共和

Chinese
 
all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total
 
mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad.
(共和)		 共 和

Etymology
Gonghe Regency
Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has almost certainly been confirmed by a bronze inscription.[1]
republic
Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 共 (きょう)和 (わ) (kyōwa, “republicanism”), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 共和 (gònghé, “Gonghe Regency”) (see above).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 共 和
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 渠用切 戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɡɨoŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɡioŋH/ /ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /guawŋH/ /ɦwa/
Li
Rong		 /ɡioŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li		 /ɡĭwoŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /gi̯woŋH/ /ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiòng huó
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 共 和
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gòng hé
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ gjowngH › ‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese		 /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ /*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English together, all harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 共 和
Reading # 2/2 1/2
No. 4182 4932
Phonetic
component		 共 禾
Rime
group		 東 歌
Rime
subdivision		 0 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 共 和
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡloŋs/ /*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

  1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (共和):

See also

Proper noun

共和

  1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
  2. (～縣) Gonghe County (county in Qinghai province, China)

Derived terms
  • 周召共和

References
  1. w:Gonghe Regency

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
共 和
きょう
Grade: 4		 わ
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa)

Pronunciation

Noun

共和 (hiragana きょうわ, rōmaji kyōwa)

  1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
  2. republicanism

Derived terms

Descendants

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
共和

Hanja

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

  1. Hanja form? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this word
共和

Noun

共和

  1. Hán tự form of cộng hoà (“republic”).
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