] and a Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award (1993).[137] He also received a Special Recognition Filmfare Award at the 50th Filmfare Awards for being one of the first recipients of Filmfare Awards along with Lata Mangeshkar and Naushad Ali.[65][138]

Kumar was appointed Sheriff of Mumbai (an honorary position) for 1980.[139] The Government of India honoured Kumar with the Padma Bhushan in 1991, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1994 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015.[140] The Government of Andhra Pradesh honoured Kumar with NTR National Award in 1997. He was honoured with CNN-IBN's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009.[141] The Government of Madhya Pradesh honoured Kumar with Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman in 2015.[142]

The Government of Pakistan conferred Kumar with the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian award in Pakistan, in 1998.[143][144][145][146] The ruling political party of Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, India, had objected to this award and questioned Kumar's patriotism. However, in 1999, in consultation with the then-Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Kumar retained the award.[147]

The House of Dilip Kumar in Peshawar, Pakistan, was declared as a Pakistani national heritage monument in 2014 by the then Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.[148]

From the independence of India in 1947 to the late 2010s, Kumar held the record of performing in the highest number of highest-grossing box office grossing films (9 films) until his record was broken by Salman Khan, who performed in 10 such films. However, as per new reports from Box Office India, highest grossing Indian film in 1991 was Kumar's Saudagar (1991) instead of Khan's Saajan (1991), thus perhaps re-establishing his record.[149][150]

Kumar was voted the "Greatest Indian Actor of All Time" in a Rediff Readers poll in 2011.[151] He holds the Guinness World Record for having received the most awards by an Indian actor.[152] He was honoured by the World Book of Records on his 97th birthday for his "matchless contribution to Indian cinema and promoting social causes".[153]

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