560s

The 560s decade ran from January 1, 560, to December 31, 569.

Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

Events

560

By place
Europe
  • Alboin succeeds his father Audoin after his death, as king of the Lombards.
Britain
  • Adda succeeds his brother Glappa as king of Bernicia (approximate date).
  • Ælla becomes king of Deira (this according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).
  • Ceawlin succeeds his father Cynric as king of Wessex (approximate date).
  • Custennin ap Cado abdicates as king of Dumnonia (South West England).
  • Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, king Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn.

By topic
Religion
  • Columba quarrels with Finnian of Moville over authorship of a psalter, leading to a pitched battle the next year.

561


By place
Europe
Britain
  • The Battle of Cúl Drebene (modern Ireland) is fought between the Northern and Southern Uí Néill (approximate date).
Asia
  • Winter – Wu Cheng Di succeeds his brother Xiao Zhao Di, who dies from injuries suffered while hunting, as Chinese emperor of Northern Qi.
Americas
  • Sky Witness is crowned as leader of Calakmul.

By topic
Religion

562

By place
Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor Justinian I signs a peace treaty with the Persian Empire. The status quo ante is restored, with Lazica (modern Georgia) in Byzantine hands.
  • Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as praefectus urbi. He is found guilty and sent to prison.
  • End of the Lazic War: In the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, King Khosrau I recognises Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state for an annual payment of 5,000 pounds of gold each year.[1]
  • December 23 – Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt. Paul the Silentiary, Byzantine poet, writes an epic poem (Ekphrasis).
  • The last Ostrogothic strongholds at Verona and Brixia are taken by the Eastern Roman Empire, ending the Gothic War.
Europe
Asia
  • Spring – Xiao Ming Di, age 20, succeeds his father Xuan Di as emperor of the Chinese Liang Dynasty.
  • Silla, by order of king Jinheung, wages war upon Gaya (Three Kingdoms of Korea) and conquers it.
  • The secondary capital Taiyuan in Northern Qi is rebuilt and becomes a center of Buddhism.
Mesoamerica

563

By place
Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor Justinian I pardons Belisarius; he orders his release from prison, and restores his properties and honours. He permits the general to live in obscurity, and gives him a veterans' pension.
  • The new Hagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds of gold[3]), with its numerous chapels and shrines, octagonal dome and mosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument of Eastern Orthodoxy.
Europe
  • Tauredunum event:[4] A mountain landslide into the Rhone river destroys a fort and two villages, and creates a tsunami in Lake Geneva. The wave which reaches Lausanne is thirteen metres high, and eight metres high by the time it hits Geneva. Describing the event, Marius Aventicensis writes that the tsunami "devastated very old villages with their men and cattle, it even destroyed many sacred places", and swept away "the bridge in Geneva, windmills and men".[5]

By topic
Religion

564

By place
Britain
Mesoamerica

By topic
Religion

565

By place
Byzantine Empire
Britain
Europe
  • Summer – A war erupts between Alboin, the king of the Lombards, and King Cunimund, the leader of the Gepids. (approximate date).
Asia
  • Gao Wei succeeds his father Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty. Wu Cheng Di becomes a regent and Grand Emperor.
  • The Uyghurs are defeated by the Göktürks, who expand their territory in Central Asia (approximate date).
Central America
  • February 6 – K'an Joy Chitam I, ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque, in what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, dies after a reign of exactly 36 years.
  • May 2 – Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II becomes the new ruler of Palenque and reigns until his death in 570.

By topic
Arts and sciences
  • Agathias begins to write a history, beginning where Procopius finished his work.
Religion

566

By place
Byzantine Empire
  • A Byzantine army, under command of Baduarius, assists the Gepids in their war against the Lombards. The Byzantines win the first battle in the lower Danube (Moesia), but Gepid King Cunimund refuses to hand back the fortress city of Sirmium (modern Serbia), as he had promised.
  • Emperor Justin II, facing an empty treasury, breaks the treaty with the Gepids that has existed since 565. King Alboin of the Lombards makes an alliance with the Avars under Bayan I, at the expense of tough conditions. They demand a tenth of the Lombards' cattle and half of the war booty.
  • Justin II sends his cousin Justin to exile in Alexandria, where he is installed as Augustal prefect of Egypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (probably by assignment of Empress Sophia).[10]
Europe
  • Ainmuire mac Sétnai becomes High King of Ireland, and rules from 566–569 (this according to the Book of Leinster).
Francia
  • A poet from Italy named Venantius Fortunatus arrives at the Merovingian court at Metz. With a strong grasp of traditional Roman poetry, Fortunatus impresses and entertains the Frankish royalty and aristocracy. The success of a Latin poet in Francia suggests that Roman culture persisted well after the Roman Empire disintegrated in Gaul in the late 5th century.[11]
Asia
  • Fei Di, age 12, succeeds his father Wen Di, as emperor of the Chinese Chen Dynasty. He honors his grand-aunt Zhang Yao'er with the title of Grand Empress, and she becomes his regent.
  • Kirtivarman I succeeds his father Pulakeshin I as king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India). During his rule he completes the subjugation of the Kadambas and annexes the port of Goa.
Unidentified
  • A major volcanic eruption occurs in the Antarctic.[12]

567

By place
Europe
  • The Lombard–Gepid War (567) ends with a Lombard-Avar victory, and the annihilation of the Gepids.
  • Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, marries Brunhilda, and his half brother Chilperic I marries Galswintha, both daughters of the Visigothic king Athanagild.
  • King Charibert I dies without an heir; his realm (region Neustria and Aquitaine) is divided between his brothers Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I.[13]
  • Liuva I succeeds his predecessor Athanagild after an interregnum of five months and becomes king of the Visigoths.[14]
China
  • Three Disasters of Wu: Emperor Wu Di of the Northern Zhou dynasty initiates the second persecution of Buddhists in China. This persecution continues until he is succeeded by his son Emperor Xuan.

By topic
Religion

568

By place
Europe
  • Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.[15]
  • The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as Le Marche). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion en route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs.
  • Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, repels a second attack from the Avars. His half brother Chilperic I strangles his wife Galswintha at the instigation of his mistress Fredegund.
  • Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brother Liuva I. He becomes ruler over the Visigoths in Hispania Citerior (Eastern Spain).[16]
  • Mummolus, Gallo-Roman prefect, defeats the Lombards at Embrun and expels them from Provence (Southern Gaul).
  • The Avar Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks.
Britain
Asia

By topic
Religion
  • Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the Cross of Justin II ("Vatican Cross") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire.[17]
  • Paulinus I, patriarch of Aquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island of Grado.

569

By place
Byzantine Empire
Europe
  • September – The Lombards conquer Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) in northeastern Italy. Later in the year, the Lombards conquer Milan.
  • Gisulf I, nephew of Alboin, is appointed as the first duke of Friuli (approximate date).
Arabia
  • Al-Mundhir III succeeds his father Al-Harith V and becomes king of the Ghassanids.

By topic
Religion
  • The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries (according to John of Ephesus).
  • John of Ephesus completes his "Biographies of Eastern Saints" (approximate date).
  • November 19 – In Poitiers the "Vexilla Regis" is first sung during the Procession.

Significant people

Births

560

561

  • Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (d. 609)

563

564

  • Hermenegild, Visigoth prince (approximate date)
  • Li Baiyao, Chinese official and historian (d. 647)

565

  • Chen Yueyi, empress of Northern Zhou (approximate date)
  • Cuthwine, prince of Wessex (approximate date)
  • Gundoald, Bavarian nobleman (approximate date)
  • Marutha of Tikrit, Persian theologian (d. 649)
  • Mirin, Irish monk and missionary (approximate date)
  • Sisebut, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
  • Witteric, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
  • Yuan Leshang, empress of Northern Zhou

566

567

  • Ingund, wife of Hermenegild (or 568)

568

  • Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 627)
  • Ingund, princess, spouse of Visigoth prince Hermenegild (d. 584)
  • Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 619)

569

Deaths

560

  • Aspasius of Auch, bishop of Éauze
  • Audoin, king of the Lombards (approximate date)
  • Chen Chang, prince of the Chen Dynasty (b. 537)
  • Clodoald, Merovingian prince (approximate date) (b. 522)
  • Cynric, king of Wessex[21]
  • Domitian of Huy, Frankish bishop and saint
  • Glappa, king of Bernicia (approximate date)
  • Ming Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (b. 534)
  • Thurisind, king of the Gepids (approximate date)
  • Yang Yin, official of Northern Qi (b. 511)[22]

561

562

  • Dowager Cao, concubine of Xuan Di
  • Dowager Gong, empress mother of Xuan Di
  • Procopius, Byzantine historian (approximate date)
  • Xuan Di, emperor of the Liang Dynasty (b. 519)

563

  • January –Cutzinas, Berber chieftain
  • Hou Andu, general of the Chen Dynasty (b. 520)
  • Wang, empress of the Liang Dynasty

564

  • Gao Bainian, crown prince of Northern Qi (b. 556)
  • Laisrén mac Nad Froích, Irish monk and saint
  • Petroc, Celtic prince and saint (approximate date)
  • Tudwal, Breton monk and saint (approximate date)

565

566

  • Domnall Ilchelgach, High King of Ireland
  • Forggus mac Muirchertaig, High King
  • Justin, Byzantine aristocrat and general
  • Pulakeshin I, king of the Chalukya Dynasty (India)
  • Wen Di, emperor of the Chen Dynasty (b. 522)

567

  • June 5 – Theodosius I, patriarch of Alexandria
  • Athanagild, king of the Visigoths[24]
  • Charibert I, king of the Franks[13]
  • Cissa, king of the South Saxons
  • Cunimund, king of the Gepids

568

  • Adda, king of Bernicia (approximate date)
  • Galswintha, queen consort of Neustria, married to Chilperic I (b. 540)

569

  • Ainmuire mac Sétnai, High King of Ireland
  • Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, king of the Ghassanids
  • Peter IV, Coptic Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria
  • Wu Cheng Di, emperor of Northern Qi (b. 537)

References
  1. Frye Ancient Iran
  2. Arlen Chase and Diane Chase 2008. "What the Hieroglyphs Don't Tell You": Archaeology and History at Caracol, Belize. Mayab 20: 103-108
  3. P. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: "A New History of Rome and the Barbarians", p. 283
  4. "Lake Geneva 'may face tsunami risk'". Daily Telegraph. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  5. "Des chercheurs reconstituent le tsunami du lac Léman de l’an 563", Le Monde, 28 October 2012
  6. Photos of Tulum Archeological Site
  7. Rovagnati 2003, p. 30
  8. Jarnut 1995, p. 22.
  9. Martindale 1992, s.v. Baduarius (2), p. 64–65.
  10. Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992) p. 753–754
  11. Wickham, Chris (2005). Framing the Early Middle Ages. p. 175.
  12. Connor, Steve (2014-07-07). "Our explosive past is written in the Antarctic ice". i. London. p. 17.
  13. Charibert I, Edward James, The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, ed. Oliver Nicholson, (Oxford University Press, 2018), 317.
  14. Isidore, chapter 46; translated by Donini and Ford, p. 22
  15. Traditional date as given in William J. Langer, ed. An Encyclopedia of World History
  16. John of Biclaro, Chronicle 10. Translated by Kenneth Baxter Wolf, Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain, second edition (Liverpool: University Press, 1990), p. 60
  17. McClanan, p. 167
  18. John of Biclar, Chronicle 3, Chronica Minora 2, p. 212
  19. Catholic Encyclopedia St. Isidore of Seville
  20. "Yangdi | emperor of Sui dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  21. "Cynric | king of Wessex". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  22. Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (vol. 3 & 4): A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four. BRILL. 18 September 2014. p. 1855. ISBN 978-90-04-27185-2.
  23. "Pelagius I | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  24. McKitterick, Rosamond; Fouracre, Paul; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David; Luscombe, David Edward; Allmand, C. T.; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Jones, Michael (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 9780521362917.
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