單于

See also: 单于

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (單于)		單	于
simp. (单于)		单	于

Etymology

Cognate with Mongolian ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (daruɣ-a) / дарга (darga, “chief; head; governor”), Persian ‎ (dâruğe, “governor”), Old Turkic 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣‎ (tarqan, “commander”).

Related to 答剌罕 (“tarkhan”), 達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”), 達魯花赤／达鲁花赤 (“darughachi”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): chányú

(Zhuyin): ㄔㄢˊ ㄩˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sin⁴ jyu⁴
Min Nan (POJ): siân-û / siân-u / siân-î

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: chányú
  - Zhuyin: ㄔㄢˊ ㄩˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charnyu
  - IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʰän³⁵ y³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: sin⁴ jyu⁴
  - Yale: sìhn yùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁴ jy⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: xin⁴ yu⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /siːn²¹ jyː²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân-û
  - Tâi-lô: siân-û
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien'uu
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕiɛn²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân-u
  - Tâi-lô: siân-u
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien'w
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɛn²⁴⁻²² u³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siân-î
  - Tâi-lô: siân-î
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sien'ii
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiɛn¹³⁻²² i¹³/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇn ɦɨo/▼

Rime
Character	單	于
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	仙 (77)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	市連切	羽俱切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇn/	/ɦɨo/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛn/	/ɦio/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjæn/	/ɣio/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑian/	/ɦuə̆/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛn/	/ɣio/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛn/	/ɣĭu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛn/	/i̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chán	yú

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*dar ɦʷa/

(Zhengzhang): /*djan ɢʷa/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	單	于
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	chán	yú
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyen ›	‹ hju ›
Old Chinese	/dar/ (< [d]ar)	/ɦʷa/ (< ɢʷ(r)a)
English	單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)	單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	單	于
Reading #	2/4	1/1
No.	2027	15706
Phonetic component	單	于
Rime group	元	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	鋋	于
Old Chinese	/*djan/	/*ɢʷa/
Notes		王筠雲籲初文

Noun

單于

chief of the Xiongnu

Proper noun

單于

A surname.

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