せる
See also: セル
Japanese
Etymology 1
From Classical Japanese す (su), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).
Suffix
せる (ichidan conjugation, rōmaji -seru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "せる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | せ | -se | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | せ | -se | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | せる | -seru | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | せる | -seru | ||
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | せれ | -sere | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | せよ¹ せろ² |
-seyo¹ -sero² | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | せられる | -serareru | ||
| Causative | － | － | ||
| Potential | せられる せれる³ |
-serareru -sereru³ | ||
| Volitional | せよう | -seyō | ||
| Negative | せない せぬ せん |
-senai -senu -sen | ||
| Negative continuative | せず | -sezu | ||
| Formal | せます | -semasu | ||
| Perfective | せた | -seta | ||
| Conjunctive | せて | -sete | ||
| Hypothetical conditional | せれば | -sereba | ||
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Usage notes
Attaches only to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of Group I (godan) verbs and the irregular verb する (suru). The result is conjugated like an ichidan verb.
- 書く (kaku) → 書かせる (kaka-seru), 書かせます (kaka-semasu), etc.
- 呼ぶ (yobu) → 呼ばせる (yoba-seru), 呼ばせます (yoba-semasu), etc.
- 言う (iu) → 言わせる (iwa-seru), 言わせます (iwa-semasu), etc.
- する (suru) → させる (sa-seru), させます (sa-semasu), etc.
The passive form of verbs from other conjugation classes are formed with させる (-saseru) instead of せる (-seru).
In colloquial speech, せる (-seru) can be contracted to す (-su), which follows 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “quinquigrade conjugation”).
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