عجم
Arabic
Etymology
From the root ع ج م (ʿ-j-m). The word عَجَم (ʿajam, “non-Arabs”) is from a pre-Islamic form أَعْجَم (ʾaʿjam), from the root ع ج م (ʿ-j-m), referring to people who speak unclearly (thus reflecting the same semantic evolution as Ancient Greek βάρβαρος (bárbaros, “barbarian”)).
Noun
عَجَم • (ʿajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمِيّ (ʿajamiyy), plural أَعْجَام (ʾaʿjām))
- non-Arabs (as foreigners or barbarians)
- (historical) Persians.
- Synonym: فُرْس (furs)
Usage notes
- The affective value attributed to the word depends on the point of view of the user, and the historical period. For example, it had a markedly negative connotation during the Umayyad period, whereas it was often quite positive in the Abbasid period, when Iranians had much political and social influence.
Declension
Declension of noun عَجَم (ʿajam)
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَم ʿajam |
الْعَجَم al-ʿajam |
عَجَم ʿajam |
Nominative | عَجَمٌ ʿajamun |
الْعَجَمُ al-ʿajamu |
عَجَمُ ʿajamu |
Accusative | عَجَمًا ʿajaman |
الْعَجَمَ al-ʿajama |
عَجَمَ ʿajama |
Genitive | عَجَمٍ ʿajamin |
الْعَجَمِ al-ʿajami |
عَجَمِ ʿajami |
Singulative | basic singulative triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمِي ʿajamī |
الْعَجَمِي al-ʿajamī |
عَجَمِي ʿajamī |
Nominative | عَجَمِيٌّ ʿajamiyyun |
الْعَجَمِيُّ al-ʿajamiyyu |
عَجَمِيُّ ʿajamiyyu |
Accusative | عَجَمِيًّا ʿajamiyyan |
الْعَجَمِيَّ al-ʿajamiyya |
عَجَمِيَّ ʿajamiyya |
Genitive | عَجَمِيٍّ ʿajamiyyin |
الْعَجَمِيِّ al-ʿajamiyyi |
عَجَمِيِّ ʿajamiyyi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَجَمِيَّيْن ʿajamiyyayn |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْن al-ʿajamiyyayn |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʿajamiyyay |
Nominative | عَجَمِيَّانِ ʿajamiyyāni |
الْعَجَمِيَّانِ al-ʿajamiyyāni |
عَجَمِيَّا ʿajamiyyā |
Accusative | عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʿajamiyyayni |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʿajamiyyayni |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʿajamiyyay |
Genitive | عَجَمِيَّيْنِ ʿajamiyyayni |
الْعَجَمِيَّيْنِ al-ʿajamiyyayni |
عَجَمِيَّيْ ʿajamiyyay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound masculine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمِيِّين ʿajamiyyīn |
الْعَجَمِيِّين al-ʿajamiyyīn |
عَجَمِيِّي ʿajamiyyī |
Nominative | عَجَمِيُّونَ ʿajamiyyūna |
الْعَجَمِيُّونَ al-ʿajamiyyūna |
عَجَمِيُّو ʿajamiyyū |
Accusative | عَجَمِيِّينَ ʿajamiyyīna |
الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʿajamiyyīna |
عَجَمِيِّي ʿajamiyyī |
Genitive | عَجَمِيِّينَ ʿajamiyyīna |
الْعَجَمِيِّينَ al-ʿajamiyyīna |
عَجَمِيِّي ʿajamiyyī |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَعْجَام ʾaʿjām |
الْأَعْجَام al-ʾaʿjām |
أَعْجَام ʾaʿjām |
Nominative | أَعْجَامٌ ʾaʿjāmun |
الْأَعْجَامُ al-ʾaʿjāmu |
أَعْجَامُ ʾaʿjāmu |
Accusative | أَعْجَامًا ʾaʿjāman |
الْأَعْجَامَ al-ʾaʿjāma |
أَعْجَامَ ʾaʿjāma |
Genitive | أَعْجَامٍ ʾaʿjāmin |
الْأَعْجَامِ al-ʾaʿjāmi |
أَعْجَامِ ʾaʿjāmi |
Synonyms
- أَعْجَم (ʾaʿjam)
Antonyms
- عَرَب (ʿarab)
Related terms
Descendants
Conjugation
Conjugation of
عَجَمَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun عَجْم)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
عَجْم ʿajm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
عَاجِم ʿājim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَعْجُوم maʿjūm | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | عَجَمْتُ ʿajamtu |
عَجَمْتَ ʿajamta |
عَجَمَ ʿajama |
عَجَمْتُمَا ʿajamtumā |
عَجَمَا ʿajamā |
عَجَمْنَا ʿajamnā |
عَجَمْتُمْ ʿajamtum |
عَجَمُوا ʿajamū | |||
f | عَجَمْتِ ʿajamti |
عَجَمَتْ ʿajamat |
عَجَمَتَا ʿajamatā |
عَجَمْتُنَّ ʿajamtunna |
عَجَمْنَ ʿajamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾaʿjumu |
taʿjumu |
yaʿjumu |
تَعْجُمَانِ taʿjumāni |
يَعْجُمَانِ yaʿjumāni |
naʿjumu |
taʿjumūna |
yaʿjumūna | |||
f | taʿjumīna |
taʿjumu |
تَعْجُمَانِ taʿjumāni |
taʿjumna |
yaʿjumna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾaʿjuma |
taʿjuma |
yaʿjuma |
تَعْجُمَا taʿjumā |
يَعْجُمَا yaʿjumā |
naʿjuma |
تَعْجُمُوا taʿjumū |
يَعْجُمُوا yaʿjumū | |||
f | taʿjumī |
taʿjuma |
تَعْجُمَا taʿjumā |
taʿjumna |
yaʿjumna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾaʿjum |
taʿjum |
yaʿjum |
تَعْجُمَا taʿjumā |
يَعْجُمَا yaʿjumā |
naʿjum |
تَعْجُمُوا taʿjumū |
يَعْجُمُوا yaʿjumū | |||
f | taʿjumī |
taʿjum |
تَعْجُمَا taʿjumā |
taʿjumna |
yaʿjumna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اُعْجُمْ uʿjum |
اُعْجُمَا uʿjumā |
اُعْجُمُوا uʿjumū |
||||||||
f | اُعْجُمِي uʿjumī |
اُعْجُمْنَ uʿjumna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | عُجِمْتُ ʿujimtu |
عُجِمْتَ ʿujimta |
عُجِمَ ʿujima |
عُجِمْتُمَا ʿujimtumā |
عُجِمَا ʿujimā |
عُجِمْنَا ʿujimnā |
عُجِمْتُمْ ʿujimtum |
عُجِمُوا ʿujimū | |||
f | عُجِمْتِ ʿujimti |
عُجِمَتْ ʿujimat |
عُجِمَتَا ʿujimatā |
عُجِمْتُنَّ ʿujimtunna |
عُجِمْنَ ʿujimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾuʿjamu |
tuʿjamu |
yuʿjamu |
تُعْجَمَانِ tuʿjamāni |
يُعْجَمَانِ yuʿjamāni |
nuʿjamu |
tuʿjamūna |
yuʿjamūna | |||
f | tuʿjamīna |
tuʿjamu |
تُعْجَمَانِ tuʿjamāni |
tuʿjamna |
yuʿjamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuʿjama |
tuʿjama |
yuʿjama |
تُعْجَمَا tuʿjamā |
يُعْجَمَا yuʿjamā |
nuʿjama |
تُعْجَمُوا tuʿjamū |
يُعْجَمُوا yuʿjamū | |||
f | tuʿjamī |
tuʿjama |
تُعْجَمَا tuʿjamā |
tuʿjamna |
yuʿjamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuʿjam |
tuʿjam |
yuʿjam |
تُعْجَمَا tuʿjamā |
يُعْجَمَا yuʿjamā |
nuʿjam |
تُعْجَمُوا tuʿjamū |
يُعْجَمُوا yuʿjamū | |||
f | tuʿjamī |
tuʿjam |
تُعْجَمَا tuʿjamā |
tuʿjamna |
yuʿjamna |
Verb
عَجَّمَ • (ʿajjama) II, non-past يُعَجِّمُ (yuʿajjimu)
- to point the text, to write distinguishing marks to it
Conjugation
Conjugation of
عَجَّمَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَعْجِيم taʿjīm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muʿajjim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muʿajjam | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | عَجَّمْتُ ʿajjamtu |
عَجَّمْتَ ʿajjamta |
عَجَّمَ ʿajjama |
عَجَّمْتُمَا ʿajjamtumā |
عَجَّمَا ʿajjamā |
عَجَّمْنَا ʿajjamnā |
عَجَّمْتُمْ ʿajjamtum |
عَجَّمُوا ʿajjamū | |||
f | عَجَّمْتِ ʿajjamti |
عَجَّمَتْ ʿajjamat |
عَجَّمَتَا ʿajjamatā |
عَجَّمْتُنَّ ʿajjamtunna |
عَجَّمْنَ ʿajjamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾuʿajjimu |
tuʿajjimu |
yuʿajjimu |
تُعَجِّمَانِ tuʿajjimāni |
يُعَجِّمَانِ yuʿajjimāni |
nuʿajjimu |
tuʿajjimūna |
yuʿajjimūna | |||
f | tuʿajjimīna |
tuʿajjimu |
تُعَجِّمَانِ tuʿajjimāni |
tuʿajjimna |
yuʿajjimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuʿajjima |
tuʿajjima |
yuʿajjima |
تُعَجِّمَا tuʿajjimā |
يُعَجِّمَا yuʿajjimā |
nuʿajjima |
تُعَجِّمُوا tuʿajjimū |
يُعَجِّمُوا yuʿajjimū | |||
f | tuʿajjimī |
tuʿajjima |
تُعَجِّمَا tuʿajjimā |
tuʿajjimna |
yuʿajjimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuʿajjim |
tuʿajjim |
yuʿajjim |
تُعَجِّمَا tuʿajjimā |
يُعَجِّمَا yuʿajjimā |
nuʿajjim |
تُعَجِّمُوا tuʿajjimū |
يُعَجِّمُوا yuʿajjimū | |||
f | tuʿajjimī |
tuʿajjim |
تُعَجِّمَا tuʿajjimā |
tuʿajjimna |
yuʿajjimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | عَجِّمْ ʿajjim |
عَجِّمَا ʿajjimā |
عَجِّمُوا ʿajjimū |
||||||||
f | ʿajjimī |
عَجِّمْنَ ʿajjimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | عُجِّمْتُ ʿujjimtu |
عُجِّمْتَ ʿujjimta |
عُجِّمَ ʿujjima |
عُجِّمْتُمَا ʿujjimtumā |
عُجِّمَا ʿujjimā |
عُجِّمْنَا ʿujjimnā |
عُجِّمْتُمْ ʿujjimtum |
عُجِّمُوا ʿujjimū | |||
f | عُجِّمْتِ ʿujjimti |
عُجِّمَتْ ʿujjimat |
عُجِّمَتَا ʿujjimatā |
عُجِّمْتُنَّ ʿujjimtunna |
عُجِّمْنَ ʿujjimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | ʾuʿajjamu |
tuʿajjamu |
yuʿajjamu |
تُعَجَّمَانِ tuʿajjamāni |
يُعَجَّمَانِ yuʿajjamāni |
nuʿajjamu |
tuʿajjamūna |
yuʿajjamūna | |||
f | tuʿajjamīna |
tuʿajjamu |
تُعَجَّمَانِ tuʿajjamāni |
tuʿajjamna |
yuʿajjamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʾuʿajjama |
tuʿajjama |
yuʿajjama |
تُعَجَّمَا tuʿajjamā |
يُعَجَّمَا yuʿajjamā |
nuʿajjama |
تُعَجَّمُوا tuʿajjamū |
يُعَجَّمُوا yuʿajjamū | |||
f | tuʿajjamī |
tuʿajjama |
تُعَجَّمَا tuʿajjamā |
tuʿajjamna |
yuʿajjamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʾuʿajjam |
tuʿajjam |
yuʿajjam |
تُعَجَّمَا tuʿajjamā |
يُعَجَّمَا yuʿajjamā |
nuʿajjam |
تُعَجَّمُوا tuʿajjamū |
يُعَجَّمُوا yuʿajjamū | |||
f | tuʿajjamī |
tuʿajjam |
تُعَجَّمَا tuʿajjamā |
tuʿajjamna |
yuʿajjamna |
Noun
عَجْم • (ʿajm) m
- verbal noun of عَجَمَ (ʿajama) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun عَجْم (ʿajm)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجْم ʿajm |
الْعَجْم al-ʿajm |
عَجْم ʿajm |
Nominative | عَجْمٌ ʿajmun |
الْعَجْمُ al-ʿajmu |
عَجْمُ ʿajmu |
Accusative | عَجْمًا ʿajman |
الْعَجْمَ al-ʿajma |
عَجْمَ ʿajma |
Genitive | عَجْمٍ ʿajmin |
الْعَجْمِ al-ʿajmi |
عَجْمِ ʿajmi |
Noun
عَجَم • (ʿajam) m (collective, singulative عَجَمَة (ʿajama))
Declension
Declension of noun عَجَم (ʿajam)
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَم ʿajam |
الْعَجَم al-ʿajam |
عَجَم ʿajam |
Nominative | عَجَمٌ ʿajamun |
الْعَجَمُ al-ʿajamu |
عَجَمُ ʿajamu |
Accusative | عَجَمًا ʿajaman |
الْعَجَمَ al-ʿajama |
عَجَمَ ʿajama |
Genitive | عَجَمٍ ʿajamin |
الْعَجَمِ al-ʿajami |
عَجَمِ ʿajami |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمَة ʿajama |
الْعَجَمَة al-ʿajama |
عَجَمَة ʿajamat |
Nominative | عَجَمَةٌ ʿajamatun |
الْعَجَمَةُ al-ʿajamatu |
عَجَمَةُ ʿajamatu |
Accusative | عَجَمَةً ʿajamatan |
الْعَجَمَةَ al-ʿajamata |
عَجَمَةَ ʿajamata |
Genitive | عَجَمَةٍ ʿajamatin |
الْعَجَمَةِ al-ʿajamati |
عَجَمَةِ ʿajamati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَجَمَتَيْن ʿajamatayn |
الْعَجَمَتَيْن al-ʿajamatayn |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʿajamatay |
Nominative | عَجَمَتَانِ ʿajamatāni |
الْعَجَمَتَانِ al-ʿajamatāni |
عَجَمَتَا ʿajamatā |
Accusative | عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʿajamatayni |
الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʿajamatayni |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʿajamatay |
Genitive | عَجَمَتَيْنِ ʿajamatayni |
الْعَجَمَتَيْنِ al-ʿajamatayni |
عَجَمَتَيْ ʿajamatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَجَمَات ʿajamāt |
الْعَجَمَات al-ʿajamāt |
عَجَمَات ʿajamāt |
Nominative | عَجَمَاتٌ ʿajamātun |
الْعَجَمَاتُ al-ʿajamātu |
عَجَمَاتُ ʿajamātu |
Accusative | عَجَمَاتٍ ʿajamātin |
الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʿajamāti |
عَجَمَاتِ ʿajamāti |
Genitive | عَجَمَاتٍ ʿajamātin |
الْعَجَمَاتِ al-ʿajamāti |
عَجَمَاتِ ʿajamāti |
References
- Gabrieli, F. (1986), “ʿAdjam”, in Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., vol. I, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 206
Persian
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