χαίρω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *kʰəřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-. The iota in the progressive forms (present system) is a reflex of the *y marker for the present tense added onto the root χαρ- (khar-). [1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰǎi̯.rɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰɛ.ro/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈxɛ.ro/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈçe.ro/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈçe.ro/

Verb

χαίρω • (khaírō)

To be full of cheer, i.e. calmly happy or well off
To enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something]
(perfect) To be very glad; to enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] a great deal
- 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 764–766:
  σὺ δ᾽ οὖν, ἐπειδὴ τοῦτο κεχάρηκας ποιῶν,
  ἐκεῖσε μὲν μηκέτι βάδιζ᾽, ἀλλ᾽ ἐνθάδε
  αὐτοῦ μένων δίκαζε τοῖσιν οἰκέταις.
  sù d᾽ oûn, epeidḕ toûto kekhárēkas poiôn,
  ekeîse mèn mēkéti bádiz᾽, all᾽ entháde
  autoû ménōn díkaze toîsin oikétais.
  Very well then, since you find so much pleasure in it,
  go down there no more, but stay
  here and deal out justice to your slaves.
(on meeting or parting, as an imperative) Be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation)

Conjugation

Present: χαίρω, χαίρομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	χαίρω	χαίρεις	χαίρει	χαίρετον	χαίρετον	χαίρομεν	χαίρετε	χαίρουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	χαίρω	χαίρῃς	χαίρῃ	χαίρητον	χαίρητον	χαίρωμεν	χαίρητε	χαίρωσῐ(ν)
	optative	χαίροιμῐ	χαίροις	χαίροι	χαίροιτον	χαιροίτην	χαίροιμεν	χαίροιτε	χαίροιεν
	imperative		χαῖρε	χαιρέτω	χαίρετον	χαιρέτων		χαίρετε	χαιρόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	χαίρομαι	χαίρῃ, χαίρει	χαίρεται	χαίρεσθον	χαίρεσθον	χαιρόμεθᾰ	χαίρεσθε	χαίρονται
	subjunctive	χαίρωμαι	χαίρῃ	χαίρηται	χαίρησθον	χαίρησθον	χαιρώμεθᾰ	χαίρησθε	χαίρωνται
	optative	χαιροίμην	χαίροιο	χαίροιτο	χαίροισθον	χαιροίσθην	χαιροίμεθᾰ	χαίροισθε	χαίροιντο
	imperative		χαίρου	χαιρέσθω	χαίρεσθον	χαιρέσθων		χαίρεσθε	χαιρέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		χαίρειν				χαίρεσθαι
participle	m	χαίρων				χαιρόμενος
	f	χαίρουσᾰ				χαιρομένη
	n	χαῖρον				χαιρόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Imperfect: ἔχαιρον, ἐχαιρόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔχαιρον	ἔχαιρες	ἔχαιρε(ν)	ἐχαίρετον	ἐχαιρέτην	ἐχαίρομεν	ἐχαίρετε	ἔχαιρον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἐχαιρόμην	ἐχαίρου	ἐχαίρετο	ἐχαίρεσθον	ἐχαιρέσθην	ἐχαιρόμεθᾰ	ἐχαίρεσθε	ἐχαίροντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἐχαίρησᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐχαίρησᾰ	ἐχαίρησᾰς	ἐχαίρησε(ν)	ἐχαιρήσᾰτον	ἐχαιρησᾰ́την	ἐχαιρήσᾰμεν	ἐχαιρήσᾰτε	ἐχαίρησᾰν
	subjunctive	χαιρήσω	χαιρήσῃς	χαιρήσῃ	χαιρήσητον	χαιρήσητον	χαιρήσωμεν	χαιρήσητε	χαιρήσωσῐ(ν)
	optative	χαιρήσαιμῐ	χαιρήσειᾰς, χαιρήσαις	χαιρήσειε(ν), χαιρήσαι	χαιρήσαιτον	χαιρησαίτην	χαιρήσαιμεν	χαιρήσαιτε	χαιρήσειᾰν, χαιρήσαιεν
	imperative		χαίρησον	χαιρησᾰ́τω	χαιρήσᾰτον	χαιρησᾰ́των		χαιρήσᾰτε	χαιρησᾰ́ντων
		active
infinitive		χαιρῆσαι
participle	m	χαιρήσᾱς
	f	χαιρήσᾱσᾰ
	n	χαιρῆσᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: χηρᾰ́μην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle	indicative	χηρᾰ́μην	χήρω	χήρᾰτο	χήρᾰσθον	χηρᾰ́σθην	χηρᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ	χήρᾰσθε	χήρᾰντο
	subjunctive	χήρωμαι, χηρώμαιμῐ	χήρηαι, χήρηαι	χήρηται, χηρήταισῐ	χήρησθον	χήρησθον	χηρώμε(σ)θᾰ	χήρησθε	χήρωνται
	optative	χηραίμην	χήραιο	χήραιτο	χήραισθον	χηραίσθην	χηραίμε(σ)θᾰ	χήραισθε	χηραίᾰτο
	imperative		χῆραι	χηρᾰ́σθω	χήρᾰσθον	χηρᾰ́σθων		χήρᾰσθε	χηρᾰ́σθων
					middle
infinitive					χήρᾰσθαι
participle	m				χηρᾰ́μενος
	f				χηρᾰμένη
	n				χηρᾰ́μενον
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ἐχᾰ́ρην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
passive	indicative	ἐχᾰ́ρην	ἐχᾰ́ρης	ἐχᾰ́ρη	ἐχᾰ́ρητον	ἐχᾰρήτην	ἐχᾰ́ρημεν	ἐχᾰ́ρητε	ἐχᾰ́ρησᾰν
	subjunctive	χᾰρῶ	χᾰρῇς	χᾰρῇ	χᾰρῆτον	χᾰρῆτον	χᾰρῶμεν	χᾰρῆτε	χᾰρῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	χᾰρείην	χᾰρείης	χᾰρείη	χᾰρεῖτον, χᾰρείητον	χᾰρείτην, χᾰρειήτην	χᾰρεῖμεν, χᾰρείημεν	χᾰρεῖτε, χᾰρείητε	χᾰρεῖεν, χᾰρείησᾰν
	imperative		χᾰ́ρηθῐ	χᾰρήτω	χᾰ́ρητον	χᾰρήτων		χᾰ́ρητε	χᾰρέντων
							passive
infinitive							χᾰρῆναι
participle	m						χᾰρείς
	f						χᾰρεῖσᾰ
	n						χᾰρέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: χαιρήσω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	χαιρήσω	χαιρήσεις	χαιρήσει	χαιρήσετον	χαιρήσετον	χαιρήσομεν	χαιρήσετε	χαιρήσουσῐ(ν)
active	optative	χαιρήσοιμῐ	χαιρήσοις	χαιρήσοι	χαιρήσοιτον	χαιρησοίτην	χαιρήσοιμεν	χαιρήσοιτε	χαιρήσοιεν
		active
infinitive		χαιρήσειν
participle	m	χαιρήσων
	f	χαιρήσουσᾰ
	n	χαιρῆσον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰ	κεχᾰ́ρηκᾰς	κεχᾰ́ρηκε(ν)	κεχᾰρήκᾰτον	κεχᾰρήκᾰτον	κεχᾰρήκᾰμεν	κεχᾰρήκᾰτε	κεχᾰρήκᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	κεχᾰρήκω	κεχᾰρήκῃς	κεχᾰρήκῃ	κεχᾰρήκητον	κεχᾰρήκητον	κεχᾰρήκωμεν	κεχᾰρήκητε	κεχᾰρήκωσῐ(ν)
	optative	κεχᾰρήκοιμῐ, κεχᾰρηκοίην	κεχᾰρήκοις, κεχᾰρηκοίης	κεχᾰρήκοι, κεχᾰρηκοίη	κεχᾰρήκοιτον	κεχᾰρηκοίτην	κεχᾰρήκοιμεν	κεχᾰρήκοιτε	κεχᾰρήκοιεν
	imperative		κεχᾰ́ρηκε	κεχᾰρηκέτω	κεχᾰρήκετον	κεχᾰρηκέτων		κεχᾰρήκετε	κεχᾰρηκόντων
		active
infinitive		κεχᾰρηκέναι
participle	m	κεχᾰρηκώς
	f	κεχᾰρηκυῖᾰ
	n	κεχᾰρηκός
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

Compounds of χαίρω:

ἀντιχαίρω (antikhaírō, “rejoice in turn”)
ἐπῐχαίρω (epikhaírō, “rejoice over”)
κᾰτᾰχαίρω (katakhaírō, “exult over”)
περῐχαίρω (perikhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “rejoice at”)
προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “rejoice beforehand”)
συγχαίρω (sunkhaírō, “rejoice with”)
ῠ̔περχαίρω (huperkhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hupokhaírō, “rejoice secretly”)

Other derivatives:

ᾰ̓ποχαιρετίζω (apokhairetízō, “say farewell, take leave”)
ἐπῐχαιράγαθος (epikhairágathos, “taking delight in what is good”)
ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκέω (epikhairekakéō, “rejoice at one's misfortune”)
ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (epikhairekakíā, “joy over one's misfortune, spite”)
ἐπῐχαιρέκᾰκος (epikhairékakos, “rejoicing over one's misfortune”)
Χαιρέας m (Khairéas)
χαιρέφῠλλον n (khairéphullon, “chervil, Anthriscus Cerefolium”)
Χαιρεφῶν m (Khairephôn)
χαιρεκᾰκέω (khairekakéō, “ἐπιχαιρεκακέω, rejoice at another's misfortune”)
χαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (khairekakíā, “ἐπιχαιρεκακία, joy over one's misfortune, spite”)
χαιρέκᾰκος (khairékakos, “ἐπιχαιρέκακος, rejoicing over one's misfortune”)
χαιρέτισμα n (khairétisma, “greeting, salutation,”)
χαιρετισμός m (khairetismós, “greeting, visit”)
χαιρετιστῐκός (khairetistikós, adjective)
χαιρετῐ́ζω (khairetízō, “greet, welcome someone”)
χαιρητῐκός (khairētikós, “jovial, hilarious”)
χαιροσύνη f (khairosúnē, “joy”)
Χαιρώνεια f (Khairṓneia)
Χαιρωνεύς (Khairōneús)

Related terms

And their derived terms:

-χᾰρής (-kharḗs)
χᾰρᾱ́ f (kharā́, “joy”)
χᾰ́ρῐς f (kháris, “elegance; influence”), εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukharistéō, “thank”), χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (kharientízomai, “jest”)
χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khárma, “delight”)

References

χαίρω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
χαίρω in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
χαίρω in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
χαίρω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
χαίρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
χαίρω in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G5463 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972), “χαίρω”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter

See “The I Class”, p. 201-227 sections 292-330 in Curtius, Georg. The Greek Verb: Its Structure and Development. Translated by Augustus S Wilkins and E. B England. London: J. Murray, 1880

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek χαίρω.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈçe.ro/
Hyphenation: χαί‧ρω

Verb

χαίρω • (chaíro) (simple past -) (largely found in the expressions shown)

be happy, be glad
Χαίρε Μαρία ― Chaíre María ― Hail Mary

χαίρετε ― chaírete ― hi, hello, greetings

χαίρω πολύ ― chaíro polý ― pleased to meet you

χαίρω καλής φήμης ― chaíro kalís fímis ― have a good reputation

χαίρω μεγάλης εκτιμήσεως ― chaíro megális ektimíseos ― to hold in high esteem

χαίρω άκρας υγείας ― chaíro ákras ygeías ― to enjoy good health

χάρηκα πολύ ― chárika polý ― pleased to have met you

Conjugation

χαίρω (irregular - these forms are more common in compounds)

	Active voice ➤ — Imperfective aspect ➤
Indicative mood ➤	Present ➤	Imperfect ➤	Future ➤
1 sg	χαίρω (χαίρομαι →)	έχαιρα	θα χαίρω
2 sg	χαίρεις	έχαιρες	θα χαίρεις
3 sg	χαίρει	έχαιρε	θα χαίρει

1 pl	χαίρουμε, χαίρομε	χαίραμε	θα χαίρουμε, χαίρομε
2 pl	χαίρετε	χαίρατε	θα χαίρετε
3 pl	χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε]	έχαιραν, [χαίραν, χαίρανε]	χαίρουν, [χαίρουνε]


Subjunctive mood ➤	Formed using present tense from above with a particle (να, ας, όταν, …).

Imperative mood ➤	2 sg	2 pl
Imperfective aspect	χαίρε	χαίρετε

Other forms	Present participle ➤
	χαίροντας ➤


Notes	1. This is a formal verb, where informal colloquial endings are less likely to occur. 2. Other tenses are provided by χαίρομαι. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive.

Synonyms

χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω)

Derived terms

Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”)
χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”)
χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”)

Related terms

And their derived terms:

-χαρής (-charís)
-χαρος (-charos)
επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”)
συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”)
χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”)
χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”)
χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”)
χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”)
χαίρομαι (chaíromai)
- καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”)
χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”)
χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”)

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[1] See “The I Class”, p. 201-227 sections 292-330 in Curtius, Georg. The Greek Verb: Its Structure and Development. Translated by Augustus S Wilkins and E. B England. London: J. Murray, 1880