Halifax, Nova Scotia

Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819,[6] with 348,634 people in its urban area.[3] The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996: Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and Halifax County.

Halifax
Municipality
Halifax Regional Municipality
From top, left to right: Downtown Halifax skyline, Macdonald Bridge, Crystal Crescent Beach, Peggy's Cove, Central Library, Sullivan's Pond
Flag
Coat of arms
Logo
Motto(s): 
"E Mari Merces"  (Latin)
"From the Sea, Wealth"
Location in Nova Scotia
Halifax
Location in Canada
Coordinates: 44°38′51″N 63°35′26″W[1]
CountryCanada
ProvinceNova Scotia
Town1749
City1842
Regional municipalityApril 1, 1996
Named forGeorge Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax
Government
 • TypeRegional Municipality
 • MayorMike Savage
 • Governing bodyHalifax Regional Council
 • MPs
List of MPs
 • MLAs
List of MLAs
Area
 • Municipality5,475.57 km2 (2,114.13 sq mi)
 • Urban
238.29 km2 (92.00 sq mi)
 • Metro
7,276.22 km2 (2,809.36 sq mi)
Highest elevation
241.9 m (793.6 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2021)[2][3][4]
 • Municipality439,819
 • Density80.3/km2 (208/sq mi)
 • Urban
348,634
 • Urban density1,463.1/km2 (3,789/sq mi)
 • Metro
465,703 (12th)
 • Metro density64.0/km2 (166/sq mi)
 • Change 2016–2021
9.1%
 • Census ranking
13 of 5,162
DemonymHaligonian
Time zoneUTC−04:00 (AST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−03:00 (ADT)
Postal code span
B0J ,B3A to B4G
Area codes902, 782
GDP (Halifax CMA)CA$20.6 billion (2016)[5]
GDP per capita (Halifax CMA)CA$50,946 (2016)
Websitewww.halifax.ca

    Halifax is a major economic centre in Atlantic Canada, with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies. Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Saint Mary's University, the Halifax Shipyard, various levels of government, and the Port of Halifax. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry, and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality.

    History

    Halifax is located within Miꞌkmaꞌki the traditional ancestral lands of the Miꞌkmaq peoples.[7] The Mi'kmaq have resided in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island since prior to European landings in North America in the 1400s and 1500s to set up fisheries. At the time of Confederation of Canada, about 1000 Mi’kmaq lived in the Colony of Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq name for Halifax is Kjipuktuk, pronounced "che-book-took".[8] The name means "Great Harbour" in the Mi'kmaq language.[9]

    Halifax, Nova Scotia c. 1762, by Dominic Serres.

    The first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, in 1749 led to the colonial capital being transferred from Annapolis Royal.

    The establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutre's War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports and a sloop of war on June 21, 1749.[10] By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War.[11] Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill) (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), and Lawrencetown (1754), all areas within the modern-day Regional Municipality. St. Margaret's Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution.

    December 1917 saw one of the greatest disasters in Canadian history, when the SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship carrying munitions, collided with the Belgian Relief vessel SS Imo in "The Narrows" between upper Halifax Harbour and Bedford Basin. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people and injuring nearly 9,000 others.[12] The blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons.[13] Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities.

    The four municipalities in the Halifax urban area had been coordinating service delivery through the Metropolitan Authority since the late 1970s, but remained independent towns and cities until 1 April 1996, when the provincial government amalgamated all municipal governments within Halifax County to create the Halifax Regional Municipality. The municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves.[14]

    Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), although "Halifax" has remained in common usage for brevity. On April 15, 2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as "Halifax," although "Halifax Regional Municipality" would remain the region's official name. The proposed rebranding was met with mixed reaction from residents, some of whom felt that the change would alienate other communities in the municipality through a perception that the marketing scheme would focus on Metropolitan Halifax only, while others expressed relief that the longer formal name would no longer be primary. Mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating: "I'm a Westphal guy, I'm a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we're all part of Halifax. Why does that matter? Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, there isn't a person out there who really cares what HRM means."[15][16][17]

    Geography

    Topography

    Halifax has two distinct areas; its rural area and its urban area. Since 1 April 1996, the entirety of the County of Halifax and all of its places (cities, suburbs, towns, and villages) were turned into communities of a larger single-tier municipality called Halifax Regional Municipality. As of 2021, the total surface area of the municipality is 5,475.57 km2 (2,114.13 sq mi),[2] but its urban area (population centre) is only 238.29 km2 (92.00 sq mi).[3]

    The Halifax Regional Municipality occupies an area comparable in size to the total land area of the province of Prince Edward Island, and measures approximately 165 km (103 mi) in length between its eastern and westernmost extremities, excluding Sable Island. The nearest point of land to Sable Island is not in HRM, but rather in adjacent Guysborough County. However, Sable Island is considered part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Council.

    The coastline is heavily indented, accounting for its length of approximately 400 km (250 mi), with the northern boundary of the municipality usually being between 50–60 km (31–37 mi) inland. The coast is mostly rock with small isolated sand beaches in sheltered bays. The largest coastal features include St. Margarets Bay, Halifax Harbour/Bedford Basin, Cole Harbour, Musquodoboit Harbour, Jeddore Harbour, Ship Harbour, Sheet Harbour, and Ecum Secum Harbour. The municipality's topography spans from lush farmland in the Musquodoboit Valley to rocky and heavily forested rolling hills. It includes a number of islands and peninsulas, among them McNabs Island, Beaver Island, Melville Island, Deadman's Island and Sable Island.

    Climate

    Halifax has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb), with warm summers and relatively mild winters, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. The weather is usually milder in the winter or cooler in the summer than areas at similar latitudes inland, with the temperature remaining (with occasional notable exceptions) between about −8 and 24 °C (18 and 75 °F).[18] January is the coldest month, being the only month with a high that is slightly below freezing at −0.1 °C (31.8 °F), while August is the warmest. The sea heavily influences the climate of the area, causing significant seasonal lag in summer, with August being significantly warmer than June and with September being the third mildest month in terms of mean temperature.[19] The January mean is only 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) colder than the isotherm for the oceanic climate.

    Precipitation is high year-round. Winter features a mix of rain, freezing rain and snow with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Snowfall is heavy in winter, but snow cover is usually patchy owing to the frequent freeze-thaw cycles, which melt accumulated snow. Some winters feature colder temperatures and fewer freeze-thaw cycles; the most recent of which being the winter of 2014–2015, which was the coldest, snowiest and stormiest in about a century. Spring is often wet and cool and arrives much later than in areas of Canada at similar latitudes, due to cooler sea temperatures. Summers are mild and pleasant, with hot and humid conditions very infrequent. Warm, pleasant conditions often extend well into September, sometimes into mid-October. Average monthly precipitation is highest from November to February due to intense late-fall to winter storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S., and lowest in summer, with August being the year's warmest and driest month on average. Halifax can sometimes receive hurricanes, mostly between August and October. An example is when Hurricane Juan, a category 2 storm, hit in September 2003 and caused considerable damage to the region. Hurricane Earl grazed the coast as a category 1 storm in 2010. In 2019, Hurricane Dorian made landfall just south of Halifax as a post-tropical storm with an intensity equivalent to a category 2 hurricane and caused significant damage across Nova Scotia.[20] Atlantic sea surface temperatures have risen in recent years, making Halifax and the coast of Nova Scotia somewhat more susceptible to hurricanes than the area had been in the past.

    The highest temperature ever recorded in Halifax was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on July 10, 1912,[21] and the lowest temperature recorded was −29.4 °C (−20.9 °F) on February 18, 1922.[22] The March 2012 North American heat wave brought unusually high temperatures to the municipality of Halifax. On March 22, the mercury climbed to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) at the Halifax Windsor Park weather station,[23] and 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) at Halifax Stanfield International Airport.[24] In spite of the possibility of high temperatures, in a normal year there is only one day that goes above 30 °C (86 °F).[25] Halifax also has a modest frost count by Canadian standards due to the maritime influence, averaging 131 air frosts and 49 full days below freezing annually.[25] On average the frost-free period is 182 days, ranging from May 1 to October 31.[25]

    Climate data for Halifax (Citadel Hill)
    Climate ID: 8202220; coordinates 44°39′N 63°35′W; elevation: 70.1 m (230 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1863–present[lower-alpha 1]
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 14.0
    (57.2)    		 16.0
    (60.8)    		 28.2
    (82.8)    		 28.3
    (82.9)    		 33.3
    (91.9)    		 34.4
    (93.9)    		 37.2
    (99.0)    		 34.4
    (93.9)    		 34.6
    (94.3)    		 31.1
    (88.0)    		 23.3
    (73.9)    		 16.7
    (62.1)    		 37.2
    (99.0)
    Average high °C (°F) −0.1
    (31.8)    		 0.4
    (32.7)    		 3.6
    (38.5)    		 8.7
    (47.7)    		 14.4
    (57.9)    		 19.6
    (67.3)    		 23.1
    (73.6)    		 23.1
    (73.6)    		 19.3
    (66.7)    		 13.4
    (56.1)    		 8.1
    (46.6)    		 2.8
    (37.0)    		 11.4
    (52.5)
    Daily mean °C (°F) −4.1
    (24.6)    		 −3.6
    (25.5)    		 −0.2
    (31.6)    		 4.9
    (40.8)    		 10.1
    (50.2)    		 15.2
    (59.4)    		 18.8
    (65.8)    		 19.1
    (66.4)    		 15.5
    (59.9)    		 9.9
    (49.8)    		 4.8
    (40.6)    		 −0.8
    (30.6)    		 7.5
    (45.5)
    Average low °C (°F) −8.2
    (17.2)    		 −7.5
    (18.5)    		 −3.9
    (25.0)    		 1.0
    (33.8)    		 5.8
    (42.4)    		 10.7
    (51.3)    		 14.4
    (57.9)    		 15.1
    (59.2)    		 11.8
    (53.2)    		 6.4
    (43.5)    		 1.5
    (34.7)    		 −4.3
    (24.3)    		 3.6
    (38.5)
    Record low °C (°F) −27.2
    (−17.0)    		 −29.4
    (−20.9)    		 −23.3
    (−9.9)    		 −13.9
    (7.0)    		 −5.0
    (23.0)    		 0.0
    (32.0)    		 4.4
    (39.9)    		 3.9
    (39.0)    		 −1.7
    (28.9)    		 −7.2
    (19.0)    		 −15.6
    (3.9)    		 −25.6
    (−14.1)    		 −29.4
    (−20.9)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 139.7
    (5.50)    		 110.1
    (4.33)    		 132.5
    (5.22)    		 118.3
    (4.66)    		 119.1
    (4.69)    		 111.8
    (4.40)    		 110.3
    (4.34)    		 96.4
    (3.80)    		 108.9
    (4.29)    		 124.3
    (4.89)    		 151.4
    (5.96)    		 145.1
    (5.71)    		 1,468.1
    (57.80)
    Average rainfall mm (inches) 96.7
    (3.81)    		 75.1
    (2.96)    		 101.3
    (3.99)    		 111.3
    (4.38)    		 118.4
    (4.66)    		 111.8
    (4.40)    		 110.3
    (4.34)    		 96.4
    (3.80)    		 108.9
    (4.29)    		 124.1
    (4.89)    		 143.6
    (5.65)    		 115.9
    (4.56)    		 1,313.9
    (51.73)
    Average snowfall cm (inches) 43.1
    (17.0)    		 35.0
    (13.8)    		 31.2
    (12.3)    		 7.0
    (2.8)    		 0.8
    (0.3)    		 0.0
    (0.0)    		 0.0
    (0.0)    		 0.0
    (0.0)    		 0.0
    (0.0)    		 0.1
    (0.0)    		 7.8
    (3.1)    		 29.2
    (11.5)    		 154.2
    (60.7)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 13.8 11.6 13.1 15.2 15.8 13.6 12.1 11.1 11.7 14.1 15.3 14.5 161.8
    Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 8.5 6.5 10.2 14.1 15.7 13.6 12.1 11.1 11.7 14.1 14.5 10.8 142.7
    Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 6.8 6.1 4.1 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 5.2 25.3
    Mean monthly sunshine hours 109.5 127.2 142.8 156.6 193.3 220.7 235.2 226.6 180.5 157.8 107.4 105.2 1,962.5
    Percent possible sunshine 38.2 43.3 38.7 38.8 42.1 47.5 49.9 52.1 47.9 46.2 37.2 38.2 43.3
    Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 6 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
    Source 1: Environment and Climate Change Canada (Sunshine data recorded at CFB Shearwater)[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
    Source 2: Nova Scotian Institute of Science[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and Weather Atlas[41]
    Climate data for Halifax (Halifax Stanfield International Airport)
    WMO ID: 71395; coordinates 44°52′48″N 63°30′00″W; elevation: 145.4 m (477 ft); 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1953−present
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high humidex 18.4 18.3 27.7 32.1 36.0 40.2 42.4 41.9 42.1 31.9 25.4 20.4 42.4
    Record high °C (°F) 14.8
    (58.6)    		 17.5
    (63.5)    		 27.2
    (81.0)    		 29.5
    (85.1)    		 32.8
    (91.0)    		 33.4
    (92.1)    		 33.9
    (93.0)    		 35.0
    (95.0)    		 34.2
    (93.6)    		 25.8
    (78.4)    		 19.4
    (66.9)    		 16.3
    (61.3)    		 35.0
    (95.0)
    Average high °C (°F) −1.3
    (29.7)    		 −0.6
    (30.9)    		 3.1
    (37.6)    		 9.1
    (48.4)    		 15.3
    (59.5)    		 20.4
    (68.7)    		 23.8
    (74.8)    		 23.6
    (74.5)    		 19.4
    (66.9)    		 13.1
    (55.6)    		 7.3
    (45.1)    		 1.7
    (35.1)    		 11.3
    (52.3)
    Daily mean °C (°F) −5.9
    (21.4)    		 −5.2
    (22.6)    		 −1.3
    (29.7)    		 4.4
    (39.9)    		 10.0
    (50.0)    		 15.1
    (59.2)    		 18.8
    (65.8)    		 18.7
    (65.7)    		 14.6
    (58.3)    		 8.7
    (47.7)    		 3.5
    (38.3)    		 −2.4
    (27.7)    		 6.6
    (43.9)
    Average low °C (°F) −10.4
    (13.3)    		 −9.7
    (14.5)    		 −5.7
    (21.7)    		 −0.3
    (31.5)    		 4.6
    (40.3)    		 9.7
    (49.5)    		 13.7
    (56.7)    		 13.7
    (56.7)    		 9.7
    (49.5)    		 4.2
    (39.6)    		 −0.4
    (31.3)    		 −6.4
    (20.5)    		 1.9
    (35.4)
    Record low °C (°F) −28.5
    (−19.3)    		 −27.3
    (−17.1)    		 −22.4
    (−8.3)    		 −12.8
    (9.0)    		 −4.4
    (24.1)    		 0.6
    (33.1)    		 6.1
    (43.0)    		 4.4
    (39.9)    		 −0.8
    (30.6)    		 −6.7
    (19.9)    		 −13.1
    (8.4)    		 −23.3
    (−9.9)    		 −28.5
    (−19.3)
    Record low wind chill −40.4 −41.1 −33.9 −24.4 −10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 −3.0 −10.1 −23.9 −35.6 −41.1
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 134.3
    (5.29)    		 105.8
    (4.17)    		 120.1
    (4.73)    		 114.5
    (4.51)    		 111.9
    (4.41)    		 96.2
    (3.79)    		 95.5
    (3.76)    		 93.5
    (3.68)    		 102.0
    (4.02)    		 124.9
    (4.92)    		 154.2
    (6.07)    		 143.3
    (5.64)    		 1,396.2
    (54.97)
    Average rainfall mm (inches) 83.5
    (3.29)    		 65.0
    (2.56)    		 86.9
    (3.42)    		 98.2
    (3.87)    		 109.8
    (4.32)    		 96.2
    (3.79)    		 95.5
    (3.76)    		 93.5
    (3.68)    		 102.0
    (4.02)    		 124.6
    (4.91)    		 139.1
    (5.48)    		 101.8
    (4.01)    		 1,196.1
    (47.09)
    Average snowfall cm (inches) 58
    (23)    		 45
    (18)    		 37
    (15)    		 16
    (6.3)    		 2
    (0.8)    		 0
    (0)    		 0
    (0)    		 0
    (0)    		 0
    (0)    		 0
    (0)    		 17
    (6.7)    		 45
    (18)    		 221
    (87)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 18.7 15.2 15.1 14.8 13.7 12.9 11.3 11.0 10.2 12.1 15.1 17.4 167.4
    Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 8.0 6.1 8.6 12.1 13.5 12.9 11.3 11.0 10.2 12.1 12.8 9.8 128.4
    Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 14.6 12.0 9.6 5.2 0.61 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 3.9 11.7 57.7
    Average relative humidity (%) 73.0 67.4 64.5 62.9 61.9 62.6 63.0 62.9 64.4 66.9 73.2 75.5 66.5
    Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[42]

    Public spaces
    Halifax Public Gardens is a Victorian era public garden that was designated as a National Historic Sites of Canada in 1984.

    The Halifax area has a variety of public spaces, ranging from urban gardens, public squares, expansive forested parks, and historic sites. The original grid plan devised when Halifax was founded in 1749 included a central military parade square, the Grand Parade. The square hosts the City Hall at one end, and is a popular site for concerts, political demonstrations, as well as the annual Remembrance Day ceremony at the central cenotaph. Another popular downtown public space is the timber Halifax Boardwalk, which stretches approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) and is integrated with several squares and monuments.

    The Halifax Common, granted for the use of citizens in 1763, is Canada's oldest public park.[43] Centrally located on the Halifax peninsula, the wide fields are a popular location for sports. The slopes of Citadel Hill, overlooking downtown, are favoured by sunbathers and kite-flyers. The Halifax Public Gardens, a short walk away, are Victorian era public gardens formally established in 1867 and designated a National Historic Site in 1984. Victoria Park, across the street, contains various monuments and statues erected by the North British Society, as well as a fountain. In contrast to the urban parks, the expansive Point Pleasant Park at the southern tip of the peninsula is heavily forested and contains the remains of numerous British fortifications.

    An elm tree in Halifax Public Gardens.

    Located on the opposite side of the harbour, the Dartmouth Commons is a large park next to Downtown Dartmouth laid out in the 1700s. It is home to the Leighton Dillman gardens and various sports grounds. Nearby, the Dartmouth waterfront trail stretches from Downtown Dartmouth to Woodside. Among residents of central Dartmouth, the area around Sullivan's Pond and Lake Banook is popular for strolling and paddling. The forested Shubie Park, through which the historic Shubenacadie Canal runs, is a major park in suburban Dartmouth.

    Mainland Halifax is home to several significant parks, including Sir Sandford Fleming Park, gifted to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. It houses the Dingle Tower, dedicated in 1912 by the Duke of Connaught to commemorate 150 years of representative government in Nova Scotia. The Mainland Common, in Clayton Park, is a modern park home to various sports and community facilities. Long Lake Provincial Park, comprising more than 2,000 hectares, was designated in 1984 and affords Halifax residents access to a scenic wilderness in close proximity to the urban communities.[44]

    Municipal landscape and communities
    A map of Halifax's Community Planning Areas.

    Halifax is geographically large, and there are over 200 official rural communities-and-urban communities-and-neighbourhoods within the municipality. The former town of Bedford, and the former-cities of Dartmouth-and-Halifax have maintained their original geographic names. Furthermore, communities that were suburban, or even rural before-1996, now have become more urban and have attained community status (e.g. Cole Harbour, Lower Sackville, Spryfield, et cetera).[45] These community names are used on survey and mapping documents, for 9-1-1 service, municipal planning, and postal service.

    Communities and neighbourhoods

    Prior to the amalgamation of Halifax in 1996, and since its restructure as a Municipality, the growth of Halifax has not only been sustained, but has gradually increased. Many of the present-day-communities within the conurbation have morphed from being primarily rural in the recent-past, to now primarily urban. With the demographic change-and-growth of many communities within urban Halifax, their function-and-role within the conurbation has changed. With this continuous growth, many of the current communities have developed de facto business districts where residents of their respective communities (and their respective environs) can access needs-and-products that previously would be attained by travelling elsewhere (e.g. to Downtown Dartmouth or to Downtown Halifax).

    Community planning areas

    Currently, the municipality is divided into 21 community planning areas which are further divided into neighbourhoods.[46] The regional municipality has taken steps to reduce duplicate street names for its 9-1-1 emergency dispatch services; at the time of amalgamation, some street names were duplicated several times throughout the municipality.[47]

    Current planning areas:

    • Beaver Bank, Hammonds Plains, and Upper Sackville
    • Bedford
    • Cole Harbour/Westphal
    • Dartmouth
    • Eastern Passage/Cow Bay
    • Eastern Shore (East)
    • Eastern Shore (West)
    • Downtown Halifax
    • Halifax
    • Lawrencetown
    • Musquodoboit Valley/Dutch Settlement
    • North Preston, Lake Major, Lake Loon, Cherry Brook, and East Preston
    • Planning Districts 1 & 3 (St. Margaret's Bay)
    • Planning District 4 (Prospect)
    • Planning District 5 (Chebucto Peninsula)
    • Planning Districts 8 & 9 (Lake Echo/Porters Lake)
    • Planning Districts 14 & 17 (Shubenacadie Lakes)
    • Regional Centre Plan Area
    • Sackville
    • Sackville Drive
    • Timberlea/Lakeside/Beechville

    Rural area
    Urban, suburban, and rural divisions as defined by HRM planning department.[48] The majority of Halifax is made up of rural areas.

    Halifax is centred on the urban core and surrounded by areas of decreasing population density. Rural areas lie to the east, west and north of the urban core. The Atlantic Ocean lies to the south. Certain rural communities on the urban fringe function as suburban or exurban areas, with the majority of those residents commuting to and working in the urban core.

    Farther away, rural communities in the municipality function like any resource-based area in Nova Scotia, being sparsely populated and their local economies based on four major resource industries: agriculture, in the Musquodoboit Valley, fishing, along the coast, mining, in the Musquodoboit Valley[49] and in Moose River Gold Mines[50] and forestry, in most areas outside the urban core. Also, the tourism industry is beginning to change how some rural communities in Halifax function, particularly in communities such as Hubbards, Peggys Cove, with its notable lighthouse[51] and Lawrencetown, with Lawrencetown Beach.[52] There are two other large beaches along the coast, Martinique Beach, near Musquodoboit Harbour[53] and Taylor Head Beach, located in Spry Bay, within the boundaries of Taylor Head Provincial Park.[54]

    The northeastern area of the municipality, centred on Sheet Harbour and the Musquodoboit Valley, is completely rural, with the area sharing more in common with the adjacent rural areas of neighbouring Guysborough, Pictou and Colchester counties. Most economic activity in the Musquodoboit Valley is based on agriculture, as it is the largest farming district in the municipality.[55] Most coastal communities are based on the fishing industry. Forestry is active in this area as well. It is also prevalent in the Musquodoboit Valley, but it takes a backseat to the more prominent agricultural industry.[55]

    Urban area
    View of Purdy's Wharf, an office complex in Downtown Halifax.
    Historical urban area population
    YearPop.±%
    2001276,221—    
    2006282,924+2.4%
    2011304,979+7.8%
    2016317,334+4.1%
    2021348,634+9.9%
    1996 figures onwards are for Halifax Regional Municipality.
    Source: [56][57][58][59]

    Urban (Greater or Metropolitan) Halifax is the population centre (urban area) that surrounds Halifax Harbour. The main centres are Bedford, Dartmouth, and Halifax (and their respective environs). The urban area of Halifax covers 238.29 km2 (92.00 sq mi) of landmass, and is home to 348,634 people. The population density was approximately 1,463 people per km2.[60]

    This urban area is the most populous on Canada's Atlantic coast, and the second-largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. As of 2021, Halifax's population centre accounts for over 79 per cent of the municipal population, and over 35 per cent of Nova Scotia's population. It benefits from a process of increased rural depopulation and corresponding urban growth in Atlantic Canada during the late 20th century--a demographic shift that was delayed several decades in the region compared with other parts of North America.

    Regional Centre

    The Halifax Regional Centre includes the Halifax Peninsula, and Dartmouth inside the Circumferential Highway. The new inner-urban-area covers 3,300 hectares (33 km2),[61] and houses 96,619 people in 55,332 dwelling units as of the 2016 Census.[62] The Regional Centre has many public services within its boundaries, and it hosts large entertainment venues (Scotiabank Centre), and major hospitals (Dartmouth General Hospital, the QEII Health Sciences Centre, and IWK Health Centre).

    Culture
    Halifax is home to the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, the largest art gallery in Atlantic Canada.

    Halifax is a major cultural centre within the Atlantic provinces. The municipality has maintained many of its maritime and military traditions, while opening itself to a growing multicultural population. The municipality's urban core also benefits from a large population of post-secondary students who strongly influence the local cultural scene. Halifax has a number of art galleries, theatres and museums, as well as most of the region's national-quality sports and entertainment facilities. Halifax is also the home to many of the region's major cultural attractions, such as Halifax Pop Explosion, Symphony Nova Scotia, the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, The Khyber, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic and the Neptune Theatre. The region is noted for the strength of its music scene and nightlife, especially within the urban communities. See List of musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia for a partial list.

    The Historic Properties are a collection of historical buildings on Halifax's boardwalk.

    Halifax hosts a wide variety of festivals that take place throughout the year, including; the largest Canada Day celebration east of Ottawa, the Atlantic Film Festival, the Halifax International Busker Festival, Greekfest, Atlantic Jazz Festival, the Multicultural Festival, Natal Day, Nocturne Festival, the Halifax Pop Explosion, periodic Tall Ship events, the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, and Shakespeare by the Sea--to name a few. Halifax Pride is the largest LGBT event in Atlantic Canada and one of the largest in the country. Many of Halifax's festivals and annual events have become world-renowned over the past several years.

    Halifax is home to many performance venues, namely the Music Room, the Neptune Theatre, and Rebecca Cohn Auditorium. The Neptune Theatre, a 43-year-old establishment located on Argyle Street, is Halifax's largest theatre. It performs an assortment of professionally produced plays year-round. The Shakespeare by the Sea theatre company performs at nearby Point Pleasant Park. Eastern Front Theatre performs at Alderney Landing in Downtown Dartmouth which can easily be accessed via the Halifax Transit ferry service. There are smaller performance venues at the Halifax Central Library, Citadel High School (Spatz Theatre), and Halifax West High School (Bella Rose Arts Centre).

    Halifax has also become a significant film production centre, with many American and Canadian filmmakers using the streetscapes, often to stand in for other cities that are more expensive to work in. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has its Atlantic Canada production centres (radio and television) based in Halifax, and quite a number of radio and television programs are made in the region for national broadcast. In 2020, filming began on the series Pub Crawl, which explores the historically significant bars of Halifax.[63]

    The new Halifax Central Library on Spring Garden Road has received accolades for its architecture and has been described as a new cultural locus, offering many community facilities including a 300-seat auditorium.

    Architecture
    The Halifax Town Clock overlooks most of downtown Halifax.

    Halifax's urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. Downtown office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock.

    The architecture of Halifax's South End is renowned for its grand Victorian houses while the West End and North End, Halifax have many blocks of well-preserved wooden residential houses with notable features such as the "Halifax Porch". Dalhousie University's campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Surrounding areas of the municipality, including Dartmouth and Bedford, also possess their share of historic neighbourhoods and properties.

    The urban core is home to several blocks of typical North American high-rise office buildings; however, segments of the downtown are governed by height restrictions, known as "view planes legislation", which prevent buildings from obstructing certain sight lines between Citadel Hill and the Halifax Harbour. This has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations.

    Tourism
    The community of Peggy's Cove is a major tourist attraction.

    Halifax's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture, scenery and coastline. There are several museums and art galleries in downtown Halifax. The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, an immigrant entry point prominent throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, was opened to the public as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1999 and is the only national museum in the Atlantic provinces. The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic is a maritime museum containing extensive galleries including a large exhibit on the famous Titanic, over 70 small craft and a 200-foot (61 m) steamship CSS Acadia. In summertime the preserved World War II corvette HMCS Sackville operates as a museum ship and Canada's naval memorial. The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is housed in a 150-year-old building containing nearly 19,000 works of art.[64] The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia in Dartmouth reflects the region's rich ethnic heritage.

    The Halifax Boardwalk is a public footpath along Halifax Harbour.

    Halifax has numerous National Historic Sites, most notably Citadel Hill (Fort George). Just outside the urban area, the iconic Peggys Cove is internationally recognized and receives more than 600,000 visitors a year.[65]

    The waterfront in Downtown Halifax is the site of the Halifax Harbourwalk, a 3-kilometre (2 mi) boardwalk popular among tourists and locals alike. Many mid-sized ships dock here at one of the many wharfs. The harbourwalk is home to a Halifax Transit ferry terminal, hundreds of stores, Historic Properties, several office buildings, the Casino Nova Scotia, and several public squares where buskers perform, most prominently at the annual Halifax International Busker Festival every August.

    Downtown Halifax, home to many small shops and vendors, is a major shopping area. It is also home to several shopping centres, including Scotia Square, Barrington Place Shops, and Maritime Mall. Numerous malls on Spring Garden Road, including the Park Lane Mall, are also located nearby. The area is home to approximately 200 restaurants and bars, offering a wide array of world cuisines.[66] There are also more than 60 sidewalk cafes that open in the summer months. The nightlife is made up of bars and small music venues as well as Casino Nova Scotia, a large facility built partially over the water.

    Cruise ships visit the province frequently. In 2015, the Port of Halifax welcomed 141 vessel calls with 222,309 passengers.[67]

    Sports
    The Scotiabank Centre is the largest multi-purpose sporting arena in Atlantic Canada.

    Halifax has various recreational areas, including ocean and lake beaches and rural and urban parks. It has a host of organized community intramural sports at various facilities. Public schools and post-secondary institutions offer varsity and intramural sports.

    The Scotiabank Centre is the largest arena in Atlantic Canada. It plays host to most of the major sporting events and concerts that visit Halifax and is home to several semi-professional sport franchises, including the Halifax Hurricanes of the NBL Canada, the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and Canadian Hockey League, and the Halifax Thunderbirds of the National Lacrosse League. The Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo is held here every year. The facility is connected to the Downtown Halifax Link, and directly to the World Trade and Convention Centre.

    The region has hosted several major sporting events, including the 2003 World Junior Hockey Championship, 2003 Nokia Brier, the 2004 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships, the 2005 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, and 2007 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship. From 1984 to 2007, the region was home to the CIS Men's Basketball Championship; the tournament was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, from 2008 to 2010 and returned to Halifax in 2011 and 2012. The 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships was held between May 2 and 18, 2008, in Halifax and Quebec City.

    Halifax was selected in 2006 as the host municipality in Canada's bid for the 2014 Commonwealth Games but withdrew on March 8, 2007, well before the November 9, 2007 selection date, citing financial uncertainties. In February 2011, the municipality hosted the 2011 Canada Winter Games.

    On May 26, 2013, the Halifax Mooseheads capped a 74-win season (going 74-7-3-1[68]) by defeating the Portland Winterhawks 6–4 in the MasterCard Memorial Cup Final, earning their first Memorial Cup in the process.[69]

    Halifax is also home to several rugby clubs; the Dartmouth PigDogs, the Eastern Shore Rugby Football Club, the Halifax Rugby Football Club, the Halifax Tars, and the Riverlake Ramblers. The Halifax Gaels are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team that compete in Canadian GAA events.

    The municipality is also home to HFX Wanderers FC, a professional soccer club that competes in the Canadian Premier League.

    Media
    Headquarters of The Chronicle Herald, a daily newspaper published in Halifax

    Halifax is the Atlantic region's central point for radio broadcast and press media. CBC Television, CTV Television Network (CTV), and Global Television Network and other broadcasters all have important regional television concentrators in the municipality. CBC Radio has a major regional studio and there are also regional hubs for Rogers Radio and various private broadcast franchises, as well as a regional bureau for The Canadian Press/Broadcast News.

    Halifax's print media is centred on its single daily newspaper, the broadsheet Chronicle Herald as well as two free newspapers, the daily commuter-oriented edition of Metro International and the free alternative arts weekly The Coast. Frank provides the municipality with a bi-weekly satirical and gossip magazine.

    Halifax has several online daily newspapers. allNovaScotia is a daily, subscriber-only outlet which focuses on business and political news from across the province.[70] HalifaxToday is a free news website, owned by Village Media, which originated from the now-defunct Local Xpress outlet created by the journalists of the Chronicle Herald during a 2016–2017 strike. The Halifax Examiner was founded by the former news editor of The Coast in 2014 and, like allNovaScotia, is supported through subscriptions.

    From 1974 to 2008, Halifax had a second daily newspaper, the tabloid The Daily News, which still publishes several neighbourhood weekly papers such as The Bedford-Sackville Weekly News, The Halifax West-Clayton Park Weekly News and the Dartmouth-Cole Harbour Weekly News. These weekly papers compete with The Chronicle-Herald's weekly Community Heralds HRM West, HRM East, and HRM North.

    Demographics

    Between 2016-and-2021, the urban area (population centre) and municipal areas experienced strong growth. Over that time-frame; the municipality added 36,688 people (an increase of over 9.1%), and the urban area (population centre) added 31,300 people (an increase of over 9.8%).

    In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Halifax Regional Municipality had a population of 439,819 living in 190,512 of its 200,473 total private dwellings, a change of 9.1% from its 2016 population of 403,131. With a land area of 5,475.57 km2 (2,114.13 sq mi), it had a population density of 80.3/km2 (208.0/sq mi) in 2021.[2]

    At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Halifax CMA had a population of 465,703 living in 201,138 of its 211,789 total private dwellings, a change of 9.1% from its 2016 population of 426,932. With a land area of 7,276.22 km2 (2,809.36 sq mi), it had a population density of 64.0/km2 (165.8/sq mi) in 2021.[71]

    As of 2021, the population centre (urban area) of Halifax housed 348,634 people living in 154,883 of its 162,336 total private dwellings.[3] The human population density of Halifax's population centre was approximately 1,463 per square kilometre (3,790/sq mi).[3]

    Historical populations
    YearPop.±%
    185139,914—    
    186149,021+22.8%
    187156,963+16.2%
    188167,917+19.2%
    189171,358+5.1%
    190174,662+4.6%
    191180,257+7.5%
    192197,228+21.1%
    1931100,204+3.1%
    1941122,656+22.4%
    1951162,217+32.3%
    1961225,723+39.1%
    1971261,461+15.8%
    1981288,126+10.2%
    1991332,518+15.4%
    1996342,966+3.1%
    2001359,183+4.7%
    2006372,858+3.8%
    2011390,096+4.6%
    2016403,131+3.3%
    2021439,819+9.1%
    1996 figures onwards are for Halifax Regional Municipality. Prior figures are for Halifax County.
    Source: Statistics Canada

    Mother tongue language (2016)[72]

    Language Population Pct (%)
    English 353,165 89.6%
    French 10,140 2.6%
    Arabic 6,430 1.6%
    Mandarin 3,950 1.0%
    Tagalog (Filipino) 1,420 0.4%
    Spanish 1,375 0.3%
    German 1,205 0.3%
    Russian 1,150 0.3%
    Persian (Farsi) 1,145 0.3%

    Ethnic origins
    Canada 2021 CensusPopulation % of Total population
    Visible minority group
    Source:[73]    		 Black20,5654.7%
    Arab7,3351.8%
    Chinese6,9751.8%
    South Asian6,5551.6%
    Filipino2,5750.6%
    West Asian1,3900.3%
    Korean1,2250.3%
    Latin American1,2100.3%
    Southeast Asian8600.2%
    Japanese4900.1%
    Other visible minority4900.1%
    Mixed visible minority1,0950.3%
    Total visible minority population45,28511.4%
    Indigenous group
    Source:[74]    		First Nations7,8802%
    Métis6,9051.7%
    Inuit4050.1%
    Total Indigenous population15,7354%
    European336,37584.6%
    Total population403,131100%

    Religion
    St. Paul's Church is the oldest church in Halifax. In the 2016 census, more than 71 percent of residents in Halifax claimed an affiliation with a Christian denomination.

    Halifax is a religiously diverse municipality with such landmark religious institutions as St.Mary's Basilica, the New Horizons Baptist Church, St. George's (Round) Church, United Rockingham Church, St. Andrew's United Church, the Ummah Mosque and Community Centre, the Centre for Islamic Development, the Vedanta Ashram Hindu Temple, the Atlantic Theravada Buddhist Temple, The Maritime Sikh Society, the Beth Israel Synagogue, the Shaar Shalom Synagogue, and the Universalist Unitarian Church.[75] Halifax also houses the Atlantic School of Theology for religious studies.

    Breakdown:[76]

    Economy

    The urban area of Halifax is a major economic centre in eastern Canada with a large concentration of government services and private sector companies. Halifax serves as the business, banking, government and cultural centre for the Maritime region. The largest employment sectors within the municipality include trade (36,400 jobs), health care and social assistance (31,800 jobs), professional services (19,000 jobs), education (17,400 jobs), and public administration (15,800 jobs).[77] The Halifax economy is growing, with the Conference Board of Canada predicting strong 3.0% GDP growth for 2015.[77]

    The Halifax Shipyard of Irving Shipbuilding. Irving is a major employer in Halifax.

    Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence, the Port of Halifax, Irving Shipbuilding, the Nova Scotia Health Authority, IMP Group, Bell Aliant, Emera, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, government, banks, and universities.[78] The municipality has a growing concentration of manufacturing industries and is becoming a major multi-modal transportation hub through growth at the port, the Halifax Stanfield International Airport, and improving rail and highway connections. Halifax is one of Canada's top four container ports in terms of the volume of cargo handled.[79] A real estate boom in recent years has led to numerous new property developments, including the gentrification of some former working-class areas.[77]

    Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource industries found in the rural areas of the municipality. Halifax's largest agricultural district is in the Musquodoboit Valley; the total number of farms in Halifax is 150, of which 110 are family-owned. Fishing harbours are located along all coastal areas with some having an independent harbour authority, such as the Sheet Harbour Industrial Port,[80] and others being managed as small craft harbours under the federal Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

    Other resource industries in Halifax include the natural gas fields off the coast of Sable Island, as well as clay, gold, gypsum, limestone, and shale extraction in rural areas of the mainland portion of the municipality. Limestone is extracted in the Musquodoboit Valley and gold is extracted in Moose River.

    Government
    Halifax City Council is the seat of municipal government.

    The Halifax Regional Municipality is governed by a mayor (elected at large) and a sixteen-person council. Councillors are elected by geographic district, with municipal elections occurring every four years. The current mayor of Halifax is Mike Savage. The Halifax Regional Council is responsible for all facets of municipal government, including the Halifax Regional Police, Halifax Public Libraries, Halifax Fire and Emergency, Halifax Regional Water Commission, parks and recreation, civic addressing, public works, waste management, and planning and development.[81] The provincial legislation that provides governance oversight to the municipality is the Halifax Regional Municipality Charter.[81] The municipality has a proposed operating budget of $869 million for 2015–2016.[82]

    The municipality also has three community councils that consider local matters. Each community council comprises five or six regional councillors representing neighbouring districts.[83] Most community council decisions are subject to final approval by regional council.[81]

    As the capital of Nova Scotia, Halifax is also the meeting place of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, the oldest assembly in Canada and the site of the first responsible government in British North America.[84] The legislature meets in Province House, a nearly 200-year-old National Historic Site in downtown Halifax hailed as one of the finest examples of Palladian architecture in North America.[85]

    Education
    Halifax is home to Dalhousie University. Established in 1818, it is among the oldest English-language post-secondary institutions in Canada.

    Halifax has a well-developed network of public and private schools, providing instruction from grade primary to grade twelve; 136 public schools are administered by the Halifax Regional School Board, while six public schools are administered by the Conseil scolaire acadien provincial.[86] The municipality's fourteen private schools are operated independently.

    The municipality is also home to the following post-secondary educational institutions: Dalhousie University, University of King's College, Mount Saint Vincent University, NSCAD University, Nova Scotia Community College, the Halifax campus of Université Sainte-Anne, Saint Mary's University, the Atlantic School of Theology, and several private institutions. The largest of these, Dalhousie University, is Atlantic Canada's premier research-intensive university ranking 7th in Maclean's and 228th in the world. This school is host to most of the province's professional schools while other institutions focus primarily though not exclusively on undergraduate education. The plethora of university and college students contributes to the vibrant youth culture in the region, as well as making it a major centre for university education in eastern Canada.

    Transportation

    Air

    Halifax Stanfield International Airport serves Halifax and most of the province, providing scheduled flights to domestic and international destinations. The airport served 4,083,188 passengers in 2017, making it Canada's eighth busiest airport by passenger traffic.[87] Shearwater, part of CFB Halifax, is the air base for maritime helicopters employed by the Royal Canadian Navy and is located on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour.

    Cycling

    In recent years, the municipality has also begun to place increased emphasis on developing bicycling infrastructure. Halifax has developed 100 km (62 mi) of bikeways, 89 km (55 mi) of which are dedicated bicycle lanes. [88]

    Road

    The urban core is linked by the Angus L. Macdonald and A. Murray MacKay suspension bridges, as well as the network of 100-series highways which function as expressways. The Armdale traffic circle is an infamous choke point for vehicle movement in the western part of the urban core, especially at rush hour.

    Public transit

    Public transit is provided by Halifax Transit, which operates standard bus routes, regional express bus routes, as well as the pedestrian-only Halifax-Dartmouth Ferry Service. Established in 1752, the municipality's ferry service is the oldest continuously running salt water ferry service in North America.[89]

    Rail
    The Port of Halifax is North America's first inbound and last outbound shipping gateway to Europe.

    The Halifax Port Authority's various shipping terminals constitute the eastern terminus of Canadian National Railway's transcontinental network. Via Rail Canada provides overnight passenger rail service from the Halifax Railway Station three days a week to Montreal with the Ocean, a train equipped with sleeper cars that stops in major centres along the way, such as Moncton. The Halifax Railway Station also serves as the terminus for Maritime Bus, which serves destinations across the Maritimes.

    Water

    Halifax Harbour is a major port used by numerous shipping lines, administered by the Halifax Port Authority. The Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Coast Guard have major installations along prominent sections of coastline in both Halifax and Dartmouth. The harbour is also home to a public ferry service connecting downtown Halifax to two locations in Dartmouth. Sheet Harbour is the other major port in the municipality and serves industrial users on the Eastern Shore.

    Sister cities
    • Hakodate, Japan (1982). The cities chose to twin because they both have star forts and are both maritime ports. Halifax has donated many fir trees to the annual Hakodate Christmas Fantasy festival.[90][91]
    • Campeche, Mexico (1999). Campeche was chosen because, like Halifax, it is "a capital of a state" and is "a city of similar size to Halifax on or near the coast having rich historical tradition".[92]
    • Norfolk, Virginia, United States (2006). Norfolk was chosen because, like Halifax, its economy "depends heavily on the presence of the Armed Forces, and both cities are very proud of their military history".[93]

    See also
    • Halifax (electoral district), a federal electoral district since Confederation
    • Halifax Regional Search and Rescue
    • Halifax West, a federal electoral district since 1979
    • List of municipalities in Nova Scotia

    Notes
      1. Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada and documentation from the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, weather data was collected in West End, Halifax from January 1863 to July 1933, at Citadel Hill from August 1933 to August 1939, at Downtown Halifax from September 1939 to July 1974, at Citadel Hill from August 1974 to January 2002 and at CFB Halifax (Windsor Park and Halifax Dockyard) from September 2004 to present.

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      Further reading
      • Laffoley, Steven (2007). Hunting Halifax: In Search of History, Mystery and Murder. Pottersfield Press. ISBN 978-1895900934.
      • Parker, Mike (2009). Fortress Halifax: Portrait of a Garrison Town. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 9781551094946.
      • Poole, Stephen (2012). Halifax: Discovering Its Heritage. Formac Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 9781459500525.
      • Soucoup, Dan (2014). A Short History of Halifax. Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 9781771081849.
      • Tattrie, Jon (2013). Cornwallis: The Violent Birth of Halifax. Pottersfield Press. ISBN 9781897426487.
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